Nutraceutical Potentiality of Fruits of Red Variety of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich) Engl.

The red fruits of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich) Engl. are widely consumed by the populations of northern Congo for their sweet and tangy flavor as well as for their characteristic smell. The objective of this study was to show the food potential of the fruits of this plant for their valorization. Organic solvent extracts were prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the nutrients and phytonutrients of this fruit. Raw juice was extracted by trituration without adding water and subjected to physicochemical and biochemical analyses in order to determine its quality and its antiradical activity. The raw juice obtained is moderately acidic (pH 3.28), very cloudy and colored (turbidity of 1019 NTU). It has a dry matter content of 3.771% ± 0.013% reflecting the 70% dominance of water in the weight of the fruit and the presence of dissolved organic matter in its juice. Energy nutrients (sugars, amino acids), carotenoids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes and sterols have been highlighted as nutrients with therapeutic potential commonly called phytonutrients of this fruit. The juice presented a dominance in polyphenols (134.8500 ± 0.0023 mg gallic acid/100 g) than in carotenoids (5.100 ± 0.010 mg carotene/100 g), high levels of mineral macroelements (calcium: 3570.00 ± 2.05 mg and potassium: 4576.00 ± 9.49 mg) and trace elements (copper: 11.13 ± 0.10 mg, iron: 3.02 ± 0.03 mg and zinc: 2.57 ± 0.08 mg). These compounds exhibited good antioxidant activity. The presence of these nutrients and phytonutrients in these fruits is interesting for the proper functioning of certain organs and the prevention of certain diseases. This fruit is therefore an energizing and functional food that can compete with conventional fruits whose juices are marketed.

福州细叶榕(Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.)榕果中榕小蜂的分类

为了研究福州细叶榕中榕小蜂的种类,对3个样地的细叶榕雄花期隐头果进行定时、定点采集,观察与鉴定,从510个花序果内共收集到榕小蜂26 375只,隶属于小蜂总科中的4个科11个属的18个种,其中只有1种传粉小蜂,为榕小蜂科的Eupristina verticillataWaterston,其余17种为非传粉小蜂,分别属于金小蜂科、广肩小蜂科及刻腹小蜂科.单个榕果中的榕小蜂通常有1～3种,最多5种,传粉小蜂在榕果中普遍存在,数量由几十只到上百只不等;非传粉小蜂中Odontofroggatia、Sycophila、Walkerella、Philotrypesis等4个属的榕小蜂为常见种,而Meselatus、Eufroggattisca、Sycoscapter、Sycoryctes、Eurytoma、Ormyrus等6个属的榕小蜂为偶见种.编写福州市细叶榕榕果中榕小蜂种类的分类检索表,并对福州、台湾、夏威夷和巴西4个地区细叶榕榕果中的榕小蜂种类进行比较.

采用叶绿素成像技术测定细叶榕(Ficus microcarpa L.)叶片对聚乙二醇模拟的水分胁迫的响应

[目的]采用叶绿素成像技术测定细叶榕(Ficus microcarpa L.)叶片对聚乙二醇模拟的水分胁迫的响应。[方法]人工模拟水分胁迫下检测细叶榕、垂叶榕和极端耐旱的欧洲夹竹桃离体叶片,并用叶绿素荧光成像技术同时提取单片叶多个部位进行检测和分析。[结果]细叶榕、垂叶榕和夹竹桃对脱水响应的结果表明:①叶片各测定部位之间的光合反应中心最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)的值较小,而电子传递速率(ETR)、PSII真实光化效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭(qP)则有较大的差异;②水分胁迫下叶片不同部位的这种离散性更加明显;③抗逆性强的离散程度明显变小。[结论]为叶绿素成像技术进一步应用于植物对干旱胁迫的响应研究奠定了基础。

PP333(Paclobutrazol)和S3307(Uniconazole)对盆栽榕树(Ficus microcarpa)的生理效应

用PP333和S3307处理盆栽榕树实生苗,两者都可以显著抑制其茎的伸长生长,使其株型矮化,叶片小型化,根冠比值增大,从而使盆栽榕树更符合盆景栽培的要求,PP333和S3307都能使盆栽榕树叶片的过氧化物酶活性提高,叶绿素含量和光合作用强度增加,在每平方米有效成分30～120mg的剂量范围内,PP333和S3307抑制盆栽榕树茎伸长生长等方面的生理活性,随剂量增加而增加,而S3307的生理活性明显强于PP333,添加GA_3,可以解除PP333和S3307对盆栽榕树茎伸长生长的抑制,将PP333施入盆栽榕树根际土壤或喷布于叶片表面,以前一种方法抑制盆栽榕树茎的伸长生长等方面的生理活性更强。

