[Objective] The micrometeorology features and energy balance of winter wheat canopy were studied.[Method] By means of micrometeorological data of winter wheat canopy at booting stage,heading and flowering stage,fillin...[Objective] The micrometeorology features and energy balance of winter wheat canopy were studied.[Method] By means of micrometeorological data of winter wheat canopy at booting stage,heading and flowering stage,filling stage and mature stage and the data from local meteorological station,the temporal and spatial variation law of micrometeorology features of winter wheat canopy were researched,and the daily and seasonal variation of energy balance were further analyzed.[Result] The daily variation of winter wheat canopy temperature and air temperature showed sinusoidal trend,and air temperature changed with height,while temperature was highest at heading and flowering stage.The daily variation of humidity also showed sinusoidal trend,and humidity was highest and saturation deficit was lowest in the middle of canopy,while the maximum humidity appeared at heading and flowering stage.In addition,the daily variation of wind speed in the upper canopy showed single peak trend.There was obvious daily variation and seasonal variation of energy balance in winter wheat field,and the daily variation of net radiation also showed single peak trend,while sensible heat flux was highest at filling stage and lowest at heading and flowering stage,and latent heat flux was highest at heading and flowering stage and lowest at booting stage.[Conclusion] Our study could provide scientific evidence for the study of disaster prevention and mitigation and the improvement of yield and quality of winter wheat.展开更多
The interaction among air and soil affects the dynamic in the atmospheric boundary layer, this research seeks to describe this variation in small scale, in the Ecuadorian Highlands Regions and the variations produced ...The interaction among air and soil affects the dynamic in the atmospheric boundary layer, this research seeks to describe this variation in small scale, in the Ecuadorian Highlands Regions and the variations produced due to its elevation and geographical position, using as base the Van Ulden and Hostlang (1985) models. From this research, there was a conclusion that the zone has strong fluids of sensitive heat and superficial heat with small variations in the latent fluid heat. Besides, there were significant variations of the Obukov length between 17:00 and 19:00, when the sunset occurs, producing a thermal inversion that modifies the atmospheric dynamic state, these results average vary during the day hours and are regulars in the daily and monthly average, in the research year, given the zone geographical position. The meteorological data utilized were taken from the meteorological station from Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo located in the Ecuadorian Highlands.展开更多
An algorithm was proposed to fast recognize three types of underwater micro-terrain, i.e. the level, the gradient and the uneven. With pendulum single beam bathymeter, the hard level concrete floor, the random uneven ...An algorithm was proposed to fast recognize three types of underwater micro-terrain, i.e. the level, the gradient and the uneven. With pendulum single beam bathymeter, the hard level concrete floor, the random uneven floor and the gradient wood panel (8-) were ultrasonically detected 20 times, respectively. The results show that the algorithm is right from fact that the first clustering values of the uneven are all less than the threshold value of 60.0% that is obtained by the level and gradient samples. The algorithm based on the dynamic clustering theory can effectively eliminate the influences of the exceptional elevation values produced by the disturbances resulted from the grazing angle, the characteristic of bottom material and environmental noises, and its real-time capability is good. Thus, the algorithm provides a foundation for the next restructuring of the micro-terrain.展开更多
