Coupled multiphysical model for investigation of influence factors in the application of microbially induced calcite precipitation

The study presents a comprehensive coupled thermo-bio-chemo-hydraulic(T-BCH)modeling framework for stabilizing soils using microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).The numerical model considers relevant multiphysics involved in MICP,such as bacterial ureolytic activities,biochemical reactions,multiphase and multicomponent transport,and alteration of the porosity and permeability.The model incorporates multiphysical coupling effects through well-established constitutive relations that connect parameters and variables from different physical fields.It was implemented in the open-source finite element code OpenGeoSys(OGS),and a semi-staggered solution strategy was designed to solve the couplings,allowing for flexible model settings.Therefore,the developed model can be easily adapted to simulate MICP applications in different scenarios.The numerical model was employed to analyze the effect of various factors,including temperature,injection strategies,and application scales.Besides,a TBCH modeling study was conducted on the laboratory-scale domain to analyze the effects of temperature on urease activity and precipitated calcium carbonate.To understand the scale dependency of MICP treatment,a large-scale heterogeneous domain was subjected to variable biochemical injection strategies.The simulations conducted at the field-scale guided the selection of an injection strategy to achieve the desired type and amount of precipitation.Additionally,the study emphasized the potential of numerical models as reliable tools for optimizing future developments in field-scale MICP treatment.The present study demonstrates the potential of this numerical framework for designing and optimizing the MICP applications in laboratory-,prototype-,and field-scale scenarios.

Application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation to form biocemented artificial sandstone

It is difficult to collect and characterise well-preserved samples of weakly-cemented granular rocks as conventional sampling techniques often result in destruction of the cementation.An alternative approach is to prepare synthetic geomaterials to match required specifications.This paper introduces microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)as a method to reliably deliver artificiallycemented specimens with customised properties,closely resembling those of soft carbonate sandstones.The specimens are generated from materials with two highly different particle size distributions(PSDs)to access a range of achievable combinations of strengths and porosities.The MICP parameters are kept constant across all samples to obtain similar calcium carbonate characteristics(size of individual crystals,type,etc.),while injected volume is varied to achieve different cementation levels.Although uniform cementation of very coarse sands has been considered very difficult to achieve,the results show that both the fine and coarse sand specimens present high degrees of uniformity and a good degree of repeatability.The unconfined compressive strengths(UCSs)(less than 3000 kPa)and porosities(0.25e0.4)of the artificial specimens fall in the same range of values reported for natural rocks.The strength gainwas greater in the fine sand than that in the coarse sand,as the void size in the latter was significantly larger compared to the calcium carbonate crystals’size,resulting in precipitation on less effective locations,away from contacts between particles.The strengths and porosities obtained for the two sands in this work fall within ranges reported in the literature for natural soft rocks,demonstrating theMICP technique is able to achieve realistic properties and may be used to produce a full range of properties by varying the grain sizes,and possibly the width of PSD.

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36℃ to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina(S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing(in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure(including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope(SEM), and energydispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust,bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.

The Reduction of the Permeability of a Lateritic Soil through the Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation

Lateritic soils are frequently utilised in tropical areas of the developing world as an engineering material in the construction of rural earth roads, usually in the form of engineered natural surface (ENS) roads. The heavy, seasonal rainfalls common to the tropics results in ENS roads becoming quickly saturated with rainwater, and no longer accessible to motorised transportation. Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been successfully used as a treatment process to decrease the permeability of clean, cohesionless sands by studies trying to impede the movement of groundwater, and any pollutants they may contain. In order to see if MICP treatment can also reduce the susceptibility of ENS road lateritic soils to rainwater saturation, this study has treated a Brazilian sample extracted from an ENS road in Espirito do Santo, Brazil, using the MICP bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii contained within a urea-calcium chloride solution inoculum. Investigation, by means of a Rowe cell, of the post-treatment permeability, to untreated control samples, has shown an average decrease in the vertical coefficient of permeability of 83%, from 1.15 × 10-7 m/s for the untreated control samples, to 1.92 × 10-8 m/s in treated samples.