ENVI-met乔木建模简化方式探究——以细叶榕Ficus microcarpa为例

为探究ENVI-met乔木建模的简化方式,确定实测中不便获取的建模参数能否采用软件默认值替代,本文以广州市居住区常用树种细叶榕Ficus microcarpa为例,通过正交试验探究影响微气候模拟结果的主要建模参数,并初步建立了细叶榕的建模参数库。正交试验结果表明,在细叶榕模型中,叶片反射率是树下空气温湿度模拟结果的显著影响因素,叶面积指数是树下太阳辐射和地表温度模拟结果的显著影响因素,应采用实测值以保证模拟结果的准确性;根深和根幅对以上四种微气候指标的模拟结果影响均不显著,在测量条件不具备时可采用软件默认值或建议值。针对以上四种建模参数,本文建立了细叶榕建模参数库,为设计师提供简便可行的数据参考。

Response of Ficus microcarpa L.Foliage to Water Stress Determined by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Technique

[Objective] This study was to determine the response of Ficus microcarpa L. foliage to polyethylene glycol （PEG） simulated water stress using chlorophyll fluo- rescence imaging technique. [Method] The responses of detached leaves from Ficus microcarpa, Ficus benjamina and Nerium oleander to PEG-6000 simulated water stress were detected, and the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique was used to detect and analyze the stress at different spots of a single leaf simultaneously. [Result] The responses of Ficus microcarpa, Ficus benjamina and Nerium oleander to dehydration showed that： ~1~） the maximal photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） and non- photo-chemical quenching （NPQ） values were small in the reaction center among different detected spots of leaves, and there were great differences between relative electron transport rate （ETR）, photochemical quenching （qP） and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry （（φPSII）; （2） the differences of these parameters were more ob- vious among different spots of water-stressed leaves; （3） the discrete degrees of the species with strong resitances decreased significantly. [Conclusion] This study lays the foundation for the further research on the response of plants to drought stress using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique.

Genetic diversity analysis of Sinojackia microcarpa, a rare tree species endemic in China, based on simple sequence repeat markers

Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. Determining the genetic diversity of S. microcarpa provides key information for germplasm evaluation and species conservation. Here we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of eight natural populations of S. microcarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 144 individuals in 8 wild populations. The 156 bands were generated from 14 pairs of informative SSR primers, with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 45.67%. The average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.1007 and 0.1658, respectively. The total genetic variation of S. microcarpa existed mainly within the eight populations, rather than among populations, and reached 86.41%. A cluster analysis showed that the eight wild populations of S. microcarpa could be classified into four groups, at a threshold of 4.0, based on an analysis of the SSR genotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the phylogenetic relationships and the geographic locations of the S. microcarpa populations. In particular, populations from Fuyang, Jiande, and Lin’an in Zhejiang Province had close phylogenetic relationships and geographic distances. In addition, these three populations had the highest genetic diversity and the most individuals, suggesting that these three locations may be the S.microcarpa distribution center. This study serves as a model for studying the genetic diversity of endangered plant species.

A new chalcone from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa

A new flavonoid with chalcone skeleton was isolated from the dried aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa. The structure of the compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 1D and 2D NMR. The new compound showed weak inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity against K562 and PC3 cells.

Cloning and Characterization of δ-Guaiene Synthase Genes Encoding a Sesquiterpene Cyclase from Aquilaria microcarpa Cell Cultures

Three cDNA clones encoding δ-guaiene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, were isolated from tissue cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa, and data mining analysis of the orthologous genes suggested that 10 and 9 amino acid residues of N- and C-terminal ends of the translated products of these clones remained undefined. The recombinant enzyme proteins, to which the putative missing Nand C-terminal amino acid sequences (MSSAKLGSAS and ALLRHAIEI, respectively) were ligated, exhibited the catalytic activities of sesquiterpene biosynthesis. Among these three δ-guaiene synthases, two isoforms were capable of liberating α-guaiene, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene as a minor product, while remaining one isoenzyme generated α-, δ-guaiene and β-elemene but not α-humulene. Although the enzyme protein solely lacking in the N-terminal 10 amino acid residues was capable of synthesizing the sesquiterpenoids, the protein without 9 amino acids at Cterminal did not exhibit the catalytic activity. These results suggest that two types of δ-guaiene synthase;α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene-producing type, and α-, δ-guaiene, β-elemene plus α-humulene-producing type;concomitantly occur in A. microcarpa cell cultures, and several amino acid residues at C-terminal of the synthase protein are essential to exhibit the catalytic activities as the sesquiterpene cyclase.

