Enhancing Infection Control:A Comprehensive Analysis of Microbial Testing and Clinical Accuracy Assessment

Objective:To analyze the value of microbiological testing in the treatment of urinary tract infections.Methods:A total of 552 patients with urinary tract infections,diagnosed and treated between January and December 2021,were selected for this study.They were divided into observation and control groups,each consisting of 276 cases,using the random number table method.The observation group underwent microbial testing,while the control group underwent routine examinations to compare the diagnosis rate,overall treatment effectiveness,and infection status between the two groups.Results:The observation group exhibited significantly improved diagnosis rate,treatment effectiveness,and infection status compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of microbial testing in the treatment of urinary tract infections demonstrates high clinical applicability.

Methodology Validation of Microbial Limit Test of Bupi Qiangli Ointment

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.

Establishment of Microbial Limit Test Methods for Two Hospital Preparations

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish microbial limit test methods for traditional Chinese medicine preparations Yunpi Granules and Bupi Qiangli Paste. [Methods] According to General Rules of Part IV of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, applicability tests were conducted on microbial limit test methods for the above two traditional Chinese medicine preparations by the plate method. [Results] The established methods showed recovery values in the range of 0.5-2.0 for both experimental strains, and the control bacteria could be detected in the experimental group, but not in the negative control group. [Conclusions] The microbial limit test methods were reliable for the two traditional Chinese medicine preparations and could be used for quality control.

Applicability of Microbial Limit Test Method for Qingyan Zhisou Powder

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Qingyan Zhisou Powder.[Methods]Applicability tests were carried out according to Microbial Limit Tests of Non-sterile Products,General Rules 1105-1107 of Part IV of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,2020.[Results]Qingyan Zhisou Powder had a strong bacteriostatic effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.After increasing the dilution ratio(1:40),the bacteriostatic effect was obviously eliminated.When the total number of aerobic microbes was determined by the test liquid dilution method(1:40),the recovery values were in the range of 50%-200%;and when using the test liquid(1:10)to determine the total number of mold and yeasts,the recovery ranged from 50%to 200%.Escherichia coli,Salmonella and bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria were detected by both the routine method and dilution method in experimental groups.[Conclusions]The microbial limit test of Qingyan Zhisou Powder adopted the test liquid dilution method,and the routine method could be used for the test of Escherichia coli,Salmonella and bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria.The applicability test of the method is feasible,with scientific and accurate results,and the method can effectively control the quality of the preparation and is recommended for popularization.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule

[ Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule. [ Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules, the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [ Results] Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent （ 1 ： 20） ; and the recoveries were in the range of 0.5 -2 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method （1：20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by dilution method （1：20）, the recoveries were from 0.5 to 2, and Escherichia coli, cholate-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella can be detected by the test solution dilution method. [ Condusions] With the plate method, the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent, and conventional method was used for examination of control bacteria including E. coli, cholatetolerant Gram-negative bacteria and Salmonella. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Tongmai Tangyanming Capsule, and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

Validation of Microbial Limit Test Methods of Compound Gangbangui Capsule

[Objectives] This study was conducted to establish a method for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule. [Methods] According to the Chinese Pharmacopoei 2015 edition of the four general rules,the microbiological limits of non-sterile products were verified. [Results]Compound Gangbangui Capsule has a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus,and the antimicrobial activity was significantly eliminated after increasing the diluent（ 1∶ 20）; and the recoveries were in the range of 0. 5-2. 0 when the total quantities of aerobic microbes were determined by dilution method（ 1∶ 20）. When the total quantities of mould and yeast were determined by conventional method（ 1∶ 20）,the recoveries were from 0. 5 to 2. 0,and Escherichia coli can be detected in experimental groups by the test solution dilution method. [Conclusions]With the plate method,the total quantities of aerobic bacteria and the quantities of mould and yeast were examined by increasing diluent and conventional method,respectively,and control bacteria,E. coli was examined by conventional method. This method has been proved effective for microbial limit test of Compound Gangbangui Capsule,and can effectively control the quality of the preparation. The method is accurate and reliable.

