Approach of water-salt regulation using micro-sprinkler irrigation in two coastal saline soils

This study aimed to investigate whether saline silt and sandy loam coastal soils could be reclaimed by micro-sprinkler irrigation.The experiments were run using moderately salt-tolerant tall fescue grass.Micro-sprinkler irrigation in three stages was used to regulate soil matric potential at a 20-cm soil depth.Continued regulation of soil water and salt through micro-sprinkler irrigation consistently resulted in an increasingly large low-salinity region.The application of the three stages of soil wateresalt regulation resulted in an absence of salt accumulation throughout the soil profile and the conversion of highly saline soils into moderately saline soils.There were increases in the plant height,leaf width,leaf length,and tiller numbers of tall fescue throughout the leaching process.The results showed that micro-sprinkler irrigation in three soil water and salt regulation stages can be used to successfully cultivate tall festuca in highly saline coastal soil.This approach achieved better effects in sandy loam soil than in silt soil.Tall fescue showed greater survival rates in sandy loam soil due to the rapid reclamation process,whereas plant growth was higher in silt soil because of effective water conservation.In sandy loam,soil moisture should be maintained during soil reclamation,and in silt soil,soil root-zone environments optimal for the emergence of plants should be quickly established.Micro-sprinkler irrigation can be successfully applied to the cultivation of tall fescue in coastal heavy saline soils under a three-stage soil wateresalt regulation regime.

The Impacts of Supplemental Irrigation Based on Soil Moisture Measurement and Nitrogen Use on Winter Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Absorption and Distribution

Based on split plot design method of field test,the impacts of supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement and nitrogen use on winter wheat yield and nitrogen absorption and distribution were studied.Supplemental irrigation had three levels: 60%(W_1),70%(W_2) and 80%(W3) of the targeted relative water content at 0-40 cm of soil layer during jointing period of winter wheat.Nitrogen fertilization had three levels: not using nitrogen(N_0),using pure nitrogen of 195 kg/hm^2(N_(195)) and 255 kg/hm^2(N_(255)).Results showed that:(i)different supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization significantly affected plant height and leaf area of winter wheat during key growth period.Under the same supplemental irrigation treatment,both plant height and leaf area of winter wheat showed as N_(255)> N_(195)> N_0(P <0.05).Plant height in N_(195) and N_(255)treatments was significantly higher than that in N_0 treatment,but there was not significant difference between N_(195) and N_(255)(P >0.05).Under the same nitrogen fertilization,plant height in W_2(569.4 m^3/hm^2) and W3(873.45 m^3/hm^2) treatments was significant higher than that in W_1(265.2 m^3/hm^2),but there was not significant difference between W_2 and W3(P >0.05).It illustrated that excessive nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation did not significantly affect plant height and leaf area of winter wheat.(ii) Under the same nitrogen fertilization level,yield increase effect of winter wheat by supplemental irrigation showed a declining trend with nitrogen application amount increased.It illustrated that nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation had certain critical values on the yield of winter wheat.When surpassing the critical value,the yield declined.When nitrogen fertilization amount was 195 kg/hm^2,and supplemental irrigation amount was 70% of field moisture capacity(569.4 m^3/hm^2),the highest yield 8500 kg/hm^2 could be obtained.(iii) During mature period of winter wheat,nitrogen accumulation amount of plant treated by nitrogen was significantly higher than that not treated by nitrogen(P <0.05).But under the treatments of W_2 and W3,nitrogen accumulation amount in N_(255) significantly declined when compared with N_(195)(P <0.05).Especially under W3(873.45 m^3/hm^2) level,nitrogen accumulation amount in N_(255) was even lower than N_0.Under the treatments of N_0 and N_(195),nitrogen accumulation amount of plant significantly increased with supplemental irrigation increased(P < 0.05).But under N_(255) treatment,there was not significant difference(P > 0.05).It illustrated that moderate supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization could improve nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat,but excessive supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization were not favorable for plant's nitrogen absorption.(iv) Although the increase of supplemental irrigation during jointing period improved nitrogen absorption ability of winter wheat and promoted winter wheat absorbing more nitrogen,it inhibited nitrogen transferring and distributing to seed.Comprehensively considering growth condition of winter wheat and nitrogen risk condition,it is suggested that nitrogen application amount was 195 kg/hm^2,and supplemental irrigation reached 70% of field moisture capacity(569.4 m^3/hm^2),which could be as the suitable water and fertilizer use amounts in the region.

