Porcine Breeding Management in a Large-scale Piggery with Microbial Fermentation Bed

[Objective] The behavior of eating, drinking, defecating and peeing of 1 500 pigs in a large-scale microbial fermentation bed-equipped piggery was observed. We hoped to find some simple indicators that could reflect the health status of swinery and to provide experience for the swinery performance management in large-scale microbial fermentation bed-equipped piggery. [Method] The body weight （BW）, daily BW gain, feed intake and other indicators of different-day-old pigs were recorded in details. Based on the recorded data, the models between BW, BW gain, average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio and growth days （d） were established. In addition, the incidences of pox-like macula （dermatitis）, diarrhea （gastrointestinal disease）, cough （respiratory disease）, stiff pig （malnutrition）, conjunctivitis （eye disease） and foot inflection （trauma） among fattening pigs were also investigated. [Result] The BW range, average BW, daily BW gain, breeding days, daily feed intake range, average daily feed intake, staged feed intake, accumulated feed intake, feed/gain ratio and accumulated feed/gain ratio of different-day-old pigs were studied, respectively. Four dynamic models were established for the growth of pigs： （1） the BW （y）-age （x） mod- el： y=0.758 9x-19.883 （3=0.993 7）; （2） the BW gain （y）-age （x） model： y=1.039 5x05051 （F=0.885 4）; （3） the average daily feed intake （y）-age （x） model： y=0.023 5x-0.334 3 （F=0.991 7）; （4） the feed/gain ratio （y）-age （x） model： y=0.022x＋0.427 8 （P=0.988 5）. Based on these models, the corresponding theoretical growth value of pigs at different growth stage could be predicted. The main diseases occurred among the swinery in the large-scale microbial fermentation bed piggery included pox-like macula （dermatitis）, diarrhea （gastrointestinal disease）, cough （respiratory disease）, stiff pig （mal- nutrition）, conjunctivitis （eye disease） and foot inflection （trauma）. The deadly infec- tious diseases had been not found among the pigs. [Conclusion] When the actual BW, BW gain, average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio were all lower than the theoretical values predicted by the models, the management should be enhanced. The average daily feed intake of 60 to 65-day-old pigs was lower than the theoretic value, indicating that the pigs could not adapt nicely to the fermentation bed at the very early stage. When the pigs grew up to 70 to 75 d old, the average daily feed intake was higher than the theoretical value, indicating that the pigs had adapted to the fermentation bed. In particularly, average daily feed intake of 75-day-old pigs was higher than the theoretical value by 21%. It was suggested the fermentation bed was conducive to the growth of pigs. Considering the occurrence of diseases among pigs, the overall incidence was relatively low. The incidence of each disease was all lower than 10% with little difficulty in treating. If the management of mattress was strength- ened, such as paying attention to feeding and keeping water clean, many diseases could heal by themselves.

Piglets Behavior Characteristics under Breeding Mode of Microbial Fermentation Bed

[Objective] This experiment aimed to compare piglets behavior under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode and traditional rearing mode. [Method] Pig behavior＇s statistical analysis under both microbial fermentation bed pig breeding mode and traditional rearing mode was se lected to study the effect of different breeding environment on pig＇s growth [ Result] The results showed that the duration of piglets lying and sleeping behavior accounted for the highest proportion of tested behavior, up to more than 70% ,followed by feeding and drinking which reached 15.96% （under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode） and 9.33% （under traditional rearing mode） respectively. Compared with traditional intensive rearing mode, piglet exploratory behavior＇s occurrence probability and duration increased significantly, by 28.62% and 12.21% respectively. Fighting behavior＇s occurrence probability and duration decreased significantly, by 49.83% and 91.26% respectively. Nutrient index and health index were introduced to evaluate piglet＇s general heath condition under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode, and results indicated that the health index of piglets under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode had slight difference from that under traditional mode, namely 10.83 and 10.03 respectively. But health index of piglets under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode was 245.12, much higher than 21.96 under traditional mode. [ Conclusion] Piglets would be healthier under microbial fermentation bed breeding mode.

