Coupled multiphysical model for investigation of influence factors in the application of microbially induced calcite precipitation

The study presents a comprehensive coupled thermo-bio-chemo-hydraulic(T-BCH)modeling framework for stabilizing soils using microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).The numerical model considers relevant multiphysics involved in MICP,such as bacterial ureolytic activities,biochemical reactions,multiphase and multicomponent transport,and alteration of the porosity and permeability.The model incorporates multiphysical coupling effects through well-established constitutive relations that connect parameters and variables from different physical fields.It was implemented in the open-source finite element code OpenGeoSys(OGS),and a semi-staggered solution strategy was designed to solve the couplings,allowing for flexible model settings.Therefore,the developed model can be easily adapted to simulate MICP applications in different scenarios.The numerical model was employed to analyze the effect of various factors,including temperature,injection strategies,and application scales.Besides,a TBCH modeling study was conducted on the laboratory-scale domain to analyze the effects of temperature on urease activity and precipitated calcium carbonate.To understand the scale dependency of MICP treatment,a large-scale heterogeneous domain was subjected to variable biochemical injection strategies.The simulations conducted at the field-scale guided the selection of an injection strategy to achieve the desired type and amount of precipitation.Additionally,the study emphasized the potential of numerical models as reliable tools for optimizing future developments in field-scale MICP treatment.The present study demonstrates the potential of this numerical framework for designing and optimizing the MICP applications in laboratory-,prototype-,and field-scale scenarios.

The Reduction of the Permeability of a Lateritic Soil through the Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation

Lateritic soils are frequently utilised in tropical areas of the developing world as an engineering material in the construction of rural earth roads, usually in the form of engineered natural surface (ENS) roads. The heavy, seasonal rainfalls common to the tropics results in ENS roads becoming quickly saturated with rainwater, and no longer accessible to motorised transportation. Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) has been successfully used as a treatment process to decrease the permeability of clean, cohesionless sands by studies trying to impede the movement of groundwater, and any pollutants they may contain. In order to see if MICP treatment can also reduce the susceptibility of ENS road lateritic soils to rainwater saturation, this study has treated a Brazilian sample extracted from an ENS road in Espirito do Santo, Brazil, using the MICP bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii contained within a urea-calcium chloride solution inoculum. Investigation, by means of a Rowe cell, of the post-treatment permeability, to untreated control samples, has shown an average decrease in the vertical coefficient of permeability of 83%, from 1.15 × 10-7 m/s for the untreated control samples, to 1.92 × 10-8 m/s in treated samples.

A comparative study of using two numerical strategies to simulate the biochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation

In this study,we carried out a comparative study of two different numerical strategies for the modeling of the biogeochemical processes in microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)process.A simplified MICP model was used,which is based on the mass transport theory.Two numerical strategies,namely the operator splitting(OS)and the global implicit(GI)strategies,were adopted to solve the coupled reactive mass transport problems.These two strategies were compared in the aspects of numerical accuracy,convergence property and computational efficiency by solving the presented MICP model.To look more into the details of the model,sensitivity analysis of some important modeling parameters was also carried out in this paper.

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36℃ to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina(S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing(in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure(including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope(SEM), and energydispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust,bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.

冻融循环作用下MICP固化铅污染土的强度与浸出特性研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术可用于重金属污染土固化稳定修复。本文通过开展无侧限抗压强度、离子浸出及微观试验,主要研究MICP固化铅污染土在冻融循环作用下的强度与化学稳定性,并揭示其微观作用机理。结果表明:随着铅离子浓度的增加,土体的无侧限抗压强度先增大后减小,铅离子浸出浓度增大;随冻融循环次数的增加,土体的强度逐渐降低并趋于稳定,铅离子浸出浓度增大。冻融循环作用后,固化土的主要矿物成分未发生变化;土中的小孔隙数量增加,大孔隙数量基本保持不变。冻融循环作用损伤固化土的碳酸钙胶结与铅离子沉淀结构,致使土体性能劣化。