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting （RFRH） planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons （2012-2013 and 2013-2014）to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 （I1）, 60 mm （I2） and 120 mm （I3） with RFRH planting pattern and a control （CK） irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter （ADM）, nitrogen nutrition index （NNI）, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, water use efficiency （WUE）, and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.

Effects of water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation and soil salinity on environment of coastal saline soils

To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation on coastal saline soil with different salt contents.To achieve this objective,a laboratory experiment was conducted with three soil salinity treatments(2.26,10.13,and 22.29 dS/m)and three water application intensity treatments(3.05,5.19,and 7.23 mm/h).The results showed that the effect of soil salinity on soil water content,electrical conductivity,and pH was significant,and the effect of the water application intensity was insignificant.High soil water content was present in the 40e60 cm profile in all soil salinity treatments,and the content was higher in the medium and high water application intensity treatments than in the low-intensity treatment.Significant salt leaching occurred in all treatments,and the effect was stronger in the high soil salinity treatment and medium water application intensity treatment.In the medium and high soil salinity treatments,pH exhibited a decreasing trend,with no trend change in the low soil salinity treatment,and the pH value was higher in the medium water application intensity treatment than in the other two treatments.These results indicated that the three intensities evaluated had no statistically different effect on the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extracts(EC)in the upper 20 cm of the soil profile,and it would be better to maintain a lower value of the water application intensity.

Impacts of Improved Supplemental Irrigation on Farm Income, Productive Efficiency and Risk Management in Dry Areas

This paper provides empirical evidence that improved supplemental irrigation (ISI) can be justified on both environmental and economic grounds. Results of a stochastic frontier model which explicitly and simultaneously accounts for technical inefficiency and production risk applied to data collected from 513 wheat farms in the rainfed areas of Syria show that the typical adopter farmer obtained yield and productive efficiency gains of 6% and 7% respectively. A stochastic dominance criterion also showed that the adopter farmers got 10% and 13% reductions in risk of obtaining yield levels below 4 tons/ha and 3 tons/ha respectively. Given its adoption level of 22.3% in 2010, ISI led to the production of 52 thousand metric tons (6%), more wheat and conservation of 120 million cubic meters of water (10%). ISI has the potential to reduce total irrigation water use by upto 45% and for further increases in yield if accompanied with sprinklers and other improved agronomic practices, thereby enhancing food security and environmental sustainability in the country. An important policy implication of these findings is that wider dissemination of ISI along with other complementary agronomic practices in postwar Syria could be a viable option to be considered by national and international efforts for the restoration and rehabilitation of agriculture in the country.

Improving Strawberry Irrigation with Micro-Sprinklers and Their Impact on Pest Management

Overhead aluminum sprinklers, which are used during the early stages of strawberry crop development to establish transplants and to leach out salts from the root zone, deliver significant volumes of water. Micro-sprinklers, which are typically used in orchard crops, were evaluated in a commercial strawberry field in California as an alternative to conventional aluminum sprinklers to conserve water without any negative impact on yields. In addition to the water consumption, data were collected from multiple plots within each treatment to determine the impact on plant growth, disease incidence, and seasonal yield. Micro-sprinklers used 32% less water than aluminum sprinklers during a three-week period without affecting fruit yield. They also appeared to lessen the severity of powdery mildew and botrytis fruit rot. This is the first study reporting the use of micro-sprinkler system, which can be a good alternative to the aluminum sprinklers to conserve irrigation water.

Study on Maize-water Model for Supplemental Irrigation in Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau has a typical semi-arid climate, and the area suffers from very harsh ecological environment, severe soil erosion and water runoff, and uneven distributed precipitation. Due to the relatively low holding capacity, current rainwater-collecting and conservation facilities can only supplement a maximum of18 mm of water for crop production in each irrigation. In this study, mathematical models were constructed to identify the water requirement critical period of maize crop by evaluating response of each individual developmental stage to supplemental irrigation with harvested rainwater. In the transformed Jensen model, ETmin/Eta was used as the index of relative evapotranspiration. The use of relative yield and relative crop evapotranspiration was able to eliminate influences from unintended environmental factors. A BP neural network crop-water model for extreme water deficit condition was constructed using the index of relative evapotranspiration as the input and the index of relative yield as the output after iterative training and adjustment of weight values. Comparison of measured maize yields to those predicted by the two models confirmed that the BP neural network crop-water model is more accurate than the transformed Jensen model in predicting the sensitivity index to waterdeficit at various growth stages and maize yield when provided with supplemental irrigation with harvested rainwater.

