Coupled multiphysical model for investigation of influence factors in the application of microbially induced calcite precipitation

The study presents a comprehensive coupled thermo-bio-chemo-hydraulic(T-BCH)modeling framework for stabilizing soils using microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).The numerical model considers relevant multiphysics involved in MICP,such as bacterial ureolytic activities,biochemical reactions,multiphase and multicomponent transport,and alteration of the porosity and permeability.The model incorporates multiphysical coupling effects through well-established constitutive relations that connect parameters and variables from different physical fields.It was implemented in the open-source finite element code OpenGeoSys(OGS),and a semi-staggered solution strategy was designed to solve the couplings,allowing for flexible model settings.Therefore,the developed model can be easily adapted to simulate MICP applications in different scenarios.The numerical model was employed to analyze the effect of various factors,including temperature,injection strategies,and application scales.Besides,a TBCH modeling study was conducted on the laboratory-scale domain to analyze the effects of temperature on urease activity and precipitated calcium carbonate.To understand the scale dependency of MICP treatment,a large-scale heterogeneous domain was subjected to variable biochemical injection strategies.The simulations conducted at the field-scale guided the selection of an injection strategy to achieve the desired type and amount of precipitation.Additionally,the study emphasized the potential of numerical models as reliable tools for optimizing future developments in field-scale MICP treatment.The present study demonstrates the potential of this numerical framework for designing and optimizing the MICP applications in laboratory-,prototype-,and field-scale scenarios.

Microbial calcite,a bio-based smart nanomaterial in concrete remediation

The concept of developing a biosealant in concrete remediation is based on unique microbial metabolic processes.A common soil microorganism,Sporosarcina pasteurii,can induce CaCO_(3) precipitation in the surroundings in response to environmental cues such as high pH and available nutrients and minerals.A new biomolecule,microbial calcite is introduced as a smart nanomaterial for self-healing concrete-its effects on concrete performance were evaluated with regard to surface crack remediation and durability enhancement.For crack remediation,S.pasteurii cells immobilized on porous glass beads,Siran^(TM),were applied to cracks and tested for stiffness and compressive strengths.For durability tests,cement mortar beams prepared with bacteria were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and examined for mean expansions and weight changes.Overall performance of the concrete was significantly enhanced by treatment with microbial calcite in simulated concrete cracks and cement mortar beams.

A comparative study of using two numerical strategies to simulate the biochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation

In this study,we carried out a comparative study of two different numerical strategies for the modeling of the biogeochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)process.A simplified MICP model was used,which is based on the mass transport theory.Two numerical strategies,namely the operator splitting(OS)and the global implicit(GI)strategies,were adopted to solve the coupled reactive mass transport problems.These two strategies were compared in the aspects of numerical accuracy,convergence property and computational efficiency by solving the presented MICP model.To look more into the details of the model,sensitivity analysis of some important modeling parameters was also carried out in this paper.

Physical-mechanical properties of microbially induced calcite precipitation-treated loess and treatment mechanism

Loess disintegration can lead to geotechnical engineering problems,e.g.,slope erosion,wetting-induced landslide,and hydroconsolidation.Microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)technique is a potential loess reinforcing method.This study investigated the physical-mechanical properties of MICP-treated loess and then explored the mechanism of loess modification by MICP.Here,loess first underwent MICP treatment,i.e.,mixing loess with Sporosarcina pasteurii and cementation solution(CS).Then,the effects of the CS concentration(0.2,0.6,0.8,and 1 M)on the physical and mechanical properties of the MICP-treated loess were tested.Finally,the static contact angle test,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffractometry(XRD)were conducted to study the mechanism of MICP treatment on loess.Results showed the following property changes of loess after MICP treatment:the liquid limit decreased by 1.7%,the average particle size increased from 6 to 47μm,the specific gravity decreased from 2.65 to 2.43,the unconfined compressive strength increased from 37 to 71 k Pa,and the disintegration time increased from 10 to 25 min.Besides,the shear strength also increased,and the shear strength parameters(cohesion c and internal friction angle?)varied with the CS concentration.The static contact angle tests indicated that the water absorption ability of loess was reduced after MICP treatment.SEM and XRD results verified that the CaCO_(3)from MICP was attributed to the above results.The above findings explained the mechanism of MICP treatment of loess:the CaCO_(3)coats and cements the particles,and fills the pores of loess,improving the strength and water stability of loess.

Modelling of the elastoplastic behaviour of the bio-cemented soils using an extended Modified Cam Clay model

An elastoplastic constitutive model based on the Modified Cam Clay(MCC)model is developed to describe the mechanical behaviour of soils cemented via microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).It considers the increase of the elastic stiffness,the change of the yield surface due to MICP cementation and the degradation of calcium carbonate bonds during shearing.Specifically,to capture the typical contraction-dilation transition in MICP soils,the original volumetric hardening rule in the MCC model is modified to a combined deviatoric and volumetric hardening rule.The model could reproduce a series of drained triaxial tests on MICP-treated soils with different calcium carbonate contents.Further,we carry out a parametric study and observe numerical instability in some cases.In combination with an analytical analysis,our numerical modelling has identified the benefits and limitations of using MCCbased models in the simulation of MICP-cemented soils,leading to suggestions for further model development.