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,浸出浓度被二次降低了31.9%。多孔硅吸附材料的添加明显提升了MICP技术对锌铅复合重金属污染土的修复效果,由于多孔硅吸附材料对重金属离子的固定与吸附,污染土中重金属的浸出浓度减小,同时,吸附材料还可以作为碳酸钙晶体沉积的核位点,加速矿化反应。该研究提出了处理重金属污染土的新技术并揭示了其修复机制,为MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对现场锌铅复合重金属污染土的修复与应用提供了理论与试验依据。

MICP固化粉土细菌的分布和固定规律研究

采用一维注浆方式对50 cm长柱状粉土试样进行微生物固化试验,通过测定孔隙液中细菌数量、NH+4浓度和pH、及固化土体中的胶结CaCO_3生成量等参量,分析注浆菌液配比和胶结液浓度对细菌与反应产物沿程分布特性的影响。结果表明,当注入浓度为1.223×108 CFU/mL的原菌液时,固定菌与游离菌沿柱状试样渗流方向沿程衰减显著,细菌主要分布于注浆端25 cm以内,提高胶结液浓度对试样碳酸钙生成量的影响主要集中在注浆端5 cm以内区域。当注入用营养液稀释的菌液(浓度8.20×106 CFU/mL)或用营养液稀释的上清液(浓度1.80×106 CFU/mL)时,孔隙液中细菌能快速繁殖增长且分布较为均匀,吸附菌和被拦截的游离菌共同组成固定菌,对土中碳酸钙的生成量产生影响,胶结液浓度的变化对碳酸钙生成量的影响较小。研究结果表明,微生物注浆加固粉土的均匀性主要受固定菌分布的均匀性控制,将菌液或上清液稀释后注入粉土能够使固定菌沿程分布均匀,可较好地改善固化土体均匀性。

裂隙粗糙度对MICP充填效果的影响

为了研究裂隙粗糙度对微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(Microbial induced calcite precipitation,MICP)过程的影响,本文使用含预制裂隙的类岩石试样进行MICP注浆实验,并拍照记录注浆过程,同时测量试样的波速变化及裂隙中充填的碳酸钙含量并计算产率。结果表明,随着裂隙粗糙度的增大,MICP注浆过程中浆液扩散范围增大,碳酸钙充填的均匀性,波速变化和碳酸钙产率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。试样波速最高提高了8.3%,碳酸钙产率最高可达82%。试验说明,裂隙粗糙度对MICP过程会产生影响,MICP在粗糙度适中的裂隙中会产生更好的效果。

MICP加固粉土的渗透特性及微观机理

针对黄河冲积平原地区的粉土颗粒均匀、黏聚力低、水稳性差,雨季时易出现水害,然而现有加固方法环保性不足的问题,利用绿色环保的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,MICP)技术进行加固.首先,选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为微生物,通过多轮注浆制得MICP加固土样.然后,采用三轴渗透试验研究其渗透特性.最后,结合其内部碳酸钙含量测定、电镜扫描结果揭示微观机理.研究结果表明:MICP加固可使粉土渗透系数降低96%;渗透系数和其内部平均碳酸钙产量之间呈线性关系,且渗透系数随胶结液浓度和加固轮数的增加而降低,但趋势逐渐变缓.MICP反应在粉土中产生的碳酸钙晶体为菱形聚合物,且主要分布在粉土颗粒表面、土颗粒间孔隙及孔喉处,起到覆膜、粘连和封堵作用,进而降低渗透系数.相关研究成果可为MICP技术在改良加固粉土中的应用提供理论支持和技术参考.