Effects of Compound Microbial Inoculants on Fermentation Bed of Swine

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of compound microbial inoculants on fermentation bed.[Method] With fermentation simulated in lab,analysis was conducted on changes of temperature,pH,nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,urease activity and protease activity in fermentation by microorganism and natural fermentation respectively,to explore effects of compound microbial inoculants on fermentation bed of swine.[Result] Compared with control group,the added microbial inoculants in test group promoted temperature rising during fermentation and prolonged lasting period of high temperature,for example,high temperature at 60 ℃ maintained 10 d in the test.Furthermore,the inoculants reduced pH of packaging material environment,for example,pH finally was 7.05,lower than that of control group.Microbial inoculants accelerated transformation of ammonium nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen and reduced nitrogen loss.In addition,activities of urease and protease enhanced in packaging materials and excrements degraded rapidly.[Conclusion] The research provides technical references for strain development,selection and evaluation of fermentation bed of swine.

Design of Environmental Monitoring and Control System for Large-scale Pig House with Fermentation Bed

The design and assembly of environmental monitoring and control system for large-scale pig house with fermentation bed helped to solve the problem of environmental automatic control in piggery.The sensors would monitor the temperature,humidity,light,wind direction,wind speed,CO2,NH3and other parameters.On-line real-time data collection was achieved.The expert system was constructed to control the temperature in piggery below 30℃,to control the air and mattress humidities higher than 65%.Under the conditions of different season or different wind speed,even in day and night,the control actuators were different.The actuators included fanning wet curtain,lighting,micro spraying,spraying,propeller fan,electric aluminum alloy shutter and spraying systems on the roof.The actuators were integrated,and they control the piggery environment simultaneously.The system also designed the remote video monitor interface,parameter-monitoring curved interface and operation interface,which provided a good man-machine interface.

Screening of Composite Microbial Agents for Promoting the Decomposition of Aging Dunnage

To explore the influence of microbial agems on the decomposition of aging dunnage of the fermentation bed, this paper took the aging dunnage as the raw materials, obtained microbial strains of different types through isolation and purification, chose dominant groups to make compound microbial agents, and adopted composting decomposition experiment. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis of different ratios was added, Trichoderma koningii and Thermo actinomycetaceac could promote the decomposition of aging dunnage, especially composite microbial agents （Kc：Kn：Gf = 1：1：1 ） had the best effect of decomposition, the high tem- perature was kept for 13 days. In the end of composting, degradation rate of cellulose, degradation rate of lignin, GI, and C/N were 47.6%, 30. 2%, 98.5%, and 18.5%. Bacillus coli was not detected.

微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质的效果分析

为了实现废弃资源的资源化利用,使用微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质,选取使用1年的微生物发酵床养猪垫料,提取其浸提液并稀释成不同浓度,以番茄种子萌发情况为指标,筛选基质中垫料适宜添加量,并通过穴盘育苗试验确定基础基质配方,进一步优化N、P、K用量,最终确定番茄育苗基质配方。结果表明:利用微生物发酵床养猪垫料研制番茄育苗基质的配方为垫料︰椰糠=3︰7(体积比),N用量0.3 kg·m^(−3)、P用量0.2 kg·m^(−3)、K用量0.1 kg·m^(−3);用该基质进行番茄育苗,出苗率达98%,幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长均显著优于市售草炭基质(对照);所繁育的幼苗移栽田间种植,其田间番茄苗的株高和挂果数均显著优于对照。番茄育苗基质的研制可实现微生物发酵床养猪垫料的资源化利用。

