Effects of Combination of Straw Returning and a Microbial Agent on Microorganisms and Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil and Yield of Late Rice

By using red soil and late rice Wufengyou T025 as the tested materials,the influences of straw returning with a microbial agent on the quantity of microorganisms and enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil in fields were studied,and soil productivity was tested with yield and agricultural traits of late rice. The results showed that straw returning with the microbial agent could significantly improve the quantity of bacteria,fungi and actinomyces in soil,enhance the activity of sucrase,urease,catalase and cellulase,and improve the number of grains per spike,setting percentage,thousand seed weight and yield of late rice. The combination of rice straw returning and the microbial agent has a good prospect of application.

Control Effect of Different Microbial Agents on Tobacco Bacterial Wilt

[ Objectives] The paper was to study effects of different microbial agents on occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt. [ Methods I Antagonistic strains against Ralstonia solanacearum were screened from in situ soil, and prepared into four different combinations. The number of soil microorganisms and incidence of bacterial wilt of four combinations were observed. [ Results] The incidence rate of bacterial wilt treated by microbial agent OR-1 was significantly lower than that in control, and the control efficacy against bacterial wilt reached 67%. [ Conclusions] Application of microbial agent OR-1 could effectively reduce the incidence rate and disease index of bacterial wilt, thus improving the quality of tobacco.

Review of Microbial Inoculation Agent Used in Composting

Microbial inoculation agent has been widely used in waste disposal and waste recycling. In this paper, the principle of fermentation in the composting of agricultural waste and the impact of microbial inoculation agent on composting were reviewed.The research and the application of microbial inoculation agent were also introduced. Based on the trend of the research, the promising prospect of microbial inoculation agent was discussed.

Screening of Composite Microbial Agents for Promoting the Decomposition of Aging Dunnage

To explore the influence of microbial agems on the decomposition of aging dunnage of the fermentation bed, this paper took the aging dunnage as the raw materials, obtained microbial strains of different types through isolation and purification, chose dominant groups to make compound microbial agents, and adopted composting decomposition experiment. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis of different ratios was added, Trichoderma koningii and Thermo actinomycetaceac could promote the decomposition of aging dunnage, especially composite microbial agents （Kc：Kn：Gf = 1：1：1 ） had the best effect of decomposition, the high tem- perature was kept for 13 days. In the end of composting, degradation rate of cellulose, degradation rate of lignin, GI, and C/N were 47.6%, 30. 2%, 98.5%, and 18.5%. Bacillus coli was not detected.

Application of Highly Efficient Microbial Agent in Pig Manure Compost

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to develop a cheap and localized microbial agent so as to solve high cost of microbial agent for pig manure composting in Jiaxing City. [ Method] Pig manure in the experimental group and control group was inoculated with the self-developed micro- bial agent and commercial microbial agent, respectively. The manure was decomposed for 38 d, during which the indicators of compost including physical properties, temperature, pH value, water content, organic matter, dissolved nitrogen, carbon nitrogen ratio and germination rate were studied. [ Result] The water content in the experimental group declined to 26.10% after 33 d of compost, meeting the standard upper limitation of 30% for maturity. By comparison, the water content in the control group was slightly higher than 30% even after 38 d. The germination rate of seeds fertilized with the experimental manure compost met the standard for maturity on Day 28, while that in the control group met the standard for maturity on Day 35. When the composting was finished, the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen in the pig manure was 14.64 and 16.43 respective- ly in the experimental and control group, and the organic matter content was about 45% for both. All these indexes could meet the standards for or- ganic fertilizer products. [ Conclusion] The self-developed microbial agent can moot the requirements for pig manure composting, and it can shorten the composting time by 5 -8 d compared with the commercial agent. In addition, the fertilizer product composted by the self-developed microbial a qent has lower water content and thereby is much more beneficial for preservation.