The wind power potential in Interior Alaska is evaluated from a micrometeorological perspective. Based on the local balance equation of momentum and the equation of continuity we derive the local balance equation of k...The wind power potential in Interior Alaska is evaluated from a micrometeorological perspective. Based on the local balance equation of momentum and the equation of continuity we derive the local balance equation of kinetic energy for macroscopic and turbulent systems, and in a further step, Bernoulli’s equation and integral equations that customarily serve as the key equations in momentum theory and blade-element analysis, where the Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky limit, Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sorensen are exemplarily illustrated. The wind power potential at three different sites in Interior Alaska (Delta Junction, Eva Creek, and Poker Flat) is assessed by considering the results of wind field predictions for the winter period from October 1, 2008, to April 1, 2009 provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to avoid time-consuming and expensive tall-tower observations in Interior Alaska which is characterized by a relatively low degree of infrastructure outside of the city of Fairbanks. To predict the average power output we use the Weibull distributions derived from the predicted wind fields for these three different sites and the power curves of five different propeller-type wind turbines with rated powers ranging from 2 MW to 2.5 MW. These power curves are represented by general logistic functions. The predicted power capacity for the Eva Creek site is compared with that of the Eva Creek wind farm established in 2012. The results of our predictions for the winter period 2008/2009 are nearly 20 percent lower than those of the Eva Creek wind farm for the period from January to September 2013.展开更多
【目的】江汉平原水稻灌浆前期独特的高温气候条件(持续高温、高湿和长日照)是造成稻米品质难以保障的主要原因,限制了优质粳稻在江汉平原地区的产业化发展。因此,对高温胁迫下优质粳稻的冠层分层监测,明确其灌浆前期遇高温胁迫后所表...【目的】江汉平原水稻灌浆前期独特的高温气候条件(持续高温、高湿和长日照)是造成稻米品质难以保障的主要原因,限制了优质粳稻在江汉平原地区的产业化发展。因此,对高温胁迫下优质粳稻的冠层分层监测,明确其灌浆前期遇高温胁迫后所表现出的微气象特征,为其优化栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以优质粳稻鄂晚17为材料,分析4月30日(高温模式)和6月5日(适温模式)两个播期下的产量及品质差异,同时采用水稻冠层微气象测定仪MINCER(micrometeorological instrument for the near-canopy environment of rice)对冠层内微气象参数进行测定,探讨2种温度模式下优质粳稻灌浆前期不同冠层层次(4个层次,分别为H1、H2、H3和H4)微气象特征(温度、湿度和光照)及其与粳稻农艺性状的关系。【结果】与适温模式相比,高温下供试品种产量、外观品质和食味品质均显著下降,而加工品质基本无显著变化。适温和高温模式下,白天H1、H2和H4层温度均高于田间环境(CK)温度,夜间温度均低于CK;但H3层的温度与此迥异,H3层(穗部层)温度全天较CK下降可达5.2℃;在白天H1、H2和H3层相对湿度均高于CK,晚间相对湿度均低于CK;但H4层的相对湿度与此迥异,10:00低于CK,15:00和19:00均高于CK,H3层的相对湿度较CK上升可达26.9%。此外,CK空气温度均大于叶片和穗部温度,但一天不同时间段,叶温和穗温与CK空气温度的差值呈现不同的变化趋势。【结论】高温模式下,田间环境整体气温偏高可能是导致粳稻品质严重变劣的主体原因。因此,优选耐性品种、优化抽穗灌浆期和降低高温下的田间温度应成为粳稻应对高温的重要措施。展开更多
文摘[Objective] The micrometeorology features and energy balance of winter wheat canopy were studied.[Method] By means of micrometeorological data of winter wheat canopy at booting stage,heading and flowering stage,filling stage and mature stage and the data from local meteorological station,the temporal and spatial variation law of micrometeorology features of winter wheat canopy were researched,and the daily and seasonal variation of energy balance were further analyzed.[Result] The daily variation of winter wheat canopy temperature and air temperature showed sinusoidal trend,and air temperature changed with height,while temperature was highest at heading and flowering stage.The daily variation of humidity also showed sinusoidal trend,and humidity was highest and saturation deficit was lowest in the middle of canopy,while the maximum humidity appeared at heading and flowering stage.In addition,the daily variation of wind speed in the upper canopy showed single peak trend.There was obvious daily variation and seasonal variation of energy balance in winter wheat field,and the daily variation of net radiation also showed single peak trend,while sensible heat flux was highest at filling stage and lowest at heading and flowering stage,and latent heat flux was highest at heading and flowering stage and lowest at booting stage.[Conclusion] Our study could provide scientific evidence for the study of disaster prevention and mitigation and the improvement of yield and quality of winter wheat.
文摘The interaction among air and soil affects the dynamic in the atmospheric boundary layer, this research seeks to describe this variation in small scale, in the Ecuadorian Highlands Regions and the variations produced due to its elevation and geographical position, using as base the Van Ulden and Hostlang (1985) models. From this research, there was a conclusion that the zone has strong fluids of sensitive heat and superficial heat with small variations in the latent fluid heat. Besides, there were significant variations of the Obukov length between 17:00 and 19:00, when the sunset occurs, producing a thermal inversion that modifies the atmospheric dynamic state, these results average vary during the day hours and are regulars in the daily and monthly average, in the research year, given the zone geographical position. The meteorological data utilized were taken from the meteorological station from Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo located in the Ecuadorian Highlands.