冻融循环作用下MICP固化铅污染土的强度与浸出特性研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术可用于重金属污染土固化稳定修复。本文通过开展无侧限抗压强度、离子浸出及微观试验,主要研究MICP固化铅污染土在冻融循环作用下的强度与化学稳定性,并揭示其微观作用机理。结果表明:随着铅离子浓度的增加,土体的无侧限抗压强度先增大后减小,铅离子浸出浓度增大;随冻融循环次数的增加,土体的强度逐渐降低并趋于稳定,铅离子浸出浓度增大。冻融循环作用后,固化土的主要矿物成分未发生变化;土中的小孔隙数量增加,大孔隙数量基本保持不变。冻融循环作用损伤固化土的碳酸钙胶结与铅离子沉淀结构,致使土体性能劣化。

A comparative study of using two numerical strategies to simulate the biochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation

In this study,we carried out a comparative study of two different numerical strategies for the modeling of the biogeochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)process.A simplified MICP model was used,which is based on the mass transport theory.Two numerical strategies,namely the operator splitting(OS)and the global implicit(GI)strategies,were adopted to solve the coupled reactive mass transport problems.These two strategies were compared in the aspects of numerical accuracy,convergence property and computational efficiency by solving the presented MICP model.To look more into the details of the model,sensitivity analysis of some important modeling parameters was also carried out in this paper.

采用MICP加固不同掺砂比例粉土的试验研究

针对微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)处理对象多为单一级配土体的现状,开展颗粒级配对MICP加固效果影响的试验研究.通过在粉土中掺入不同比例的标准砂来配置5种不同级配的土样.选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为微生物,尿素和氯化钙作为胶结液来进行MICP处理.由于制样的密实程度会影响加固效果,将每种级配试样的干密度控制为5个水平.通过试验研究掺砂比例、密实水平等对加固效果的影响.结果表明:试样经过MICP处理得到了整体加固,在粉土中掺入一定比例砂土有助于提高水稳定性.掺砂比例和密实水平对CaCO_(3)生成量和无侧限抗压强度都有影响.在粉土中掺入适量的砂土颗粒有利于提高加固强度;但当砂土掺量过高时,对加固效果有不利影响.增加制样干密度在一定程度上有助于获得更高的强度,但加固强度并不完全取决于初始干密度或孔隙比.

采煤地裂缝MICP修复规律及影响因素实验研究

西北黄土覆盖区采煤地裂缝造成浅表水资源漏失和土体失稳,为此开展黄土覆盖区采煤地裂缝微生物诱导碳酸钙(CaCO_(3))沉淀(Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation,MICP)修复实验研究。以陕北柠条塔煤矿为研究背景,对采煤地裂缝特征进行观测,揭示采煤地裂缝发育特征。结合矿山压力观测,划分黄土采煤地裂缝类型。基于采煤地裂缝分类和特征,采用无侧限抗压实验、三轴抗压实验、变水头渗透实验及三轴渗透实验,对比测试了两类裂缝黄土MICP修复样品的力学和水理参数。基于修复体pH、MICP CaCO_(3)产量和扫描电镜测试结果,剖析采煤地裂缝MICP修复影响因素。结果表明:黄土覆盖区采煤地裂缝可分为边界地裂缝和内部地裂缝2种类型。边界地裂缝条件下,菌液和胶结液的最佳比例为1.2∶1.0。内部地裂缝条件下,裂缝充填物中风积沙与黄土的最佳比例为1∶1,菌液和胶结液的最佳比例为1∶1。黄土覆盖区不同类型采煤地裂缝的开度差异,造成CaCO_(3)产率相差31.2%,因此,边界地裂缝较内部地裂缝最佳MICP修复液中胶结液成分所占比例更大。裂缝充填物中风积沙与黄土为1∶1时,充填物与修复液混合体的pH为9.2。该pH环境CaCO_(3)产率可达88%,促进了MICP高效运行。研究成果为黄土覆盖区采煤地裂缝修复提供了参考。