Preliminary Study on Mixed Use of Agaricus bisporus Residue and Microbial Agent to Control Cucumber Root-knot Nematode

Single or mixed use ofAgaricus bisporus residue and microbial agent had better control effect on cucumber root-knot nematode disease in greenhouse. The results showed that the control effect of single use of A. b/sporus residue was 32.9% - 34.7%, and the yield increasing rate was 2.1% - 8.7% ; the control effect of mixed use ofA. b/sporus residue and microbial agent was 59. 1% - 63. 6%, and yield increasing rate was 2.6% - 3.5%. The experimental dose had no ad- verse effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The mixed use of A. b/sporus residue and microbial agent was one of the effective ways to control root-knot nematode disease.

Effects of Different Microbial Agents on Aerobic Composting of Cow Manure

For the control of environment pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, four microbial strains conducive to aerobic composting were selected and mixed into four compound microbial agents, and effects of different compound microbial agents on aerobic composting of cow manure were studied from aspects of changes in temperature, pH, water content and C/N during the composting process. The results show that microbial agent M2 has the best effect for aerobic composting of cow manure, so microbial agent M2 has broad popularization and application prospect in livestock and poultry farms in low-temperature areas of Northeast China.

Effect of microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration application on peanut production in the Huang-huai-hai area of China

The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China.The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group.Moreover,the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group,and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83 fold compared to controls.Additionally,notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants,well-filled pod numbers,and enhanced growth performance;ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46%to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method,and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%.The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth,nodulation,and increasing production.At the same time,it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus,which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.

Effects of Microbial Agents on Kitchen Waste and Rice Straw Composting

In order to clarify the influence of microbial agents on kitchen waste and rice straw composting, an aerobic composting experiment was conducted by setting three kinds of combined bacterial agents to study the temperature change in the composting, and pH value, nutrient contents, C/N and heavy metal content after composting through. The three kinds of combined bacterial agents were as follows:B1 with effective strains: Bacillus subtilis, yeast and Trichoderma sp.;B2 with effective strains: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, yeast and lactic acid bacteria;B3 with effective strains: Bacillus subtilis, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. Results showed that the addition of microbial agents had signifcant effects on temperature change,nitrogen and phosphorus content and C/N of the compost. T1, T2, and T3 treatments lasted for 8, 5 and 4 d in the thermophilic phase above 60℃, respectively. The total nitrogen content of each treatment was 14.90, 15.50 and 13.80 g/kg respectively after composting. The total phosphorus content of each treatment was 4.87, 4.17 and 3.70g/kg respectively at the end of composting. The C/N of each treatment was 20.94,22.63, and 22.65 respectively at the end of composting. The application effect of B1bacteria agent on the composting of kitchen waste and rice straw was better.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Quinolino-Benzoxaboroles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Several quinolino-benzoxaborole derivatives have been prepared to start from aminobenzoxaboroles. These derivatives have been evaluated for their anti-cancer activity on human and murine cancer cell lines and based on their relative non-toxicity, these compounds were further evaluated for their antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, and M. smegmatis. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for antifungal activity in C. albicans and C. neoformans.

Evaluation of rational use of antimicrobial agents in a Brazilian intensive care unit

The present study sought to assess the rational use of antimicrobial agents in a Brazilian intensive care unit (ICU) and its association with antimicrobial resistance in elderly patients admitted to the unit. Results: Choice of empiric and sensitivity-guided therapy was inadequate in > 80% and 59% of cases respectively. Inadequate antimicrobial therapy, whether empiric or sensitivity-guided, was positively correlated with bacterial resistance (r = 0.316;p = 0.001). Sensitivity testing revealed a 46.5% resistance rate to eight out of the ten most commonly used antibiotics. Multiple drug-resistant organisms were found in 40.8% of patients. A significant increase was observed in the number of multidrug-resistant samples between 2006/2007 and 2008 (r = 0.41, p = 0.006), (r = 0.598, p = 0.001), (r = 0.688, p = 0.00). Conclusion: We found a high rate of antibiotic misuse in the study sample. Inadequate therapy was correlated with resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Inhibition of Microbial Growth by Anilines： A QSAR Study