基于原生微生物MICP的土体加固试验研究

为研究原生微生物加固砂土的影响因素,进行了室内胶结试验。采用不同灌注方式和不同配比的溶液,对试样中原生脲酶微生物进行激活,待微生物分解尿素能力达到阈值后,鉴定试样中微生物种属并对其进行系统发育分析,然后开展微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)胶结试验。通过微生物浓度、尿素浓度来监测试样的生物化学变化,根据无侧限抗压强度(UCS)和扫描电子显微镜成像(SEM)来评估试样加固效果。试验结果表明:加固效果与胶结液的灌注方式、有机质浓度、尿素浓度关系密切,双向交替灌注有利于改善试样胶结的均匀程度,较高浓度的有机质(酵母提取物)对土体中微生物多样性产生不利影响,激活和胶结效果较差;使用0.35 mol/L尿素的试样残余尿素浓度较高,而使用0.20 mol/L尿素的试样中,尿素残余较少;此次研究中,采用双向交替灌注、1.0 g/L酵母提取物、0.20 mol/L尿素处理的试样,生成的碳酸钙晶体连接紧密,胶结程度较好,其UCS值达1.55 MPa。研究成果表明,使用一定配比的溶液,可激活土体中的原生微生物,达到加固土体的目的。

MICP技术对巴东组第三段软弱夹层土体的加固试验研究

三峡库区中三叠系中统巴东组第三段为主要问题地层,易受地下水与雨水的影响而形成软弱夹层,导致土体强度显著下降,影响斜坡稳定性。采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术对巴东组第三段软弱夹层土体进行了加固试验研究。首先,利用拌和法将制备好的巴氏芽孢杆菌菌液和胶结液加入土体中;然后,采用直剪试验和无侧限抗压试验探究加固前后软弱夹层土体的物理力学性质变化情况;最后结合X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的分析结果,从微观角度探究了MICP技术对软弱夹层土体的作用机制。结果表明:(1)经MICP技术加固处理后,不同垂直压力下软弱夹层土体的抗剪强度均有效提高,土体黏聚力提升了63.1%、内摩擦角提升了21.5%,且土体黏聚力增幅大于内摩擦角;(2)经MICP技术加固处理后,软弱夹层土体抗压强度提升了66%,且呈现出脆性破坏特征;(3)MICP技术对软弱夹层土体的作用机制为微生物诱导生成的碳酸钙充填土体内部孔隙且有效胶结相邻土粒,从而改良了岩土体的工程地质性质。

Unconfined compressive strength of MICP and EICP treated sands subjected to cycles of wetting-drying,freezing-thawing and elevated temperature:Experimental and EPR modelling

Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)and enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)are two bio-cementation techniques,which are relatively new methods of ground improvement.While both techniques share some similarities,they can exhibit different overall behaviours due to the differences in urease enzyme sources and treatment methods.This paper presented 40 unconfined compressive strength(UCS)tests of MICP and EICP treated sand specimens with similar average calcium carbonate(CaCO3)content subjected to cycles of wetting-drying(WD),freezing-thawing(FT)and elevated temperature(fire resistance test e FR and thermogravimetric analysis e TG).The average CaCO3 content after a certain number of WD or FT cycles(ACn)and their corresponding UCS(qn)reduced while the mass loss increased.The EICP treated sand specimens appeared to exhibit a lower resistance to WD and FT cycles than MICP treated specimens possibly due to the presence of unbonded or loosely bonded CaCO3 within the soil matrix,which was subsequently removed during the wetting(during WD)or thawing(during FT)process.FR test and TG analysis showed a significant loss of mass and reduction in CaCO3 content with increased temperatures,possibly due to the thermal decomposition of CaCO3.A complete deterioration of the MICP and EICP treated sand specimens was observed for temperatures above 600C.The observed behaviours are complex and theoretical understanding is far behind to develop a constitutive model to predict qn.Therefore,a multi-objective evolutionary genetic algorithm(GA)that deals with pseudo-polynomial structures,known as evolutionary polynomial regression(EPR),was used to seek three choices from millions of polynomial models.The best EPR model produced an excellent prediction of qn with a minimum sum of squares error(SSE)of 2.392,mean squared error(MSE)of 0.075,root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.273 and a maximum coefficient of determination of 0.939.

