Purification of copper foils driven by single crystallization

High-purity copper(Cu) with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, is crucial in modern technological applications, including heat exchangers, integrated circuits, and superconducting magnets. The current purification process is mainly based on the zone/electrolytic refining or anion exchange, however, which excessively relies on specific integrated equipment with ultra-high vacuum or chemical solution environment, and is also bothered by external contaminants and energy consumption. Here we report a simple approach to purify the Cu foils from 99.9%(3N) to 99.99%(4N) by a temperature-gradient thermal annealing technique, accompanied by the kinetic evolution of single crystallization of Cu.The success of purification mainly relies on(i) the segregation of elements with low effective distribution coefficient driven by grain-boundary movements and(ii) the high-temperature evaporation of elements with high saturated vapor pressure.The purified Cu foils display higher flexibility(elongation of 70%) and electrical conductivity(104% IACS) than that of the original commercial rolled Cu foils(elongation of 10%, electrical conductivity of ~ 100% IACS). Our results provide an effective strategy to optimize the as-produced metal medium, and therefore will facilitate the potential applications of Cu foils in precision electronic products and high-frequency printed circuit boards.

Simultaneous purification of minor components in natural products using twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient

The isolation of minor components from complex natural product matrices presents a significant challenge in the field of purification science due to their low concentrations and the presence of structurally similar compounds.This study introduces an optimized twin-column recycling chromatography method for the efficient and simultaneous purification of these elusive constituents.By introducing water at a small flowing rate between the twin columns,a step solvent gradient is created,by which the leading edge of concentration band would migrate at a slower rate than the trailing edge as it flowing from the upstream to downstream column.Hence,the band broadening is counterbalanced,resulting in an enrichment effect for those minor components in separation process.Herein,two target substances,which showed similar peak position in high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and did not exceed 1.8%in crude paclitaxel were selected as target compounds for separation.By using the twin-column recycling chromatography with a step solvent gradient,a successful purification was achieved in getting the two with the purity almost 100%.We suggest this method is suitable for the separation of most components in natural produces,which shows higher precision and recovery rate compared with the common lab-operated separation ways for natural products(thin-layer chromatography and prep-HPLC).

Research Progress on Purification Process, Content Determination and Pharmacological Action of Atractylodin

Atractylodis Rhizoma comes from the dry rhizome of Atractylis lancea or Atractylodes chinensis in the Compositae family,and it is suitable for preventing and treating diseases such as cold,edema,night blindness and rheumatic arthralgia.Atractylodin is the main active component extracted and isolated from Atractylodis Rhizoma.A large number of studies have found that atractylodin has excellent drug activity in improving gastrointestinal emptying,anti-inflammation,inhibiting malignant tumor and reducing blood lipid.In this paper,the purification process and pharmacological activity of Atractylodin were summarized to provide a theoretical basis for basic research,clinical application and further development and utilization of atractylodin.

An Affordable and Easily Accessible Approach for Acrylonitrile Monomer Purification through a Simple Column Technique

This manuscript presents a dataset detailing a method for purifying monomers. Purification plays a crucial role in every chemical process, as it leads to an improvement in product quality through the removal of impurities. The primary method for monomer purification, like acrylonitrile (AN), is the distillation technique. However, this technique is unsafe and hard to set up or handle. A straightforward, risk-free, low-cost method like the column technique resolves these issues. A simple column technique demonstrated the successful execution of purifying AN. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that AN was successfully purified, with purity reaching 99.8%. FTIR spectra revealed changes in the position and intensity of the stretching vibration peaks after purification. Also, the functional groups of the inhibitor monomethyl ether of hydroquinone (MeHQ) were undetected after purification. Furthermore, after purification, NMR spectra revealed the absence of aromatic protons and carbons associated with MeHQ. In conclusion, the column technique is a successful and inexpensive way to purify AN monomers. This makes it useful for a wide range of applications, especially in polymerization reactions where MeHQ needs to be removed to prevent self-polymerization during the initiation process.