Rock-like behavior of biocemented sand treated under non-sterile environment and various treatment conditions

Microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)is a recently developed technique for microbiological ground improvement that has been applied for mitigating various geotechnical challenges.However,the major challenges,such as calcite precipitation uniformity,presence of different bacteria,cementation solution optimization for cost reduction,and implementation under non-sterile and uncontrolled field environment are still not fully explored and require detailed investigation before field application.This study aims to address these challenges of MICP to improve the geotechnical properties of sandy soils.Several series of experiments were conducted using poorly graded Narmada River(India)sand,which were subjected to various biotreatment schemes and tested for unconfined compressive strength(UCS),split tensile strength(STS),ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV),hydraulic conductivity(after 6 d,12 d,and 18 d of treatment),and calcite content.The microstructure of sand was examined through a scanning electron microscope(SEM).Initially,the sand was individually augmented with two non-pathogenic bacterial strains,i.e.Sporosarcina(S.)pasteurii and Bacillus(B.)sphaericus.The stopped-flow injection method was adopted to provide cementation solutions at three different durations(treatment cycle)of 12 h,24 h,and 48 h and three different pore volumes(PVs)of 1,0.75,and 0.5.The pore volume here refers to the porosity which is expressed as a ratio,i.e.a porosity of 50%was used as 0.5.The results showed rock-like behaviors of biocemented sand with the UCS,STS,and UPV enhancement up to 2333 kPa,437 kPa,and 2670 m/s,respectively.The hydraulic conductivity reduction of 96.6%was achieved by 12%of calcite formation after 18 d of treatment using Sporosarcina pasteurii,12-h treatment cycle,and one pore volume of cementation media in each cycle.Overall,a 24-h treatment cycle and 0.5-pore volume cementation solution were found to be the optimal treatment which was effective and economical to achieve heavily cemented,rock-type biocemented sand using both bacteria.

Biochar-bacteria partnership based on microbially induced calcite precipitation improves Cd immobilization and soil function

Microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)technique utilizes ureolytic bacteria to decompose urea and generate carbonate ions for metal combination.MICP can remediate heavy metal(e.g.,Cd)contaminated soils while maintaining or even improving soil functions,but its efficiency in agricultural soil practical application still needs to be enhanced.Here,we constructed a biochar-bacteria(2B)partnership in which biochar provides high nutrition and diverse sorption sites.Using the 2B system,Cd immobilization effectiveness and the underlying mechanism were examined along with the soil properties and soil functions.Results showed that compared to the single biochar and ureolytic bacteria systems,soil Cd mobility was reduced by 23.6%and 45.8%through co-precipitating with CaCO_(3) as otavite(CdCO_(3))in the 2B system,whereas soil fertility,bacterial diversity,and richness increased by 11.7-90.2%,5.4-16.1%,and 6.8-54.7%,respectively.Moreover,the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were enhanced in the 2B system.Notably,Sporosarcina and Bacillus(Firmicutes genus)that carry the ureC gene were boosted in the system,further implicating the microbiological mechanism in reducing Cd migration and its bioavailability in soil.Overall,the constructed 2B system was efficient in soil Cd immobilization by strengthening the ureolytic bacteria growth and their nutrient supply in the bacteria-rich soil ecosystem.

Strength-increase mechanism and microstructural characteristics of a biotreated geomaterial

Microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)is a recently proposed method that is environmentally friendly and has considerable potential applications in artificial biotreated geomaterials.New artificial biotreated geomaterials are produced based on the MICP technology for different parent soils.The purpose of this study is to explore the strength-increase mechanism and microstmctural characteristics of the biotreated geomaterial through a series of experiments.The results show that longer mineralization time results in higher-strength biotreated geomaterial.The strength growth rate rapidly increases in the beginning and remains stable afterwards.The calcium ion content significantly increases with the extended mineralization time.When standard sand was used as a parent soil,the calcium ion content increased to a factor of 39 after 7 days.The bacterial cells with attached calcium ions serve as the nucleus of crystallization and fill the pore space.When fine sand was used as a parent soil,the calcium ion content increased to only a factor of 7 after 7 days of mineralization.The nucleus of crystallization could not normally grow because of the limited pore space.The porosity and variation in porosity are clearly affected by the parent soil.Therefore,the strength of the biotreated geomaterial is affected by the parent soil properties,mineralization time,and granular material pore space.This paper provides a basis for theory and experiments for biotreated geomaterials in future engineering practice.