MICP加固粉土的渗透特性及微观机理

针对黄河冲积平原地区的粉土颗粒均匀、黏聚力低、水稳性差,雨季时易出现水害,然而现有加固方法环保性不足的问题,利用绿色环保的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,MICP)技术进行加固.首先,选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为微生物,通过多轮注浆制得MICP加固土样.然后,采用三轴渗透试验研究其渗透特性.最后,结合其内部碳酸钙含量测定、电镜扫描结果揭示微观机理.研究结果表明:MICP加固可使粉土渗透系数降低96%;渗透系数和其内部平均碳酸钙产量之间呈线性关系,且渗透系数随胶结液浓度和加固轮数的增加而降低,但趋势逐渐变缓.MICP反应在粉土中产生的碳酸钙晶体为菱形聚合物,且主要分布在粉土颗粒表面、土颗粒间孔隙及孔喉处,起到覆膜、粘连和封堵作用,进而降低渗透系数.相关研究成果可为MICP技术在改良加固粉土中的应用提供理论支持和技术参考.

椰壳纤维-MICP复合改良膨胀土强度特性

采用椰壳纤维联合微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)技术对南水北调中线工程南阳段的膨胀土进行试验改良,开展无侧限抗压强度试验,对比分析素土、纤维土、MICP土以及复合改良土的应力应变特征曲线和破坏形态,并利用响应面法试验研究了椰壳纤维掺量、处理液掺量和胶结液浓度对改良膨胀土无侧限抗压强度的影响,得其最优配比。结果表明:单掺纤维和MICP技术改良均可提升膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度,而复合改良土强度提升最明显,纤维最佳掺量为0.5%;在轴向压力作用下,素土破坏形态表现为“脆性破坏”,MICP土表现为“完全脆性破坏”,纤维土表现为“塑性破坏”,复合改良土表现为“弹塑性破坏”;经统计软件方差分析,对复合改良土强度影响最主要因素是胶结液浓度,其次为处理液掺量、纤维掺量。

碳中和背景下MICP技术深化与应用

MICP技术是近些年来应用于岩土工程和环境工程的一种新型环保处理技术,该技术主要是利用微生物在代谢时会诱导形成碳酸钙晶体、将分散的土体颗粒胶结形成整体或在土体颗粒之间形成桥接,从而达到改良土体的目的。首先介绍了MICP技术的固化机理,同时对固化工艺、原材料浓度等固化效果影响因素进行了评述,并对MICP技术在土体加固、改良再生骨料、土壤修复等领域的应用进行了总结,最后在细菌培养、长期稳定性、副产物处理等方面可能面临的挑战进行了展望。

MICP加固钙质砂的耐久性试验研究

南海岛礁建设中,钙质砂是易于获取的原材料,但也存在孔隙多、易破碎等不足。为保证岛礁建设的安全稳定,设计经微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)加固后钙质砂试样在海水、纯水环境下分别进行浸泡与干湿循环试验,以探究不同环境与处理方式对MICP加固钙质砂样耐久性能的影响。结果表明:(1)经MICP加固的钙质砂具有较好的抗侵蚀能力,通过增加钙质砂的加固轮次能够有效地提高试样的耐久性能,其在海水中干湿循环时劣化最快,在纯水中浸泡时劣化最慢;(2)持续浸泡与干湿循环均会对试样耐久性造成不利影响,干湿循环的劣化作用更大;(3)控制其余变量不变时,海水环境下试样耐久性能的劣化比纯水环境下更严重。

胶结液浓度对MICP固化残积土力学性能影响及机理研究

为分析微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术对加固花岗岩残积土的适宜性,以及胶结液浓度对固化效果的影响,通过开展无侧限压缩和三轴剪切试验,对5组不同胶结液浓度的固化土试样进行力学测试,并基于扫描电镜图像和X射线衍射图谱分析MICP固化机理。试验结果表明:当胶结液浓度为2 mol/L时,固化土的无侧限抗压强度和弹性模量分别提高47.15%和82.08%,残积土的破坏模式从局部压裂破坏转变为整体剪切破坏;MICP固化残积土的抗剪强度随胶结液浓度增加得到较大程度提升,在2 mol/L胶结液作用下,黏聚力和内摩擦角增幅分别为127.62%和36.50%;碳酸钙晶体主要分布在土颗粒表面、孔隙以及接触点上,在土体内部分别发挥着包裹、填充和胶结作用;细菌与胶结液反应生成的碳酸钙沉淀主要以方解石晶体的形式存在。研究成果可为花岗岩残积土的改性提供参考,拓宽了MICP在非均质土中的应用范围。