Superwetting Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) anchored mesh with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities for efficient water purification

Superwetting materials have drawn unprecedented attention in the treatment of oily wastewater due to their preferable anti-fouling property and selective oil/water separation.However,it is still a challenge to fabricate multifunctional and environmentally friendly materials,which can be stably applied to purify the actual complicated wastewater.Here,a Ag/Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterostructure anchored copper mesh was intentionally synthesized using a facile two-step hydrothermal method.The resultant mesh with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity was capable of separating various oil/water mixtures with superior separation efficiency and high permeationflux driven by gravity.Benefiting from the joint effects of the smaller band gap of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterojunction,inherent antibacterial capacity of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) and Ag nanoparticles,favorable conductive substrate,as well as the hierarchical structure with superwettability,such mesh presented remarkably enhanced degradation capability toward organic dyes under visible light irradiation and antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)compared with the pure Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) coated mesh.Impressively,the mesh exhibited bifunctional water purification performance,in which organic dyes were eliminated simultaneously from water during oil/water separation in onefiltration process.More importantly,this mesh behaved exceptional chemical resistance,mechanical stability and long-term reusability.Therefore,this material with multifunctional integration may hold promising potential for steady water purification in practice.

Polysulfide nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel for efficient solar-driven water purification

Along with the environmental pollution, the scarcity of clean water seriously threatens the sustainable development of human society.Recently, the rapid development of solar evaporators has injected new vitality into the field of water purification. However, the industry faces a considerable challenge of achieving comprehensive purification of ions, especially the efficient removal of mercury ions. In this work, we introduce an ideal mercury-removal platform based on facilely and cost-effectively synthesized polysulfide nanoparticles(PSNs). Further development of PSN-functionalized reduced graphene oxide(PSN-rGO) aerogel evaporator results in achieving a high evaporation rate of 1.55 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)with energy efficiency of 90.8% under 1 sun. With the merits of interconnected porous structure and adsorption ability, the photothermal aerogel presents overall purification of heavy metal ions from wastewater. During solar desalination, salt ions can be rejected with long-term stability. Compared with traditional water purification technologies, this highly efficient solar evaporator provides a new practical method to utilize clean energy for clean water production.

Liver replacement therapy with extracorporeal blood purification techniques current knowledge and future directions

Clinically,it is highly challenging to promote recovery in patients with acute liver failure(ALF)and acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF).Despite recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms of ALF and ACLF,standard medical therapy remains the primary therapeutic approach.Liver transplantation(LT)is considered the last option,and in several cases,it is the only intervention that can be lifesaving.Unfortunately,this intervention is limited by organ donation shortage or exclusion criteria such that not all patients in need can receive a transplant.Another option is to restore impaired liver function with artificial extracorporeal blood purification systems.The first such systems were developed at the end of the 20th century,providing solutions as bridging therapy,either for liver recovery or LT.They enhance the elimination of metabolites and substances that accumulate due to compromised liver function.In addition,they aid in clearance of molecules released during acute liver decompensation,which can initiate an excessive inflammatory response in these patients causing hepatic encephalopathy,multiple-organ failure,and other complications of liver failure.As compared to renal replacement therapies,we have been unsuccessful in using artificial extracorporeal blood purification systems to completely replace liver function despite the outstanding technological evolution of these systems.Extracting middle to high-molecular-weight and hydrophobic/protein-bound molecules remains extremely challenging.The majority of the currently available systems include a combination of methods that cleanse different ranges and types of molecules and toxins.Furthermore,conventional methods such as plasma exchange are being re-evaluated,and novel adsorption filters are increasingly being used for liver indications.These strategies are very promising for the treatment of liver failure.Nevertheless,the best method,system,or device has not been developed yet,and its probability of getting developed in the near future is also low.Furthermore,little is known about the effects of liver support systems on the overall and transplant-free survival of these patients,and further investigation using randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses is needed.This review presents the most popular extracorporeal blood purification techniques for liver replacement therapy.It focuses on general principles of their function,and on evidence regarding their effectiveness in detoxification and in supporting patients with ALF and ACLF.In addition,we have outlined the basic advantages and disadvantages of each system.