Evaluation of Acute Toxicity, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Leaves Extracts from Two Anacardiaceae’s Species: Lannea microcarpa Engl. &K. Krause and Mangifera indica L.

Background: Leaves of Mangifera indica L or Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K. Krause are used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat bacterial, parasitic or metabolic diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute general toxicity, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activitiy of leave’s aqueous extracts from Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause and Mangifera indica L. The use of these plants in traditional medicine motivated our choice to lead scientific studies. Methods: The aqueous decoction of the leaves is the form of use recommended by traditional healers. We used the same type of extracts for studies. Acute toxicity was studied in NMRI strain mice, with the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, for each plant species. The antioxidant activity is evaluated by the method of reduction of radical DPPH. The phytochemical compounds were detected with specific reagent: Alcaloids with Dragendorff’s reagent, Flavonoids with ammonia (NH4OH), Polyphenols and tannins are revelated by ferric chloride (FeCl3). Saponosides were revelated by their foaming power property. Bacterial inhibiting activity is tested by measuring the diameters’ inhibition of extracts on reference strains. Results: The aqueous extracts were not toxic at the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, for each plant species. The extracts showed an antioxidant activity with an IC50, 20 μg/ml for Lannea microcarpa and 18 μg/ml for Mangifera indica. The extracts showed no bacterial activity on three strains of bacteria tested: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemicals we have identified are for L. microcarpa: tannins and phenolics compounds, triterpenes, saponosides. We identified in M. indica’s extracts: tannins and phenolics compounds, triterpenes, saponosides and flavonoids.

榕树Ficus microcarpa在城市园林绿化的应用及适地适树栽植

榕树Ficus microcarpa是华南地区的乡土树种,在广州栽植历史久远,形成了具有地方特色的榕树景观,但在适地适树栽植方面存在较多问题,破坏或影响了一些市政设施的使用功能。梳理榕树在广州城市园林绿化的应用,指出其中存在的突出问题--榕树生长空间严重受限,支柱根和板根破坏力强,以及修枝整型不规范。基于适地适树原则,提出解决突出问题的相应技术措施:从根据特性选择合适栽植地、合理规划设计榕树生长空间、选择适合的栽植土壤、科学规范的适养措施。

Antimicrobial Property of 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-Tricarboxylic Acid Isolated from Citrus microcarpa Extract

This article described antimicrobial property and structure analysis of 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid isolated from the crude extract of Citrus microcarpa. Presently, there was no report on compound from C. microcarpa that possessed antimicrobial property against fish pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, in this study, the bioactive principle in C. microcarpa extract was isolated using thin layer chromatography. It＇s structure was elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopic data, such as proton NMR （1HNMR）, correlation spectroscopy, carbon 13 NMR, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation data. This study showed that the bioactive compound isolated from C. microcarpa was 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） values of crude C. microcarpa extract and its bioactive component, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid as well as commercially available synthetic 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, were determined against 18 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda and 7 bacterial reference strains, namely, Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922）, Citrobacter freundii （ATCC 8090）, Aeromonas hydrophila （ATCC 49140）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （ATCC 35032）, Streptococcus agalatiae （ATCC 13813）, E. tarda （ATCC 15947）, and Yersinia enterocolitica （ATCC 23715）, using two-fold microdilution method. The MIC values for both the natural 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid and the synthetic one were ranging from 15.6 to 62.5 mg mL-1, whereas that of the crude extract was ranging from 7.8 to 31.3 mg mL-1. These findings showed that both the crude extract and its bioactive component might have potential as antimicrobial agent for aquaculture use.