MICP联合纤维加筋黄土的力学性能及水稳性研究

黄土在中国分布较广,具有强度低、高湿陷性等不良工程特性,利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合纤维加筋对黄土进行处理,可有效改善其力学性能和水稳性。为了解MICP联合纤维加筋黄土的固化效果,在黄土中掺入质量比分别为0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%的玄武岩纤维,辅以不同比例的菌液与胶结液(体积比为2∶8,3∶7,4∶6,5∶5),采用拌合法对黄土进行加固处理,并对处理后试样开展碳酸钙生成量测试、无侧限抗压强度试验、崩解试验和SEM微观测试。结果表明:①MICP拌合固化黄土可以有效改善其力学性能,固化试样内部碳酸钙生成量与峰值强度呈正比,最大生成量为黄土质量的1%,当菌液与胶结液的体积比为4∶6时,固化效果最佳。②菌液与胶结液体积比固定为4∶6时,固化试样的无侧限抗压强度随纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,最佳纤维掺量为0.4%。③MICP固化后的黄土其完全崩解时间延长较多,当菌液与胶结液体积比为4∶6时,试样的耐崩解能力最强。④菌液与胶结液体积比固定为4∶6时,随着纤维掺量的增加,试样耐崩解能力逐渐增强,当掺量为0.5%时,试样的最终崩解率最低。⑤试样内部碳酸钙晶体呈片状附着于土颗粒与纤维表面,可有效增加土颗粒与纤维之间的粘结和摩擦,对固化后土体的强度和水稳性具有良好的促进作用。研究成果对MICP技术固化黄土的工程实际应用具有指导意义。

利用Triton X-100提升巴氏芽孢杆菌脲酶活性的效果

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积(MICP)技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型绿色加固技术,如何提升MICP技术的加固效能一直是学者关注的热点,本工作重点结合巴氏芽孢杆菌产脲酶原理和非离子表面活性剂的特点,设计采用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100提升MICP效能的试验研究。结果表明:(1)在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过响应面试验分析确定了活性剂的最优处理条件,即掺量1.37%、处理时间5.02 h、处理温度34.28℃、菌胶比1∶2.11;(2)采用最优条件处理的巴氏芽孢杆菌对钙质砂进行加固后,钙质砂固化体碳酸钙含量和无侧限抗压强度分别提升了25.48%和22.83%;(3)非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100增大了巴氏芽孢杆菌的细胞膜通透性,一方面使得更多的胞内脲酶释放到细胞外,同时更多的尿素分子进入到细胞内,促进了尿素水解,提升了碳酸钙的生成速率;另一方面使得以细菌为核点生成的碳酸钙胶凝体的结构更为致密,在这两方面作用下,MICP效能得到有效提升。相关思路和研究结果可为MICP加固效果的提升提供新的参考和思路。

赤泥对磷石膏生物胶结的充填性能影响研究

为了解决充填骨料磷石膏强酸性劣化生物胶结充填体材料性能的问题,提出引入碱性固废赤泥的方法,探究添加不同质量分数的赤泥对磷石膏生物胶结充填料浆和充填体力学性能的影响。结果显示:在微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation, MICP)作用下,充填骨料中赤泥质量分数从0提高至80%时,充填料浆的泌水率由17%增至44%,表观黏度由585 mPa·s降至121 mPa·s,初、终凝时间分别增加了139%和135%。赤泥质量分数影响磷石膏生物胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度(Uniaxial Compressive Strength, UCS)。当赤泥占骨料总质量的20%时,充填体强度最高,为2 070 kPa,而过高的赤泥添加质量分数会导致UCS降低。强度的变化与赤泥的高碱性和干缩性有关。研究为碱性固废赤泥在磷石膏生物胶结充填中的应用提供理论基础和技术支撑,实现了固废资源化利用。