Purification of Moringa oleifera Leaves Protease by Three-Phase Partitioning and Investigation of Its Potential Antibacterial Activity

One of plant-based products for dental care is plant-based proteolytic enzymes which are principally proteases. In order not to damage the protein and bioactive content, an efficient method should be employed for their purifications. As such, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used to purify protease from moringa (Moringa oleifera). TPP is an emerging, promising, non-chromatographic and economical technology which is simple, quick, efficient and often one-step process for the separation and purification of bioactive molecules from natural sources. It involves the addition of salt (ammonium sulphate) to the crude extract followed by the addition of an organic solvent (butanol). The protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper organic solvent and lower aqueous phases. The various conditions such as ammonium sulphate, ratio of crude extract to t-butanol and pH which are required for attaining efficient purification of the protease fractions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, it was seen that, 35% of ammonium sulphate saturation with 1:0.75 ratio of crude extract to t-butanol at pH 7 gave 4.94-fold purification with 96.20% activity yield of protease in the middle phase of the TPP system. The purified enzyme from Moringa oleifera has no antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria tested. However, this purified enzyme, can be considered as a promising agent, cheap, and safe source which is suitable for using in various industries.

Experiments and model development of p-nitrochlorobenzene and naphthalene purification in a continuous tower melting crystallizer

With the increasing demand for high-purity products,the industrial application of melt crystallization technology has been highly concerned.In this study,the purification process of nitrochlorobenzene binary eutectic system(NBES)and naphthalene–benzothiophene solid solution system(NBSSS)in tower melting crystallizer is analyzed,and a mathematical model of crystallization process is established.The key parameters in terms of feed concentration,crystal bed height,reflux ratio and stirring speed effi-ciency on purification effects were discussed by the established model.The results show that the concentration of p-nitrochlorobenzene was purified from 90.85%to 99.99%,when the crystal bed height is 600 mm,the reflux ratio is 2.5,and the stirring speed is 12 rmin^(-1).The naphthalene concentration is purified from 95.89%to 99.99%,when the crystal bed height is 400 mm,the reflux ratio is 1.43,and the stirring speed is 16 rmin^(-1).The quality of the model is evaluated by the ARD(average relative deviation).The minimum ARD values of the NBES and NBSSS are 2.39%and 5.22%,respectively,indicating the model satisfactorily explains the purification process.

Solubility study and selective purification of HMX explosive in organic electrolyte solution of zinc acetate/diethylene glycol

In this study, an organic electrolyte solution based on zinc acetate/diethylene glycol(ZA/DEG) is introduced for the selective purification of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine(HMX) high explosive from its identical homologue cyclotrimethylene trinitramine(RDX). The dielectric constant of various organic solutions were investigated through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) in the range of 1.0 Hz—30 MHz. and some quantum-chemical descriptors of RDX and HMX dissolutions in the ZA cosolvent were analyzed using Density Functional Theory(DFT). The results show dielectric constant and solubility of RDX is higher than that of HMX, and by increasing of ZA concentration in DEG solvent, the values of dielectric constants were enhanced. Furthermore, the presence of ZA cosolvent on the solubility of two explosives was statistically investigated by Central Composite Design(CCD) of experiment, and some solubility parameters including activity coefficient, dissolving enthalpy, and mixing enthalpies were determined. The experimental results indicate that the weight ratio of RDX to HMX solubility in the proposed organic electrolyte changes up to 30 times, which provides a selective and sequential separation method to separate two materials with similar chemical properties with a separation efficiency>98% and HMX purity> 99.8%. The X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) analysis, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC), Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR) approves the acceptable quality of the separated materials. The proposed method makes the efficient and safe purification of high-quality HMX for application in oil and gas well perforating gun charges, using a nonvolatile and inflammable organic electrolyte.