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha^(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha^(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain.Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required.To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI)for winter wheat production,field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015.Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI),micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1)and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2)increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%,respectively,while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%.Regardless of the rainfall pattern,MSI(i.e.,MSI1 or MSI2)either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield,while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%,compared to TFI.Applying the same volumes of irrigation water,MSI(i.e.,MSI3,micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water)increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%,respectively,compared to TFI.Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time,it reduced soil layer compaction,and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer,which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period.In conclusion,MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%compared to TFI,and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

The Optimization of Irrigation Networks Using Genetic Algorithms

Mathematical-computational optimisation models of irrigation networks with a distributed flow that are capable of providing hydraulic data are important for understanding the behaviour of a system in relation to the distribution of the hydraulic head (energy) and the pressure in the pipes of the network. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of the parameters of hydraulic irrigation pipes, which were optimised using genetic algorithms. The degree of the optimisation was evaluated with the help of the genetic algorithms based on the diameters of stretch of the network: two for the lateral lines, four for the derivation lines, four for the secondary lines and one for the main line. A MatLab code was developed that considered all of the losses of energy, both distributed losses and those at specific locations between the beginning of the network and the pump system. The sensitivity analysis was based on the variations in the slope of the ground (0%, 2.5% and 5%). The results show that for pipes with a distributed flow, the influence of the behaviour of the kinetic energy in the pipe contributed to the distance between the energy lines and the piezometric lines at the beginning of each stretch after the decrease in the diameter of the pipes. At the end of the pipes, the values of the energy lines and the piezometric lines were very similar, and they were essentially the same for the final emitter.

有机肥替代氮肥对银北灌区盐化灌淤土理化性质及玉米生长的影响

次生盐渍化已成为宁夏银北灌区灌淤土壤退化的主要形式,制约着宁夏农业持续高质量发展。为了给宁夏地区盐化灌淤土的施肥管理及提高作物产量提供科学依据,以银北灌区典型盐化灌淤土为研究对象、玉米品种先玉335为指示品种,研究了不同施肥水平对盐化灌淤土土壤理化性质及玉米生长的影响。结果表明,各施肥处理均能有效地增加盐化灌淤土的速效养分含量,进而优化玉米产量构成要素,提高玉米产量。各施肥处理除常规施肥处理(施N 375.0 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)100.0 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 100.0 kg/hm^(2))的玉米总根长、根表面积最高外,有机肥替代常规施肥量50%氮肥(施N 187.5 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)100.0 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 100.0 kg/hm^(2)、有机肥7.3 t/hm^(2))处理的土壤理化性质及玉米生长指标最高。与对照不施肥相比,该处理下土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加了34.5%、25.9%、120.5%、23.7%,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、产量分别增加了40.5%、15.2%、80.5%、104.8%,秃尖长降低了78.0%;与常规施肥处理相比,该处理下土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加了36.5%、21.4%、13.7%、8.6%,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、产量分别增加了0.6%、1.9%、5.3%、3.1%,秃尖长降低了57.7%。综合分析,不同施肥水平均可改善盐化灌淤土理化性质进而提升玉米产量,且以有机肥替代部分氮肥施用的处理效果较好,其中以有机肥替代常规施肥量50%氮肥的施肥水平效果最好。

水肥调控对茶树土壤酶及土壤养分的影响

[目的]探究茶树土壤酶活性、土壤养分和茶树地上部分对水肥调控的响应,揭示水肥调控下土壤酶活性和土壤养分的变化规律,可为基肥施用和灌水互作下对土壤理化性质和幼龄茶树生长影响提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽实验方法,设置了施肥量和灌水量2个因素。基肥施肥量设C0(0 kg·盆^(-1))、C1(0.05 kg·盆^(-1))、C2(0.1 kg·盆^(-1))、C3(0.15 kg·盆^(-1))4个梯度。灌水量设W1(90 mL·盆^(-1))、W2(140 mL·盆^(-1))、W3(190 mL·盆^(-1))、W4(240 mL·盆^(-1))、W5(290 mL·盆^(-1))5个梯度。[结果](1)在C2W3处理下土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,在C3W4处理下的过氧化氢酶活性最高;冬季时C2W4处理下土壤养分含量最大;春季时速效钾和有效磷在C2基肥施肥下含量最高,C3基肥施肥下的碱解氮和有机质含量最大;(2)在C3处理下速效钾、碱解氮对冬春季蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响最大;其它养分在通过速效钾影响后,多个因素共同影响不同时期的蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性;(3)结合茶树地上生长指标可知,茶树在C2基肥下株高、地径增长量最大,在W4灌水时叶分枝数增长量最大。[结论]随着越冬期的结束,钾元素不需要追肥补充,而茶树因生长需要须进行氮、磷元素的追肥补充;在240 mL·株^(-1)的灌水处理下茶树地上生长指标达到最大。