微生物异位发酵床技术在生猪养殖废弃物处理中的应用研究

针对传统微生物发酵床技术在实际应用中存在的一些问题,本研究采用微生物异位发酵床技术应用于生猪养殖废弃物的处理,探究了试验过程中填料的基本参数变化及养殖废水的吸纳量,为更好地应用和推广微生物异位发酵床技术提供理论依据。结果表明：发酵床填料最高发酵温度为66℃,在40℃以上维持了48 d。试验全过程pH值平均在8左右,处于弱碱性环境下,适宜微生物的好氧发酵。填料含水量保持在50%～65%,适宜微生物的好氧发酵。本研究中每千克填料对生猪养殖废水的吸纳系数为2.53,优于对奶牛养殖废水的吸纳系数。发酵体系微生物以细菌活动为主,填料中的微生物有效地降解、消除废弃物有机物。研究结束时,填料的总养分含量和有机质的质量分数分别为6.19%和56.11%,均达到国家有机肥料关于总养分含量及有机质的质量分数的标准。

养猪发酵床微生物宏基因组基本分析方法

养猪微生物发酵床分解猪粪、消除恶臭,将猪粪形成生物菌肥,实现了养猪污染的微生物治理和猪粪的资源化利用,微生物起到关键作用。然而,关于发酵床微生物群落的种类、数量、结构等方面系统研究鲜见报道。课题组采用高通量宏基因组学方法,系统地开展了微生物发酵床的微生物组研究,揭示不同空间、不同深度、不同发酵程度、不同垫料组成、不同季节发酵床中的微生物组成及其区系演替规律。本文就相关的宏基因组测序的样本采集、样本处理、测序原理、分析模型、数据统计、结果表述等分析流程和方法进行了归纳,阐明微生物组操作分类单元(OTU)鉴定,物种累积曲线,核心微生物组,种类丰度主成分分析,种类秩-多度曲线,物种组成丰度柱状图、热图、星图等分析的原理与方法,列举微生物组种类复杂度α-多样性分析、β-多样性分析、种类显著性差异LEfSe分析,冗余分析等实例,为深入研究发酵床微生物群落提供了完整的分析思路和范例。

微生物发酵床对猪舍大肠杆菌病原生物防治作用的研究

【目的】通过调查微生物发酵床养猪基质垫层大肠杆菌及其毒素基因的数量分布变化动态,分析微生物发酵床对猪舍大肠杆菌的生物防治作用。【方法】分离不同使用时间、不同层次基质垫层的大肠杆菌,利用PCR特异性扩增UdiA基因来鉴定、检测大肠杆菌,并对大肠杆菌12种毒素基因进行多重PCR检测。构建大肠杆菌种群分布的动态模型,分析微生物发酵床对大肠杆菌病原的生防效果。【结果】从不同使用时间不同层次基质垫层分离鉴定出大肠杆菌419株,并从这些菌株中检测出59株携带毒素基因,毒素基因类型为8种。其中1个月基质垫层的毒素基因阳性检出率最高,为22.47%,其次是7个月基质垫料,为16.5%,最低的是9个月基质垫料,为4.23%。大肠杆菌在微生物发酵床基质垫层种群数量时间变化规律为:随着使用时间的增加种群数量逐步减少;种群数量空间变化规律为:表层(第1层0—10 cm)和底层(第4层60—70 cm)分布量最大,第2层(20—30 cm)分布量最少。大肠杆菌毒素基因的分布规律与之类似。从构建的大肠杆菌种群分布动态模型可以看出,基质垫层第1层(y=169.67x-1.0137)和第3层(y=313.11x-2.1885)大肠杆菌种群数量随使用时间呈指数线性方程分布;第2层(y=0.1006x3-2.3733x2+16.094x-22.454)和第4层(y=0.3159 x3+6.0913x2-35.634x+79.513)大肠杆菌种群数量随使用时间呈一元三次方程分布,基质垫层能明显抑制大肠杆菌的生长。基质垫层使用后期(第9个月)比使用初期(第1个月)大肠杆菌种群数量明显减少,降低幅度在67.45%—96.53%,说明微生物发酵床对猪舍大肠杆菌能起到显著的生物防治作用。【结论】微生物发酵床能抑制大肠杆菌特别是携带毒素基因大肠杆菌的生长,且对大肠杆菌的生防效果随使用时间的延长而增加。