Faithful and efficient hyperentanglement purification for spatial-polarization-time-bin photon system

We present a faithful and efficient hyperentanglement purification protocol(hyper-EPP)for nonlocal two-photon systems in spatial-polarization-time-bin hyperentangled Bell states.As the single-photon detectors can detect and herald the undesirable properties caused by side leakage and finite coupling strength,the parity-check gates and swap gates of our hyper-EPP in the spatial,polarization and time-bin mode degrees of freedom(DoFs)work faithfully.The qubit-flip errors in photon systems in three DoFs can be corrected effectively with the faithful parity-check gates and the photon pairs can be reused to distill high-fidelity ones by introducing the faithful swap gates,which greatly increases the efficiency of our hyper-EPP.Further,the maximal hyperentanglement can be obtained in principle by operating multiple rounds of the hyper-EPP.

Ethylene purification in a metal–organic framework over a wide temperature range via pore confinement

The separation of C2H4from C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)mixture is of great importance but difficult and energy intensive. Adsorptive separation provides an alternative approach to ameliorate this situation. Here, we report a microporous metal–organic framework(MOF) BUT-315-a as a C_(2)H_(6)-selective adsorbent for the separation of C2H6/C2H4gas mixture. BUT-315-a combines good IAST selectivity of 2.35 with high C_(2)H_(6)uptake of 97.5 cm^(3)g^(-1), giving superior high separation potential ΔQ(2226 mmol L^(-1)) for equimolar C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4) at 298 K. Impressively, such excellent performance can be preserved at higher temperatures of 313 and 323 K to accommodate industrial conditions. Efficient dynamic separation performance of BUT-315-a has been demonstrated by column breakthrough experiments under varied temperatures and gas ratios. Theoretical calculations further reveal multiple synergistic interactions between C_(2)H_(6) and the framework. This work highlights a new benchmark material for C_(2)H_(6)/C_(2)H_(4)separation and provides guidance for designing adsorbent for separation applications.

Purification Process and Biological Activity of Daphnoretin

Daphnoretin,belonging to coumarin compounds,is the main active ingredient of Wikstroemia indica,and has anti-inflammatory,anti-depression,anti-tumor and other pharmacological activities.This article reviews the extraction and purification process,content determination methods and pharmacological activity of daphnoretin,in order to provide a theoretical reference for optimization of purification process,improvement of content determination technique and further clinical application of daphnoretin.

Purification Process,Content Determination,Pharmacological Activity and Molecular Mechanism of Neogambogic Acid

Neogambogic acid is characterized by broad antitumor spectrum,good antitumor effect and low toxicity and side effects.This paper reviews the purification process,content determination and pharmacologic activity of neogambogic acid,in order to provide a theoretical reference for the research and application of neogambogic acid.

Research Progress on Purification Process Optimization and Content Determination of Zeaxanthin

At present,the purification process of zeaxanthin mainly includes organic solvent extraction,ultrasonic-assisted extraction and enzyme extraction,and the content determination technology mainly includes ultraviolet-spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography.In this paper,the purification process and content determination technology of zeaxanthin in recent years are reviewed in order to provide ideas and theoretical basis for further research and application of zeaxanthin.

Eukaryotic expression, purification and activity characterization of human soluble DSG2 extracellular domain protein

Objective:To construct a secretory eukaryotic expression vector of DSG2 fused with the Fc region of the human IgG,to validate its expression in 293T cells,and to purify the secretory protein with biological activity.Methods:The DSG2 extracellular domain fragment gene(DSG2ex),was amplified by PCR,and was inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pCMV3-IgG1 to construct the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid-pCMV3-DSG2ex-IgG1.The successfully constructed eukaryotic expression plasmid was transfected into 293T cells to express and secrete DSG2 extracellular domain protein.The targeted protein was purified from the cell culture supernatant by Protein A affinity chromatography and confirmed by Western Blotting and ELISA.Results:The pCMV3-DSG2ex-IgG1 eukaryotic expression plasmid was successfully constructed.The highest protein expression level was obtained with 293T cells after 96 h of transfection.The relative molecular mass of the purified product was between 100 and 130 kDa was estimated by SDS-PAGE,which was consistent with the expectation.The yield of the purified protein reached 0.8 mg/ml with a purity over 90%.The purified DSG2 extracellular domain protein with IgG1 tag was recognized by IgG monoclonal antibodies by Western blotting.Moreover,the ELISA results showed that the prepared DSG2 extracellular domain protein had significant binding activity to human type 55 adenovirus Fiber Knob protein(HAdV-55).Conclusion:A simple and efficient method for eukaryotic expression and purification of human soluble DSG2 extracellular domain protein was successfully established,and biologically active DSG2 extracellular domain protein was purified,which laid the foundation for the later study of its protein function and anti-adenovirus drugs.