Biochar-bacteria partnership based on microbially induced calcite precipitation improves Cd immobilization and soil function

Microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP)technique utilizes ureolytic bacteria to decompose urea and generate carbonate ions for metal combination.MICP can remediate heavy metal(e.g.,Cd)contaminated soils while maintaining or even improving soil functions,but its efficiency in agricultural soil practical application still needs to be enhanced.Here,we constructed a biochar-bacteria(2B)partnership in which biochar provides high nutrition and diverse sorption sites.Using the 2B system,Cd immobilization effectiveness and the underlying mechanism were examined along with the soil properties and soil functions.Results showed that compared to the single biochar and ureolytic bacteria systems,soil Cd mobility was reduced by 23.6%and 45.8%through co-precipitating with CaCO_(3) as otavite(CdCO_(3))in the 2B system,whereas soil fertility,bacterial diversity,and richness increased by 11.7-90.2%,5.4-16.1%,and 6.8-54.7%,respectively.Moreover,the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were enhanced in the 2B system.Notably,Sporosarcina and Bacillus(Firmicutes genus)that carry the ureC gene were boosted in the system,further implicating the microbiological mechanism in reducing Cd migration and its bioavailability in soil.Overall,the constructed 2B system was efficient in soil Cd immobilization by strengthening the ureolytic bacteria growth and their nutrient supply in the bacteria-rich soil ecosystem.

MICP加固页岩填筑体最优注浆间距试验研究

为摸清微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术大尺寸填筑体最佳灌浆间距及胶结深度,设计不同间距双孔灌浆模型试验,利用超声波检测技术研究不同间距双孔灌浆模型土体横向胶结距离及竖向胶结深度。试验结果表明:在灌浆过程中,填筑体模型超声波逐渐增大,不同灌浆间距模型各行测点波速变化趋势大致相同,且对经过20次灌浆循环得到的微生物注浆填筑体进行超声波检测,得到最优模型试验方案为灌浆孔间距10 cm,胶结深度13 cm。

赤泥对磷石膏生物胶结的充填性能影响研究

为了解决充填骨料磷石膏强酸性劣化生物胶结充填体材料性能的问题,提出引入碱性固废赤泥的方法,探究添加不同质量分数的赤泥对磷石膏生物胶结充填料浆和充填体力学性能的影响。结果显示:在微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation, MICP)作用下,充填骨料中赤泥质量分数从0提高至80%时,充填料浆的泌水率由17%增至44%,表观黏度由585 mPa·s降至121 mPa·s,初、终凝时间分别增加了139%和135%。赤泥质量分数影响磷石膏生物胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度(Uniaxial Compressive Strength, UCS)。当赤泥占骨料总质量的20%时,充填体强度最高,为2 070 kPa,而过高的赤泥添加质量分数会导致UCS降低。强度的变化与赤泥的高碱性和干缩性有关。研究为碱性固废赤泥在磷石膏生物胶结充填中的应用提供理论基础和技术支撑,实现了固废资源化利用。

Modelling of the elastoplastic behaviour of the bio-cemented soils using an extended Modified Cam Clay model

An elastoplastic constitutive model based on the Modified Cam Clay(MCC)model is developed to describe the mechanical behaviour of soils cemented via microbially induced calcite precipitation(MICP).It considers the increase of the elastic stiffness,the change of the yield surface due to MICP cementation and the degradation of calcium carbonate bonds during shearing.Specifically,to capture the typical contraction-dilation transition in MICP soils,the original volumetric hardening rule in the MCC model is modified to a combined deviatoric and volumetric hardening rule.The model could reproduce a series of drained triaxial tests on MICP-treated soils with different calcium carbonate contents.Further,we carry out a parametric study and observe numerical instability in some cases.In combination with an analytical analysis,our numerical modelling has identified the benefits and limitations of using MCCbased models in the simulation of MICP-cemented soils,leading to suggestions for further model development.

微生物加固粉土的强度特性及加固机理研究

针对华北地区广泛分布的黄河冲积粉土级配差、强度低的问题,采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术对其进行加固。通过三轴试验研究加固粉土的强度特性,通过微观结构测试分析其微观机理;结合宏观现象和微观机理揭示强度加固机理。结果表明:MICP加固后粉土的强度得到了大幅提升;其黏聚力和内摩擦角均随加固轮数、胶结液浓度的增加而增大,且增长速率呈现出先快后慢的趋势;在胶结液浓度为0.5 mol/L、加固两轮时加固效率更高。就微观结构而言,土样中的孔隙随胶结液浓度和加固轮数的增大而逐渐减少;土样截面的平均非孔隙面积比随加固轮数、胶结液浓度的增加而增大;黏聚力、内摩擦角与平均非孔隙面积比之间均符合先快后慢的双线性增加关系。黏聚力与内摩擦角提升原因在于MICP加固生成的碳酸钙通过粘结粉土颗粒,填充堵塞颗粒间孔隙,使平均非孔隙面积比增大,进而提升土体强度。