微生物发酵床不同腐熟程度垫料主要理化特性

通过持续采样，分析不同使用时间和不同发酵程度垫料的理化特性，结果表明：不同使用时间垫料各理化性质变化显著。使用5～16个月的垫料，吸水性随着使用时间的延长不断降低，pH值、含水量、电导率、盐度、有机质和氮磷钾总量不断升高，与使用5个月时差异显著（P〈O．05）。垫料有机质的含量随使用时间的延长而逐渐降低。使用5、7、9和16个月垫料有机质的含量分别为59．72％、49．34％、44．94％和38．41％，含量变化差异显著。全氮的含量随着垫料发酵的进行逐渐减少，全磷和全钾的含量随着使用时间延长均呈上升趋势。

养猪微生物发酵床芽胞杆菌空间生态位特性

研究养猪微生物发酵床芽胞杆菌空间生态位特性,理解养殖粪污形成的环境生态位与芽胞杆菌种类的相互关系,为阐明微生物发酵床猪粪降解、臭味消除、猪病防控机理和资源化利用等提供科学数据。采用随机采样法获得微生物发酵床的上层垫料(0-20 cm)和下层垫料(40-60 cm)样本共14个。利用营养条件检测和宏基因组测序的方法,分析垫料样本的营养特性(有机质、全氮、腐殖酸、粗纤维)和生长条件(水分、pH),鉴定芽胞杆菌种类和测定相对丰度(reads);利用聚类分析、相关性分析、空间分布型分析、生态位宽度和重叠,揭示芽胞杆菌空间生态位特性及其因子间相互关系。研究结果表明,从空间生态位样本中共鉴定出芽胞杆菌目8个科中的6个科24个属种类(其中2个属具有芽胞杆菌种名形式,不属于芽胞杆菌),发现微生物发酵床垫料空间生态位中Ammoniibacillus(氨芽胞杆菌属,类芽胞杆菌科)、Desulfuribacillus(脱硫芽胞杆菌属,芽胞杆菌待建立新科)、Tuberibacillus(肿块芽胞杆菌属,芽胞乳杆菌科),国内未见报道,为中国新记录属。在被测生态位中相对含量(reads)最高的前3个属为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)(reads=8020)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)(reads=4565)、肿块芽胞杆菌属(Tuberibacillus)(reads=1418);发酵床上层垫料生态位芽胞杆菌属总量与下层相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但属种类和数量结构、亚群落分化差异显著,上层生态位前5位高含量芽胞杆菌优势属(数量平均值)分别为Bacillus(532.86)、Lactobacillus(480.43)、Geobacillus(88.86)、Gracilibacillus(70.00)、Paenibacillus(40.86),而下层为Bacillus(612.86)、Tuberibacillus(188.57)、Lactobacillus(171.71)、Paucisalibacillus(60.00)、Ureibacillus(46.71)。分析表明5个生态位最宽的芽胞杆菌分别为:Bacillus(10.5159)、Ornithinibacillus(8.6094)、Paenibacillus(7.8463)、Oceanobacillus(6.9927)、Rummeliibacillus(5.7417),对发酵床环境条件适应范围较宽、对营养条件要求较低的芽胞杆菌,空间生态位宽度较宽,可利用的资源数较多,反之亦然;分析表明芽胞杆菌各属之间空间生态位重叠Pianka测度范围为0.00-0.99,有些属之间生态位重叠很高,如Gracilibacillus和Ammoniibacillus,有些几乎不重叠,如Desulfuribacillus和Aneurinibacillus;芽胞杆菌空间生态位宽度与生态位重叠存在着相互关系,生态位较宽的属,如芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),与其他属之间的空间生态位重叠集中在0.20-0.80之间,空间生态位较窄的属,如Geobacillus,与其他属之间的空间生态位重叠主要分布在<0.20或>0.80。