The relative toxicity of 48 anilines using the Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth characteristics IGC50 （concentration causing 50% growth inhibition）, available in the literature, was studied. At first, the entire data set was randomly split into a training set （31 chemicals） used to establish the QSAR model, and a test set （17 chemicals） for statistical external validation. A biparametric model was developed using, as independent variables, 3D theoretical descriptors derived from DRAGON software. The GA-MLR （genetic algorithm variable subset selection） procedure was performed on the trainingset by the software mobydigs using the OLS （ordinary least squares） regression method, and GA（genetic algorithm）-VSS（variable subset selection） by maximising the cross-validated explained variance （Q^2Loo）＇ The obtained model was examined for robustness （Q^2LOOcross-validation, Y-scrambling） and predictive ability through both internal （Q^2LM0, bootstrap） and external validation （Q^2ext） methods. Descriptors included in the QSAR model indicated that log/GC^-150 value was related to molecular size and shape, and interaction of molecule with its surrounding medium or its target. Moreover, the applicability domain of the model was discussed.

Optimization of Blanching Time, Sodium Metabisulphite （Na2S205） Concentration and Processing Time on Vitamin C Content, Microbial Quality and Sensory Characteristics during Canning of Green Pepper （Capsicum sinensis） Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design （CCRD） for K = 3 were used to investigate the combined effect of blanching time （0-1 min）, processing time （10-30 min） and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration （0%-2%） on vitamin C content, hardness （texture）, microbial count and color intensity of green pepper （Capsicum sinensis） during canning. Blanching, processing time and sodium metabisulphite （Na2S205） salt concentration all had variable effects on the vitamin C, microbial quality and sensory characteristics of the canned green peppers. Significant （P 〈 0.05） interactions were noted between all the factors with high regression coefficients （78.7%-97.0%）. Increasing processing time caused significant decreases in vitamin C and microbial load of the product. However, salt concentration had only marginal and insignificant effect on the vitamin C content of the canned product. Sensory evaluation on the product showed that both the pre-processing conditions and of blanching and salt concentrations, and the processing time had varied effects on the color and hardness of the products. Hardness of the canned products generally decreased with increasing processing time and blanching time, while only minimal and insignificant effects were noted with blanching time. Increasing blanching time caused significant increasing retention of the dark green color of the peppers with only slight but insignificant increases noted with processing time, while increases in salt concentration consistently reduced the dark green color of the products. The optimum pre-processing and processing conditions that yielded products with high preference and consumer-acceptability were： blanching time of 0 min, processing time of 10 min and sodium metabisulphite concentration of 0.2%.

Compound Microbial Agent Improves Soil Redox Status to Reduce Methane Emissions from Paddy Fields

Paddy fields are considered a major source of methane(CH_4)emissions.Aerobic irrigation methods have proven to be efficacious in mitigating CH_4 emissions in paddy cultivation.The promising role of compound microbial agents in refining the rhizospheric ecosystem suggests their potential as novel agents in reducing CH_4 emissions from paddy fields.To explore a new method of using compound microbial agents to reduce CH_4 emissions,we conducted pot and field experiments over the period of 2022-2023.We measured CH_4 flux,the redox potential(Eh)of the soil,the concentration of dissolved oxygen(DO)in the floodwater,and the gene abundance of both methanogens(mcr A)and methanotrophs(pmo A).The results showed that the application of the compound microbial agent led to a significant increase in the DO levels within the floodwater and an increase of 9.26%to 35.01%in the Eh of the tillage soil.Furthermore,the abundance of pmo A increased by 31.20%,while the mcr A/pmo A ratio decreased by 25.96%at the maximum tillering stage.Applying 45-75 kg/hm^(2) of the compound microbial agent before transplanting resulted in a reduction of cumulative CH_4 emissions from paddy fields by 17.49%in single-cropped rice and 43.54%to 50.27%in double-cropped late rice during the tillering stage.Correlation analysis indicated that CH_4 flux was significantly negatively correlated with pmo A gene abundance and soil Eh,and positively related to the mcr A/pmo A ratio.Additionally,soil Eh was significantly positively correlated with pmo A gene abundance,suggesting that paddy soil Eh indirectly affected CH_4 flux by influencing the pmo A gene abundance.In conclusion,the pre-planting application of the compound microbial agent at a rate of 45-75 kg/hm^(2) can enhance the Eh in the rhizosphere and increase the abundance of the pmo A gene,thereby reducing CH_4 emissions from paddy fields during the tillering stage of rice growth.