Microbial Aspects in Comparing Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Vacuum Packaging on Shelf Life of Fresh Bull Meat

The importance of meat preservation and various reports on different types of packaging, and to compare the effects of modified atmosphere packaging （MAP） and vacuum packaging （VP） on shelf life of flesh bull meat, and microbiological tests on meat together with some chemical and sensory tests was on tight observation. It was an experimental study, 96 samples were randomly packaged in two groups of MAP and VP equally. The package consists of five layers which are Polyvinylidin Chloride （PVDC）, Ethyl Vinyl Alcohol （EVOH）, Poly Ethylene （PE）, Linear Low Density Poly Ethylene （LLDPE）, and poly Amid （PA）, respectively. MAP meat with 700 mL of CO2 per kg of meat. The packaging were made in at-ameh-pars factory and transported in chilled condition to a well prepared refrigerator in National Research Institute of Food Science （NRIFS） of Shahidbeheshti University of Medical Sciences. These samples tested weekly, since first day after packaging, and week 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Microbial tests include Total Microbial, Coliform, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Pseudomonas Counts, and Clostridium. Chemical and sensory tests also carried out. Total volatile bases （TVN）, TBA, and pH as chemical analyses and color, odor, and weep as sensory analyses are also added. Results revealed that total microbial count was in standard range within the 6 weeks for VP, and 5 weeks for MAP technique. Other microbial factors including coliforms, lactic acid bacteria are less and somehow in chemical and sensory tests emphasized the microbial figures. recommended for meat packaging. similar pattern to total count, and no clostridia were found. By the way, The results showed that according to our existing facilities, VP is

Attempts to enhance the eradication rate of helicobacter pylori infection

Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole present challenges in maintaining optimal eradication rates.Knowledge of local antibiotic resistance and consumption pattern is important in selecting a reliable regimen.In addition,adverse effect profiles of therapeutic regimens are important and must be addressed to enhance compliance rates.Various methods of enhancing the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)have been investigated,including changing combinations or durations of established drugs,adding adjuvant drugs,or development of new molecules or agents.Bismuth-containing quadruple,sequential,concomitant,and levofloxacin-based triple therapies are replacing the long-standing standard of the triple regimen.Despite the encouraging results of these regimens,individualized approaches like treatment after antibiotics resistance test or CYP2C19genotyping would be the mainstream of future therapy.Because scientific,economic,and technical problems make these advance therapies unfit for widespread use,future development for H.pylori therapy should be directed to overcome individualized antibiotic resistance.Although various novel regimens and additive agents have indicated favorable outcomes,more studies or validations are needed to become a mainstream H.pylori therapy.

Molecular epidemiology of serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Beijing, 1997-2006

Background Despite the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A, the molecular characteristics of this serotype are yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the homology of the serotype 19A in China. Methods Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were done to these forty-nine serotype 19A isolates to investigate the relationship between the strains prevalent in Beijing and other regions. Results From 1997 to 2006, the percentage of serotype 19A isolates increased. The susceptibility rate to penicillin and amoxicillin decreased and the resistance rate to cefuroxime increased. ST320 was the most prevalent ST, followed by ST3546. There were six new STs identified in our study. The serotype 19A strains were classified into six different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） patterns. ST320, which was associated with two different PFGE patterns （A and D）, accounted for 32 isolates, and ST3546, which was associated with two PFGE patterns （B and E）, accounted for eight isolates. Conclusions From 2003 onwards, ST320 was the most common ST and the rate of resistance to cefuroxime increased significantly. Further long-term surveys of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A are required to monitor ST prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, in this important human pathogen.

Inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by the compound Qingre granules

Background The infection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） is increasing yearly due to the overprescription of antibiotics. Traditional Chinese compound medicines are less inclined to induce bacterial resistance in the clinical setting because of their multi-acting mechanisms. However, most current research is limited to bacteriostasis in vitro using single extracts or formulations. Plasma pharmacology is an in vitro method, using what is called ＂medicine serum＂. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the medicine serum of compound Qingre granules （QRKL） alone or in combination with antibiotics may treat MRSA infection in the clinic. Methods An animal model of MRSA resistance was created by injecting rabbits with the standard strain of MRSA ATCC43300. Infected rabbits were treated with QRKL by intragastric administration. Sixty minutes after the last intragastric administration, serum was obtained from the rabbits by heart puncture to obtain what is termed ＂medicine serum＂. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） of QRKL, medicine serum alone, or serum combined with antibiotics was assessed by agar dilution. Results were compared with the growth of sixteen isolates of MRSA. Results The MIC of QRKL to the standard strain ATCC43300 was 10.00 mg/ml. The MICgo of vancomycin was 1.00 pg/ml, which, when combined with QRKL, dropped to 0.50 lJg/ml. The MICg0 of cefuroxime alone was 512.00 pg/ml. This level also decreased to 256.00 tJg/ml when combined with QRKL. The addition of QRKL thus significantly reduced the MIC of both cefuroxime and vancomycin compared with antibiotics alone （P 〈0.01）. The MICgo of vancomycin with medicine serum decreased to 0.50 pg/ml, and the MIC of vancomycin with medicine serum also descended compared with using vancomycin alone （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions The growth of MRSA can be inhibited by QRKL or medicine serum of QRKL in vitro. The addition of QRKL results in increased sensitivity of MRSA to vancomycin and this may provide a novel treatment for patients with MRSA infection.

Infectious complications in patients with crush syndrome following the Wenchuan earthquake

Objective： To analyze the results of clinical and bacteriological examinations in patients with crush syndrome who suffered infectious complications after an earthquake in Sichuan, China. Methods： Atotal of 313 bacteriological samples among 147 patients with crush syndrome were collected. Infectious complications, results of microbiological examinations, potential risk factors of infection and mortality were analyzed statistically. Results： In the obtained database, 112 out of the 147 （75.7%） patients had infectious complications, in which, wound infection, pulmonary infection, and sepsis were most common. The time under the rubble and the time from injury to treatment were related to the occurrence of wound infec- tion （P=0.013, odds ratio 2.25;P=0.017, odds ratio 2.31）. Sep- sis and wound infection were more common in patients who underwent fasciotomy or amputation than in those who did not （P=O.O01 ）. Conclusion： Quick rescue and injury treatment can decrease the infection risk in crush syndrome patients. It is better to obtain microorganic proofs before applying antibiotics, and bacteriological and drug sensitivity data should be taken into account, especially considering that most of these infections are hospital-acquired and drug resistance. Emphasizing the accuracy and efficiency of wound management in emergency situations, cautiously assessing the indications for fasciotomy to avoid open wounds from unnecessary osteofascial compartment de- compression incisions may decrease the incidence of in- fection and ameliorate the prognosis.

Enterococcal urinary tract infections: eight years experience at a regional hospital in Trinidad, West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of significant enterococcal isolates from urine and determine what factors are associated with the increased prevalence, with particular reference to antibiotic susceptibilities. METHODS: Retrospective analysis over an 8-year period of hospital laboratory records of urinary isolates of enterococci was done. Species were identified via colony morphology, growth in 6.5% sodium chloride and their ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile salts. Susceptibility testing via the disc diffusion technique with 9 commonly used antibiotics was also done as defined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. RESULTS: From 39,881 urine specimens, 9116 (22.9%) were culture positive. Of this 9116, 1001 (11.0%) were enterococci, the 4th most common urinary isolate. E. coli was the most common (36.2%). Most enterococci were from pediatric patients (28.4%) and the urology unit (24.5%). All enterococci were fully sensitive to ampicillin and augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). Sensitivity to gentamicin decreased significantly from 79% in 1990 to 58% in 1997 (P