微生物发酵床养猪垫料对5种食用菌菌丝生长的影响

测定微生物发酵床养猪垫料的营养成分,研究其不同添加量对5种食用菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:垫料含氮量为1.63%,可作为食用菌菌丝生长的氮源;5种食用菌菌丝在不同的配方上都能生长,适宜的添加量有利于促进菌丝生长,添加垫料为35%时,平菇菌丝生长速率最快,达9.50mm·d-1;添加垫料为40%时,毛木耳菌丝生长速率最快,达4.50 mm·d-1;垫料添加量为35%时,金针菇菌丝生长速率最快,达4.35mm·d-1;垫料添加量为20%时,滑菇菌丝生长速率最快,达4.52mm·d-1;垫料添加量为45%时,真姬菇菌丝生长速率最快,达2.60mm·d-1,它们和对照差异极显著(P<0.01)。

微生物发酵床养猪技术研究进展

微生物发酵床养猪模式是一种新型的低能耗、环保健康养殖方式。本文从微生物发酵床养猪技术原理、垫料的组成与管理技术、垫料微生物群落结构、对病原微生物的抑制作用、挥发性物质以及用后垫料资源化利用技术等方面综述了国内微生物发酵床养猪技术进展,分析了该技术推广应用中存在的问题,并提出构建微生物发酵床垫料资源化利用体系作为今后重点研究与发展方向。

基于微生物发酵床养猪模式的生态安全探讨

针对近几年微生物发酵床养猪技术的应用发展趋势,论述了采用微生物发酵床养猪模式的生态安全问题,并结合调查和研究结果,认为微生物发酵床养猪模式生态安全问题产生的根本原因不在技术本身,而是目前缺乏相应的管理运行措施。因此,亟需建立一套资源循环利用管理体系运营体系,包括:垫料替代及管理技术,饲料源头控制制度,废弃垫料资源化循环利用技术。

微生物发酵床猪舍环境气味电子鼻判别模型的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析不同发酵程度垫料的挥发性物质,共检测到7类22种物质(匹配度≥90,相对含量≥4%)。根据挥发性物质的种类和含量,将30个样品分为4类,分别对应4个发酵级别。Ⅰ级:发酵程度浅;Ⅱ级:发酵程度较深;Ⅲ级:发酵程度深;Ⅳ级:发酵程度很深。利用聚类分析、逐步判别分析,构建了垫料发酵程度判别模型。判别模型对垫料发酵程度级别的判别准确率达96.67%,精确度可以满足垫料发酵程度归类,为建立养猪微生物发酵床垫料发酵程度判别模型标准和计算机自动分析方法提供可靠的基础。

基于宏基因组方法分析养猪发酵床微生物组季节性变化

为揭示夏季和冬季微生物发酵床的细菌群落结构,明确季节性温度下发酵床垫料细菌群落的变化,探究发酵床有机物降解菌的多样性,基于宏基因组方法分析发酵床微生物组季节性变化。提取垫料宏基因组DNA,扩增原核生物16S r DNA基因V3-V4区,采用Illumina进行高通量测序;构建热图,分析两个季节微生物的演替;RDA(冗余分析)法研究垫料菌群与季节性温度之间关系;通过PICRUSt比较了两个季节细菌的代谢水平。测序共获得762 923条序列,包括34门、70纲、260科、1843类OTUs。夏季和冬季的细菌群落结构不同,前者有更为丰富的细菌类群。两个季节的微生物发酵床优势菌为拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门。在门水平,夏季样本中的放线菌门和异常球菌-栖热菌门的含量高于冬季样本;后者的拟杆菌门和变形菌门含量高于前者。夏季有机物降解菌主要为特吕珀菌属和漠河菌属,冬季主要为假单胞菌属和硫假单胞菌,分别适应高温和低温环境。PICRUSt分析显示夏季发酵床中细菌代谢碳水化合物、脂类和氨基酸代谢基因数目高于冬季。研究表明,温度是影响微生物发酵床细菌群落的重要因素,夏季微生物发酵床细菌群落具有更高的丰富度和多样性,代谢水平也高于冬季垫料。