The gut-eye axis:from brain neurodegenerative diseases to age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration is a serious neurodegenerative disease of the retina that significantly impacts vision.Unfortunately,the specific pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective early treatment options are consequently lacking.The microbiome is defined as a large ecosystem of microorganisms living within and coexisting with a host.The intestinal microbiome undergoes dynamic changes owing to age,diet,genetics,and other factors.Such dysregulation of the intestinal flora can disrupt the microecological balance,resulting in immunological and metabolic dysfunction in the host,and affecting the development of many diseases.In recent decades,significant evidence has indicated that the intestinal flora also influences systems outside of the digestive tract,including the brain.Indeed,several studies have demonstrated the critical role of the gut-brain axis in the development of brain neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Similarly,the role of the“gut-eye axis”has been confirmed to play a role in the pathogenesis of many ocular disorders.Moreover,age-related macular degeneration and many brain neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to share several risk factors and to exhibit comparable etiologies.As such,the intestinal flora may play an important role in age-related macular degeneration.Given the above context,the present review aims to clarify the gut-brain and gut-eye connections,assess the effect of intestinal flora and metabolites on age-related macular degeneration,and identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies.Currently,direct research on the role of intestinal flora in age-related macular degeneration is still relatively limited,while studies focusing solely on intestinal flora are insufficient to fully elucidate its functional role in age-related macular degeneration.Organ-on-a-chip technology has shown promise in clarifying the gut-eye interactions,while integrating analysis of the intestinal flora with research on metabolites through metabolomics and other techniques is crucial for understanding their potential mechanisms.

Role of the microbiome in non-gastrointestinal cancers

"The forgotten organ",the human microbiome,comprises a community of microorganisms that colonizes various sites of the human body.Through coevolution of bacteria,archaea and fungi with the human host over thousands of years,a complex host-microbiome relationship emerged in which many functions,including metabolism and immune responses,became codependent.This coupling becomes evident when disruption in the microbiome composition,termed dysbiosis,is mirrored by the development of pathologies in the host.Among the most serious consequences of dysbiosis,is the development of cancer.As many as 20% of total cancers worldwide are caused by a microbial agent.To date,a vast majority of microbiomecancer studies focus solely on the microbiome of the large intestine and the development of gastrointestinal cancers.Here,we will review the available evidence implicating microbiome involvement in the development and progression of non-gastrointestinal cancers,while distinguishing between viral and bacterial drivers of cancer,as well as "local" and "systemic","cancer-stimulating" and "cancer-suppressing" effects of the microbiome.Developing a system-wide approach to cancer-microbiome studies will be crucial in understanding how microbiome influences carcinogenesis,and may enable to employ microbiome-targeting approaches as part of cancer treatment.

Effects of 4 Types of Remediation Agents on Reducing Cd Contents in Soil and Rice on Cd-contaminated Farmland

A field experiment was carried out in Cd-contaminated rice fields in a county of Hengyang to explore the effects of different types of remediation agents on the contents of soil available Cd and rice Cd,and rice yield by using one rice variety Longliangyouhuazhan,and 4 kinds of remediation agents:DG foliar control agent,SMA microbial inoculant,XFJ organic fertilizer and LXM calcium-and silicon-based passivator as test materials.The results showed that compared with CK,after applying DG foliar control agent,soil available Cd content increased rather than decreased,whereas rice Cd content decreased,not reaching a significant level.When applied with SMA microbial inoculant,soil pH value,soil available Cd and rice Cd contents showed a downward then upward trend with the increase of its application rates.Between 3 levels of SMA treatments,the content of soil available Cd in SMA2 was the lowest,decreased by 8.59%in comparison with CK,contrarily,two other SMA treatments were increasing instead of decreasing in the content of soil available Cd.The application of XFJ organic fertilizer and LXM calcium-and silicon-based passivator increased soil pH value,and reduced soil available Cd and rice Cd contents;the contents of soil available Cd and rice Cd decreased with their application rates increasing.Compared with CK,XFJ3 reduced soil available Cd content by 9.40%,and significantly reduced rice Cd content by 57.28%.In LXM3 treatment,soil available Cd content reduced by 14.57%,rice Cd content was 71.57%lower than CK,reaching the lowest level.In general,LXM calcium-and silicon-based passivator had the best Cd reduction effect,with the optimal application amount of 6000 kg/hm^(2).