基金Project(50474052) supported by the National Natural Foundation of China
文摘An algorithm was proposed to fast recognize three types of underwater micro-terrain, i.e. the level, the gradient and the uneven. With pendulum single beam bathymeter, the hard level concrete floor, the random uneven floor and the gradient wood panel (8-) were ultrasonically detected 20 times, respectively. The results show that the algorithm is right from fact that the first clustering values of the uneven are all less than the threshold value of 60.0% that is obtained by the level and gradient samples. The algorithm based on the dynamic clustering theory can effectively eliminate the influences of the exceptional elevation values produced by the disturbances resulted from the grazing angle, the characteristic of bottom material and environmental noises, and its real-time capability is good. Thus, the algorithm provides a foundation for the next restructuring of the micro-terrain.
基金the National Science Foundation for funding the project work of Megan Hinzman and Samuel Smock in summer 2011Hannah K.Ross and John Cooney in summer 2012 through the Research Experience for Undergraduates(REU)Program,grant number AGS1005265the Alaska Department of Labor for funding Dr.Gary Sellhorst’s project work
文摘The wind power potential in Interior Alaska is evaluated from a micrometeorological perspective. Based on the local balance equation of momentum and the equation of continuity we derive the local balance equation of kinetic energy for macroscopic and turbulent systems, and in a further step, Bernoulli’s equation and integral equations that customarily serve as the key equations in momentum theory and blade-element analysis, where the Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky limit, Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sorensen are exemplarily illustrated. The wind power potential at three different sites in Interior Alaska (Delta Junction, Eva Creek, and Poker Flat) is assessed by considering the results of wind field predictions for the winter period from October 1, 2008, to April 1, 2009 provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to avoid time-consuming and expensive tall-tower observations in Interior Alaska which is characterized by a relatively low degree of infrastructure outside of the city of Fairbanks. To predict the average power output we use the Weibull distributions derived from the predicted wind fields for these three different sites and the power curves of five different propeller-type wind turbines with rated powers ranging from 2 MW to 2.5 MW. These power curves are represented by general logistic functions. The predicted power capacity for the Eva Creek site is compared with that of the Eva Creek wind farm established in 2012. The results of our predictions for the winter period 2008/2009 are nearly 20 percent lower than those of the Eva Creek wind farm for the period from January to September 2013.
文摘【目的】江汉平原水稻灌浆前期独特的高温气候条件(持续高温、高湿和长日照)是造成稻米品质难以保障的主要原因,限制了优质粳稻在江汉平原地区的产业化发展。因此,对高温胁迫下优质粳稻的冠层分层监测,明确其灌浆前期遇高温胁迫后所表现出的微气象特征,为其优化栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以优质粳稻鄂晚17为材料,分析4月30日(高温模式)和6月5日(适温模式)两个播期下的产量及品质差异,同时采用水稻冠层微气象测定仪MINCER(micrometeorological instrument for the near-canopy environment of rice)对冠层内微气象参数进行测定,探讨2种温度模式下优质粳稻灌浆前期不同冠层层次(4个层次,分别为H1、H2、H3和H4)微气象特征(温度、湿度和光照)及其与粳稻农艺性状的关系。【结果】与适温模式相比,高温下供试品种产量、外观品质和食味品质均显著下降,而加工品质基本无显著变化。适温和高温模式下,白天H1、H2和H4层温度均高于田间环境(CK)温度,夜间温度均低于CK;但H3层的温度与此迥异,H3层(穗部层)温度全天较CK下降可达5.2℃;在白天H1、H2和H3层相对湿度均高于CK,晚间相对湿度均低于CK;但H4层的相对湿度与此迥异,10:00低于CK,15:00和19:00均高于CK,H3层的相对湿度较CK上升可达26.9%。此外,CK空气温度均大于叶片和穗部温度,但一天不同时间段,叶温和穗温与CK空气温度的差值呈现不同的变化趋势。【结论】高温模式下,田间环境整体气温偏高可能是导致粳稻品质严重变劣的主体原因。因此,优选耐性品种、优化抽穗灌浆期和降低高温下的田间温度应成为粳稻应对高温的重要措施。