Anxiolytic-like effects of Pseudospondias microcarpa hydroethanolic leaf extract in zebrafish:Possible involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic pathways

Pseudospondias microcarpa is used in ethnomedicine to manage central nervous system diseases.The hydroethanolic extract(PME)from the leaves of the plant has shown anxiolytic-like properties in mice anxiety models.However,its effects in chronic anxiety models and possible mechanism(s)of action were not studied.Therefore,the current study evaluated the anxiolytic-like mechanisms of PME in zebrafish models of anxiety.The zebrafish light dark test(LDT)and novel tank test(NTT)were employed to assess the anxiolytic-like effects of PME(0.1,0.3,1.0 mg mL^(−1)),fluox-etine(3×10^(−5)mg mL^(−1))and diazepam(1.5×10^(−7)mg mL^(−1)).The chronic unpredictable stress(CUS)test was used to further evaluate the extract’s anxiolytic-like properties.The potential mechanisms of anxiolytic action of the extract was evaluated after pre-treated with flumazenil,granisetron,methysergide,or pizotifen,all at 1×10^(−3)mg mL^(−1).The extract significantly decreased anxiety behaviours in the NT and LD tests.These observed effects of the extract were however counteracted by flumazenil,granisetron,methysergide and pizotifen pre-treatment.In addition,PME treatment significantly reversed CUS-induced anxiety behaviours in zebrafish.Results show that PME possesses anxiolytic-like effects possibly through interaction with serotonergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated pathways.

自然发酵对青金桔酚类物质及其抑制消化相关酶活性的影响

为了解自然发酵对青金桔酚类物质变化及抑制消化相关酶活性的影响,本研究测定了发酵前后青金桔可溶性总酚、总黄酮及α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶及胰脂肪酶抑制率等变化情况,基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱傅里叶转换联用质谱仪鉴定了发酵前后酚类物质的种类,筛选了发酵前后酚类差异代谢物及其富集通路。最后,基于相关系数分析了酚类差异代谢物对抑制以上消化相关酶活性的相关性。结果表明:自然发酵可使青金桔中可溶性总酚、总黄酮含量分别提升9.20%、23.68%,α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶及胰脂肪酶抑制率提升11.90%~28.50%;青金桔中共检测到酚类物质52种,发酵未改变酚类物质种类,但可使川陈皮素、咖啡酸、牡荆素等9种酚类物质显著增加,甲氧沙林显著降低(P<0.01),显著影响以上酚类差异代谢物变化的通路有苯丙烷类化合物的生物合成通路、黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成通路、类黄酮生物合成通路及多种次生代谢产物的生物合成Ⅰ通路;川陈皮素、芹菜素、咖啡酸、山奈酚这4种酚类差异代谢物与抑制以上三种消化相关酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,自然发酵可促进青金桔中可溶性总酚、总黄酮释放,提升消化相关酶抑制活性,其可作为青金桔加工的一种有效手段。

高效液相色谱测定青金桔中19种酚类物质方法的研究

为探究青金桔果实中酚类及柠檬苦素的组成及含量,本研究利用高效液相色谱法建立了一套同时测定青金桔中19种酚类及柠檬苦素含量的方法,并测定了海南青金桔不同部分(果皮、果肉及果汁)中酚类及柠檬苦素的含量。结果表明:该检测方法检出限为0.052~2.344μg/mL、定量限为0.173~7.813μg/mL,且线性浓度范围内相关系数较好(0.993~0.999);各标准物质保留时间及峰面积的RSD分别为0.01%~0.32%、0.84%~4.74%,回收率为95.54%~101.64%,RSD为0.11%~4.83%,表明该方法检测精密度良好,具有较好的定性、定量作用;稳定性及重复性RSD在3.79%以内,表明该法稳定性及重复性较好。青金桔果实中主要的多酚化合物为:根皮素-3′,5′-二-C-β-葡萄糖苷、橙皮苷、新西兰牡荆苷、圣草次苷、牡荆素-2″-O-鼠李糖苷;其中根皮素-3′,5′-二-C-β-葡萄糖苷在果皮中含量高达3053.667 mg/100 g,显著高于其他酚类物质。果皮中酚类化合物和柠檬苦素含量及种类多于果肉。