冬小麦测墒补灌下土壤氮素迁移特征模拟研究

【目的】探究冬小麦测墒补灌条件下土壤氮素迁移特征。【方法】基于田间试验,设置4个灌溉处理,灌水上下限分别为田间持水率的60%~70%(W1)、70%~80%(W2)、80%~90%(W3)和不灌溉处理(CK),施氮量均为240 kg/hm^(2)。利用田间试验数据对RZWQM 2模型进行率定、验证,进而模拟水氮调控对土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素利用的影响。【结果】土壤剖面含水率、土壤硝态氮量和产量的标准均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为9.3%~25.0%、0.3%~29.7%、4.03%~11.19%,平均相对误差(MRE)分别为8.0%~24.2%、1.4%~30.4%、5.29%~11.98%,一致性指标(D)均高于0.65;基于验证后的RZWQM 2模型,在W1、W2、W3测墒补灌条件下,设置5个氮素施用水平(180、200、220、240kg/hm^(2)和260kg/hm^(2)),W2、W3处理的土壤硝态氮累积量较W1处理分别增加了30.9%~59.7%、49.6%~79.6%;W2条件下,将施氮量控制在220~240kg/hm^(2)更有利于土壤硝态氮在0~1m土层内的累积,累积量为108.30~125.10kg/hm^(2)。【结论】RZWQM2模型可用于模拟冬小麦测墒补灌条件下的土壤氮素迁移,测墒补灌W2和施氮量220~240 kg/hm^(2)为合理的水氮管理措施。

不同测墒补灌模式对黄淮海区域夏玉米生长及水分利用率的影响

为探索黄淮海区域夏玉米最优测墒补灌模式,采用田间试验方法在夏玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄开花期和籽粒灌浆期均分别设0~40 cm土层控制目标土壤相对含水量70%和75%补灌模式2个,以常规灌溉模式(目标土壤相对含水量100%)为对照,研究不同模式对夏玉米成熟期土壤养分、玉米长势、产量及其构成因素、水分利用等的影响。研究结果表明:1)与常规灌溉和70%补灌模式相比,75%补灌模式显著提高了夏玉米成熟期土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和玉米株高、生物量鲜重、含水量、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,最大增幅分别为8.38%、29.82%、26.74%和12.71%、16.73%、37.76%、18.38%、9.98%、2.56%、12.80%;2)75%补灌模式比常规灌溉模式显著降低了玉米植株耗水总量,节水10.32%,提高了水分利用率25.78%和灌溉水利用率69.71%,75%补灌模式比70%补灌模式水分利用率和灌溉水利用率分别提高了25.81%和14.22%。因此,本试验条件下,夏玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄开花期和籽粒灌浆期75%补灌模式是黄淮海区域夏玉米节水保肥、增产高效的最优测墒补灌模式。

Modeling crop land soil moisture and impacts of supplimental irrigaiton in a rainfed region of Bangladesh

A robust water balance model has been tested for predicting soil moisture levels and supplemental irrigation requirement of a rainfed region of Bangladesh. The predictions were used for improving the understanding of the impacts of rainwater harvesting on rainfed agriculture. The climate data (i.e., rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and evapotranspiration) were used as inputs for predicting the variations in soil moisture. Soil moisture levels under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions were compared. Results showed that rainwater harvesting i.e., rain water storage tanks during rainy seasons can be potentially useful for storing rainwater, which can be utilized for enhancing crop land soil moisture during dry seasons for enhancing crop yield. The study presented here will be useful for improving and disseminating rainwater harvesting approaches for enhancing water availability in rainfed regions.