化学处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度影响研究

微生物固化(microbial-induced calcite precipitation,简称为MICP)技术是岩土工程领域新兴起的一种地基处理技术,利用微生物诱导产生的碳酸钙晶体胶结松散土颗粒,改善土体的力学特性。选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为固化细菌,采用单一浓度(0.5、1.0 mol)和多浓度相结合(前期采用0.5 mol,后期采用1.0 mol)的化学处理方式注射胶结液(尿素/氯化钙混合液),研究化学处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度的影响。基于试验测试分析了固化砂土试样的强度、破坏模式以及碳酸钙含量。试验结果表明,化学处理方式对固化砂土试样的强度有显著影响,对破坏模式和碳酸钙含量无明显影响;多浓度相结合的化学处理方式能够以较少的灌浆次数获取较高强度的试样。最后,对化学处理方式对强度影响的机制进行深入分析。

微生物灌浆加固土体研究进展

水泥和化学浆材是土体加固中最为常用的胶凝材料,但由于存在着高能耗、高污染排放和高成本等缺点而限制了它们的应用。微生物灌浆加固技术是最近发展起来的一种新型的土体加固方法,通过向松散砂土中灌注菌液以及营养盐,利用微生物矿化作用在砂颗粒间快速析出方解石凝胶,改善土体的物理力学性质。系统总结了国内外关于微生物灌浆加固土体的室内及现场试验研究,同时对固化土体的工程特性、原位无损测试方法以及灌浆效果的影响因素等进行了论述。研究表明,微生物灌浆技术具有施工扰动小、灌浆压力低、环境友好等优势,并可显著提高土体的强度、刚度及抗液化性能,在土体加固领域有着非常广阔的应用前景,但关于微生物固化土体的耐久性以及灌浆的经济性等问题仍需进行深入的探讨与研究。

沙漠微生物矿化覆膜及其稳定性的现场试验研究

将微生物诱导矿化技术应用于原位沙漠覆膜的形成,使得流动沙丘经结皮固定而成为半固定、固定沙丘,从根本上阻断沙尘暴的源头。在内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠腹地选择两个微生物矿化试验区域(TP1和TP3),分别用于两种不同矿化菌种诱导生成碳酸钙覆膜。研究沙漠微生物矿化覆膜的现场试验方法及工艺,对原位矿化覆膜的强度及其在沙漠环境中的长期稳定性进行跟踪检测。采用沙漠土中自行提取的葡萄球菌和传统的巴氏芽孢杆菌两种不同的微生物矿化菌种,通过现场贯入试验检测7、14、28、60、210 d后矿化覆膜沿深度发展的贯入阻力,并将覆膜厚度为2 cm处的平均贯入阻力换算成覆膜层强度,总结覆膜强度随时间的发展变化规律。现场观测结果显示,不同微生物菌种诱导生成的矿化覆膜均在试验的第4天开始形成,到第7天覆膜层具有稳定的强度和厚度,现场检测覆膜的平均厚度为2.0～2.5cm,经自源葡萄球菌诱导生成的矿化覆膜(TP1)的强度是巴氏芽孢杆菌诱导生成的矿化覆膜(TP3)强度的1.05倍。当经历冬春交替后覆膜层强度都有不同程度的降低,明显地TP3较TP1区域表面剥落更为严重,第210天检测TP3的平均厚度为0.7～1.0 cm,覆膜强度较第7天时降低19%,覆膜内碳酸钙含量较第7天检测时降低15%～30%。而TP1在第210天时的强度较第7天时强度降低仅2%。因此,微生物诱导矿化技术可以应用于沙漠原位覆膜的形成,且沙漠自源葡萄球菌经诱导生成的矿化覆膜层具有更好的强度表现和稳定性。