不同填料原料对微生物异位发酵床处理生猪养殖废弃物效果的影响

以微生物异位发酵床填料为研究对象,研究了不同原料填料对生猪养殖废弃物的处理效果,分析了在相同条件下玉米秸秆填料与稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料在温度、p H、含水量、微生物数量和营养成分变化上的差异。结果表明,稻壳和椰壳粉混合物更容易控制温度的变化,发酵床温度保持在25~54°C,并且其p H变化范围较小,为7.6~8.9,更接近好氧发酵的最适p H值范围。稻壳和椰壳粉混合物填料处理含水量稍低于玉米秸秆填料处理,维持在44%~64%之间。试验结束时,两个处理发酵床填料的p H、TN、TP、TK和有机质等指标均符合国家有机肥标准。

微生物发酵床不同深度垫料的细菌群落多样性

为了解微生物发酵床不同深度垫料细菌的多样性,明确不同深度的细菌群落组成,采用五点采样法,收集了发酵床表层10cm、中层30cm、深层50cm的垫料,分别进行垫料宏基因组DNA的提取,原核生物16SrDNA基因V3~V4区的扩增及Illumina高通量测序。试验共获得1045225条序列,共包含32门、303科、609属和1834类OTUs。表层垫料细菌数量最多,中层垫料细菌种类最多。微生物发酵床不同深度垫料的细菌群落有所差异,在表层垫料中,变形菌门(25.9%)和放线菌门(10.2%)相对含量高;中层垫料中拟杆菌门(27.8%)、变形菌门(25.1%)和厚壁菌门(17.0%)相对含量高。发酵床垫料表层和中层细菌多为有机物降解菌,主要为异常球菌栖热菌门的特吕珀菌科、变形菌门的黄单胞菌科和拟杆菌门的黄杆菌科细菌。随着垫料深度增加,拟杆菌门(33.3%)和螺旋体门(9.2%)含量升高,厌氧菌如螺旋体门的螺旋体科、拟杆菌门的腐螺旋菌科在深层垫料中达到峰值。研究表明,表层垫料中微生物含量最高,代谢最为活跃,是主要的有机质降解层;深层垫料厌氧菌含量高。

微生物发酵床菜猪大栏养殖猪舍结构设计

微生物发酵床菜猪大栏养殖猪舍占地面积2 100m2,养猪发酵床面积1 90 0m2,利用率91.4%,比传统猪舍包括隔离带的建设占地面积利用率46%提高45个百分点。猪舍四周设有喂食槽,饮水槽设置在发酵床的中央分割线上和短边喂食槽的中部,实现料水的干湿分离。猪舍长边的两侧设置有电动铝合金卷帘,用于控制通气、降温和保温;短边的两侧分别设置有风机和湿帘,屋顶外安装有喷雾降温装置,用于猪舍内的降温。猪舍的环境控制,包括光、温、水、湿、二氧化碳、氨气实现自动化。利用椰糠和谷壳配置的发酵床垫料养猪,实现无臭味、零排放、肉质优、省人工、控猪病、无药残、产肥料、智能化、机械化。

大栏微生物发酵床养猪模式对育肥猪血液生化及免疫指标的影响

为了解大栏微生物发酵床养猪对育肥猪抗病力的影响,将60日龄左右体重相近的"杜×长×大"商品猪2 000头随机等分为试验组和对照组。试验组采用大栏发酵床饲养方式,对照组采用常规水泥地板饲养方式进行育肥,其他饲养管理条件一致,试验期120d。试验结束时,试验组和对照组各随机抽取6头猪空腹采集血样检测。检测结果发现,试验组的血清碱性磷酸酶活性比对照组提高0.86%(P>0.05),丙氨酸转移酶活性降低33.8%(P<0.01),血清尿素氮含量降低39.8%(P<0.01),总胆固醇含量增加9.4%(P<0.05),总胆红素增加36.4%(P>0.05),血糖降低41.4%(P<0.01);IgA(g·L-1)含量增加34.05%(P<0.01),IgG(g·L-1)含量提高21.6%(P<0.01),IgM(g·L-1)含量提高17.3%(P<0.05);猪瘟抗体效价比对照组增加37%(P<0.05)。结果表明大栏微生物发酵床饲养方式,可以改善猪体内的糖、蛋白质和脂肪的代谢,降低猪的应激,提高猪的免疫力,增强抗病能力。