返青后补灌与氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量及水氮利用效率的影响

【目的】基于高标准农田建设改善了旱地麦田灌溉条件,但小麦季通常仅能进行一次灌溉的生产实际,探索返青后补灌与氮肥互作对旱地小麦生产力、水氮利用以及土壤硝态氮残留的影响,为旱地小麦高产高效和环境友好生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】于2019—2022年,在黄土高原与黄淮海平原交汇处的典型旱地小麦种植区,设置两因素裂区试验,灌溉水平为主处理,分别为全生育期不灌溉(I0)和返青后补灌(I1,小麦返青后0—40 cm土层首次出现土壤含水量低于田间持水量的60%时,补灌至田间持水量的85%,全生育期仅灌溉一次)。施氮量为副处理,分别为0(N0)、120(N120)、180(N180)和240 kg N·hm^(-2)(N240)。分析小麦产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率、氮素吸收利用特征以及0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留量。【结果】与I0相比,I1优化了小麦产量构成要素,增加了氮素吸收能力,籽粒产量和水分利用效率3年平均分别显著提高55.8%和34.7%,0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留显著降低11.6%。随着施氮量增加,I0水平下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数和水分利用效率均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,以N180处理最高;而I1水平下表现为先增加后保持稳定,N180和N240处理均保持较高水平。两种灌溉水平下,增加施氮量均显著降低了氮素利用效率、氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力,但N180处理下氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率与N120相比无显著降低(2021—2022年度I1除外)。无论灌溉与否,增加施氮量均提高了成熟期麦田土壤硝态氮残留量,I0水平下各施氮处理硝态氮主要富集在0—60 cm土层,且N180和N240处理在0—200 cm土层出现逐年累积效应;而I1较I0显著降低了0—60 cm土层硝态氮残留量,0—200 cm土层仅在N240处理下出现硝态氮累积。从互作效应看,3年试验中,I1N180和I1N240组合均具有较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,但I1N180较I1N240降低了生育期耗水量和土壤硝态氮残留量,并提高了氮效率。【结论】小麦返青后补灌配施氮肥180 kg N·hm^(-2)可以优化产量构成要素,提高植株氮素积累量及积累强度,不仅在提高小麦产量的同时获得最优氮效率,还能降低0—200 cm土层硝态氮残留量,是旱地小麦在灌溉条件改善后兼顾小麦高产高效和环境友好生产的水肥组合。

缺水与补水对小麦氮素吸收及土壤残留氮的影响

通过温室培养试验 ,研究了不同生长期缺水和补充灌水对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和土壤残留的影响 .结果表明 ,在不同生长期缺水及分蘖期补充灌水均能显著降低冬小麦的氮素吸收 ,增加矿质态氮的土壤残留 ,土壤残留氮含量介于 79 8～ 113 7mg·kg-1;越冬、拔节、灌浆期补充灌水可显著提高冬小麦对土壤氮素的吸收能力 ,不同程度地降低氮素残留 ,土壤残留氮介于 4 7 2～ 6 0 3mg·kg-1.补充灌水引起的小麦吸氮能力提高与其对氮素的有效利用并不一致 .越冬期补水 ,小麦籽粒吸氮量无显著变化 ;灌浆期补水 ,籽粒吸氮量相应提高 2 0 9% ;拔节期补水反而使籽粒吸氮量降低 19 6 % .

排水循环灌溉驱动的稻区水循环模型与评价

排水循环灌溉可补充灌溉和减少涝水排放,具有缓解南方稻区旱涝急转和农业面源污染危害的潜力,但仍无有效的模型来模拟排水循环灌溉驱动下的水文过程。为此采用penman-monteith公式和作物系数法并考虑稻田渗漏与降雨有效性条件下应用水量平衡估算水稻灌溉需水量,改进SCS(soil conservation service)模型估算排水量,再以塘堰为对象建立调蓄排水和灌溉需水的水平衡演算模型。在漳河水库灌区应用该模型发现,水稻种植区存在大量的排水可供灌溉利用,而排水循环灌溉利用量受灌排面积比、塘堰容积率和塘堰初始蓄水率的影响;提高灌排面积比和塘堰容积率能明显提高补充灌溉率和排水再利用率,当两者达到一定值时补充灌溉率和排水再利用率便稳定在最高值,补充灌溉率高达20%;补充灌溉率随塘堰初始蓄水率的增加而缓慢增至20%,排水再利用率先随初始蓄水率的增加而稳定不变,随后逐渐降低。排水循环灌溉驱动的水循环模型为合理匹配排水循环灌溉的塘堰或排灌规模提供有效方法。

北京地区旱稻作物需水与降水的耦合分析

基于4a的田间试验资料,采用农田水分平衡法确定了旱稻出苗后各生育阶段的需水量;利用1971年-2000年北京地区逐日降水资料,计算了旱稻各生育阶段在不同降水保证率下的降水量,并选取25%、50%、75%和95%保证率作为典型的湿润年、平水年、干旱年和极枯水年,进行旱稻各生育阶段降水与作物需水的耦合度分析和补灌量估算。结果表明:旱稻出苗后总需水量平均为596.1mm,需水强度平均为4.3mm/d,需水强度峰值出现在孕穗-抽穗阶段。4种降水年型下旱稻出苗后降水和旱稻需水的耦合度分别为0.82、0.71、0.50和0.39,所需的补灌量分别为106.6、171.1、296.0和363.9mm。