棉隆熏蒸后添加微生物菌剂对草莓连作土壤中真菌多样性的影响

为研究土壤消毒后添加不同微生物菌剂对草莓连作土壤中真菌多样性的影响,设置棉隆熏蒸后分别施用T1(哈茨木霉+枯草芽孢杆菌+放线菌)、T2(哈茨木霉+枯草芽孢杆菌)、T3(哈茨木霉+放线菌)、T4(CK)、T5(枯草芽孢杆菌)、T6(放线菌)、T7(哈茨木霉)7个处理,采用高通量测序平台(Illumina HiSeq 2500),对土壤真菌群落及组成进行分析。结果表明:施用微生物菌剂可以增加真菌丰度、多样性和种群数量。与CK相比,单独施加菌剂T5、T6、T7均能提高真菌群落物种丰度;而施用混合菌剂T1、T3增加了物种丰度,T2会降低物种丰度。棉隆熏蒸后施用不同微生物菌剂均可增加土壤真菌多样性;与CK相比,除T2处理中真菌种群数量减少,其他微生物菌剂土壤真菌种群数量增加了5.62%~57.54%,各处理从高到低依次为T6、T7、T3、T1、T5、T2;棉隆熏蒸后施用含有枯草芽孢杆菌、放线菌、哈茨木霉微生物菌剂处理,土壤真菌种群数量和恢复速度显著增加,尤其是蜡蚧菌属、枝鼻菌属、酵母属、曲霉属有益菌属种群恢复速度加快。综上,草莓连作土壤经棉隆熏蒸消毒后添加微生物菌剂,对于重建耕作土壤微生物区系平衡和缓解连作障碍是一种科学有效的方法。

两种微生物菌剂不同灌根次数对马铃薯疮痂病防效试验

马铃薯疮痂病是影响天水地区马铃薯产量和商品属性最主要的土传病害。为了防治该病,本研究选取格兰克和菌动力两种微生物菌剂,比较不同灌根次数对天薯13号马铃薯疮痂病的防效。结果表明,与不灌根对照相比,微生物菌剂灌根处理均能提高马铃薯的产量,增产率为0.5%~21.5%;且能有效降低马铃薯疮痂病的发生率,对疮痂病的防效为44.8%~88.2%。其中,格兰克灌根两次(现蕾期和开花期各灌根1次)和菌动力灌根1次(现蕾期灌根1次)两个处理的效果较好,马铃薯产量分别较对照增加14.5%和21.5%,对马铃薯疮痂病的防效分别为88.2%和78.7%。

有机肥+生物炭+微生物菌剂配施对烤烟多酚和化学成分的影响

以云烟87为研究对象,采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,设置3个生物炭(900、1800、2700 kg/hm^(2))、3个微生物菌剂(30、60、90 kg/hm^(2))和3种有机肥(羊粪肥、芝麻饼肥、菜籽饼肥)组合成9个处理,并以无机肥为对照处理,研究了上述因素对烤后烟叶多酚类和常规化学成分的影响。结果表明:生物炭施用量是影响烤烟的多酚和化学成分含量的主效因素,随着生物炭施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖及各种多酚类物质含量均有所增加,施用2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭的整体表现较优。微生物菌剂也是重要的影响因素,随着微生物菌剂施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖、多酚类、绿原酸含量均有所增加,施用60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂的整体表现较优。施用有机肥的影响则较小,其中,羊粪肥的表现相对较好。综上,最佳组合方式为2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭+60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂+羊粪肥,并且将其可应用于凉山产区烤烟的施肥管理中。