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术的工程应用进展与评述

基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(Microbially Induced Calcium carbonate Precipitation,MICP)技术的土体胶结固化技术是21世纪以来岩土工程、地质工程领域研究的热点之一。本文系统阐述了MICP技术的加固机理,从MICP加固效果和应用实践的角度出发,对MICP技术工程应用的研究现状进行评述。结果表明:MICP固化后的场地强度呈现出不均匀性明显、碳酸钙含量分布随深度递减的趋势;沙漠环境中,原位提取的菌种诱导生成的碳酸钙覆膜较传统的巴氏芽孢杆菌,具有更好的强度表现和稳定性;新型MICP技术应用(如微生物水泥、微生物砖)在强度、耐久性上表现出良好的应用前景,有望为实现我国双碳目标注入新的活力。基于MICP技术碳酸钙沉淀特质的影响因素,现场尺度下如何提高碳酸钙分布的均匀性以及在季节性变化下的碳酸钙骨架的耐久性、不同环境下的固化效率改进方案应该成为日后研究的重中之重。

低pH值下微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀加固尾矿砂试验研究

开展低pH值下微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,简称MICP)加固尾矿砂试验,研究了菌液浓度、pH值对碳酸钙生成量和絮凝滞后期的影响。采用渗透性、保水性、抗雨滴侵蚀、抗风蚀、贯入度试验评价该方法加固尾矿砂效果。通过分析pH值对脲酶活性和碳酸盐体系平衡的影响,结合扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射试验观察尾矿砂微观结构,揭示低pH值下MICP加固尾矿砂机制。结果表明,低pH值下MICP方法可以显著提高尾矿砂力学性能,一轮喷淋处理后尾矿砂的风蚀质量为0,渗透系数最大可降低一个数量级,pH值为4的高浓度菌液处理后的尾矿砂风雨侵蚀质量也为0。低pH值暂时抑制了脲酶活性,打破了碳酸盐体系的平衡,延缓了碳酸钙的生成,使得方解石均匀填充于粒间孔隙,将尾矿砂颗粒胶结为整体。提出的尾矿库加固及尾矿砂治理新技术及其加固机制,为低pH值下MICP加固尾矿砂应用提供了理论与试验依据。

微生物加固研究可视化试验系统的开发与应用

微生物加固是近十几年来兴起的绿色低碳建筑技术,在地基处理、边坡治理、混凝土裂缝修复等方面具有较好的应用前景。微生物加固涉及复杂的生物-物理-化学动态过程,需要开发实时可视化系统对其反应机理和加固机制进行研究。分析微生物加固可视化系统研发的必要性,提出微生物加固可视化试验系统由溶液输送系统、微反应器、观测系统、环境控制及监测系统组成的主要构造思路,其中溶液输送系统用于进样和控制流场边界条件,微反应器作为反应模具,观测系统用于反应过程的实时观测,环境控制及监测系统用于控制温度、光照等外部环境条件并获取流体压力等反馈数据。研究以图像处理为主,辅以环境监测的试验数据获取方法,提出相应的试验结果分析方法。结果表明:微生物加固可视化系统既能直接获取加固过程图像和渗透压力变化数据,亦能与扫描电镜等微观试验手段相结合进行材料表征和微观力学特性分析;开发的试验系统能用于微生物加固的微观实时研究,为微生物加固微观机制研究提供了新的手段,有利于揭示微生物加固机理。

MICP固化粉土细菌的分布和固定规律研究

采用一维注浆方式对50 cm长柱状粉土试样进行微生物固化试验,通过测定孔隙液中细菌数量、NH+4浓度和pH、及固化土体中的胶结CaCO_3生成量等参量,分析注浆菌液配比和胶结液浓度对细菌与反应产物沿程分布特性的影响。结果表明,当注入浓度为1.223×108 CFU/mL的原菌液时,固定菌与游离菌沿柱状试样渗流方向沿程衰减显著,细菌主要分布于注浆端25 cm以内,提高胶结液浓度对试样碳酸钙生成量的影响主要集中在注浆端5 cm以内区域。当注入用营养液稀释的菌液(浓度8.20×106 CFU/mL)或用营养液稀释的上清液(浓度1.80×106 CFU/mL)时,孔隙液中细菌能快速繁殖增长且分布较为均匀,吸附菌和被拦截的游离菌共同组成固定菌,对土中碳酸钙的生成量产生影响,胶结液浓度的变化对碳酸钙生成量的影响较小。研究结果表明,微生物注浆加固粉土的均匀性主要受固定菌分布的均匀性控制,将菌液或上清液稀释后注入粉土能够使固定菌沿程分布均匀,可较好地改善固化土体均匀性。