自然发酵青金桔果浆中主要有机酸检测方法的建立及其含量变化

为探究青金桔自然发酵过程中有机酸含量变化情况,该文利用高效液相色谱建立发酵青金桔中7种有机酸的检测方法,测定其含量随发酵时间的变化情况,并利用非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析和聚类分析对有机酸变化规律进行分析,探讨自然发酵对青金桔果浆滋味变化的影响。结果表明,7种有机酸在标准曲线浓度范围内的线性关系优异,检测限0.114~0.416μg/mL,定量限0.393~1.388μg/mL,精密度峰面积相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)在6.72%以内,保留时间RSD在0.12%以内,加标回收率为93.29%~102.74%,稳定性、重复性试验RSD均在3.67%以内。自然发酵使7种有机酸含量明显改变,0~56 d的发酵期可分为3个阶段,即0~7 d发酵初期、10~35 d发酵稳定期、42~56 d发酵后期。发酵初期有机酸总量逐渐增加,柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸、乙酸、琥珀酸含量明显增加,青金桔果浆酸味口感增强;发酵稳定期柠檬酸、酒石酸等含量变化趋于稳定,青金桔果浆口感丰富度和口感温和度增加;发酵后期柠檬酸、酒石酸含量均呈现明显降低,酸味与苦味得到改善,口感丰富度进一步增强。综上,自然发酵可明显改变青金桔中有机酸含量,并对改善其滋味具有促进作用。

濒危植物细果秤锤树果实浸提液化感作用

为探究细果秤锤树化感作用,用细果秤锤树果实的浸提液对白菜种子进行萌发试验。浸提液分别设置为25、50、75、100 g/L 4种浓度梯度,同时以蒸馏水为对照(CK),对白菜种子进行培养,测定其发芽率、发芽势,10 d后测定幼苗茎长、根长、鲜重等指标,并分析细果秤锤树果实浸提液对其生长的影响。结果表明:各浓度梯度的浸提液对白菜种子发芽率影响不显著,但随着浸提液浓度的升高,发芽势显著降低(P<0.05);幼苗生长指标随着浓度升高而呈现不同趋势。其中,白菜根长在各浓度梯度浸提液影响下均表现出抑制作用,且随着浸提液浓度的升高抑制作用越明显;幼苗茎长则随着浸提液浓度升高表现为促进;白菜幼苗鲜重与CK相比无显著差异。

小果博落回生物碱对几种农业害虫的生物活性

为确定小果博落回生物碱的杀虫作用方式和杀虫谱,室内测定小果博落回生物碱对粘虫3龄幼虫、菜青虫5龄幼虫、小菜蛾3龄幼虫、棉铃虫3龄幼虫、桃蚜和麦二叉蚜无翅成虫的杀虫活性.结果表明,小果博落回生物碱对试虫具有拒食、胃毒和杀卵等多种作用方式.其中,对粘虫、菜青虫和小菜蛾48h AFC50值和96h LC50值分别为0·265、0·557、0·543g·L-1和0·106、0·123、0·166g·L-1;对桃蚜和麦二叉蚜有较高的触杀作用,48hLC50值分别为0·362、0·710g·L-1;对棉铃虫3龄幼虫具有一定的生长发育抑制作用,7d的生长抑制率为69·5%(5g·L-1);此外,对粘虫还具有一定的杀卵作用,5d的卵孵化率和幼虫存活率仅为58·8%和22·6%(2·5g·L-1).

RP-HPLC法同时测定小果博落回中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量

目的 :测定小果博落回中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量。方法 :反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱 :KromasilC18柱 ,流动相 :乙腈 0 .1%磷酸水溶液 ( 2 5∶75 ) ,检测波长 :2 70nm ,流速 1.0ml·min-1。结果 :白屈菜红碱、血根碱的回收率分别为90 .2 % ,92 .8% ;RSD分别为 1.5 % ,2 .4 %。结论 :为测定小果博落回中生物碱含量提供了准确、灵敏、可靠的分析方法。

小果博落回的生物碱分离与鉴定(英文)

以D101大孔吸附树脂为吸附剂,将对小果博落回全草的酸水提取物分为50%乙醇洗脱部分和丙酮洗脱部分。对两部分洗脱物分别进行硅胶柱色谱分离,由50%乙醇洗脱部分得到5个生物碱:二氢血根碱(1),二氢白屈菜红碱(2),6-乙氧基血根碱(3),6-丙酮基血根碱(4)和Bocconarborine A(5)。由丙酮洗脱部分得到原阿片碱(6),α-别隐品碱(7),β-别隐品碱(8)和小檗红碱(9)。采用波谱分析对化合物进行了结构表征,结果表明,化合物3、4、5、9是首次从该植物中分离得到。