Design and Implementation of Quantum Repeaters:Insights on Quantum Entanglement Purification

Quantum communication is a groundbreaking technology that is driving the future of information transmission and communication technologies to a new paradigm.It relies on quantum entanglement to facilitate the transmission of quantum states between parties.Quantum repeaters are crucial for facilitating long-distance quantum communication.These quantum devices act as intermediaries between adjacent communication channel segments within a fragmented quantum network,allowing for entanglement swapping between the channel segments.This entanglement swapping process establishes entanglement links between the endpoints of adjacent segments,gradually creating a continuous entanglement connection over the entire length of the transmission channel.The established quantum link can be utilized for secure and efficient quantum communication between distant sender and receiver nodes.This study focuses on quantum entanglement purification,a protocol aimed at maintaining high fidelity entangled states above the operational threshold of the communication channel.This study investigates the optimal stage for executing the purification protocol and applies optimization schemes to evaluate various purification protocols.We use IBM Qiskit for circuit implementation and simulation.The results offer valuable insights into future approaches to implementing practical quantum repeaters and shed light on existing and anticipated challenges.

Research on Nursing Effect of Individualized Nursing Intervention on Critically Ill Patients with Continuous Blood Purification

Objective:This paper aims to investigate the value of individualized care for critically ill patients receiving continuous blood purification therapy.Methods:89 cases of critically ill patients who were treated from June 2021 to June 2023 were randomly divided into groups,with individualized care in group A and routine care in group B.The differences in clinical indicators,purification effect,quality of life,and complications of blood purification were compared between the groups.Results:Heart rate,respiration,body temperature,and other indicators in group A were better than those in group B,P<0.05.C-reactive protein(CRP),β2-microglobulin(β2-MG),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),and phosphorus(P)in group A were lower than those in group B,P<0.05.Group A had higher quality of life than Group B,P<0.05.The complication rate of blood purification in Group A was lower than that in Group B,P<0.05.Conclusion:During continuous blood purification in critically ill patients,individualized nursing intervention can enhance the effect of blood purification,improve the physiological indicators of patients,and reduce the complications of blood purification,which is highly effective and feasible.

Optimization of Preparative Separation and Purification of Total Flavonoids from Radix Puerariae by Macroporous Resin Method

Aim To screen the optimum macroporous resin and conditions for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Puerariae. Methods The static and dynamic adsorption/desorption methods were used, and the separation and purification process was evaluated by measuring the concentration of total flavonoid in the fractions with UV spectrophotometer. Results The SP70 macroporous resin was the most effective compared with other macroporous resins. The optimum conditions were screened, which were 0.5 g· mL^- 1 corresponding to crude drug for concentration of extract, pH 5 - 6, and appended 60 times the volume of the resin bed （BV） with the adsorption speed 2 BV·h^-1, and the volume of aq. 70% （V/V） ethanol as eluant was 5 BV with desorption speed 2 BV·h^-1. By this method, the final contents of total flavonoids exceeded 80%. Conclusion The SP70 macroporous resin is the most effective one for large-scale isolation and purification of flavonoids from Radix Pueraria, which meets industrial needs.

Si purification by solidification of Al-Si melt with super gravity

The investigation on purification of metallurgical grade silicon by solidification of hypereutectic Al-Si melt with super gravity as an intensified separation way was carried out.The results indicate that the refined silicon grains are successfully enriched at the bottom of the Al-Si alloy along the direction of super gravity.Then the refined silicon was collected by aqua regia leaching.The purity of the collected silicon is analyzed as 99.92%,which is obviously improved compared with the purity of the metallurgical grade silicon of 99.59%,proving the feasibility of this purification method.Furthermore,the mass fraction of B is reduced from 8.33×10-6 to 5.25×10-6 and that of P from 33.65×10-6 to13.50×10-6.