Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

Design of a Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition System for Ground Weather Observations: Evaluation of Radio Refractivity of Air

A meteorological data acquisition system is built using a PIC16F877A microcontroller and electric output-based sensors. This system is programmed in C language using the PCWH compiler. It is smart, accurate, cheap, small, light and easily movable. It is designed to automatically get instantaneous measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. Depending on their utilisation, these measurements are collected with repetition rate tuneable from one minute to one hour. They are displayed on LCD screen and transferred to a personal computer where they are stored and processed. As an application, such data are recorded in situ and used to estimate the radio refractivity of air near the ground in real time. This parameter is necessary to account for the propagation of radiofrequency waves through the lower atmosphere, during wireless transmissions.

Development of a Microcontroller Based DC Motor Speed Control System

This work reports the development of a microcontroller based control system to change the speed?of?a DC motor. Pulse Width Modulation?(PWM)?technique was used to control the amount of power delivered to the load (the DC motor) without dissipating any wasted power. The components and assembly of this microcontroller circuit are highlighted in this paper, and the constructed circuit tested. This device was used to control the speed of a rotating fan attached to a DC motor. The DC motor speed variations were read from a Tachometer connected to this motor and the results obtained show good agreement with our expectations. DC Motor speed microcontroller devices find applications in many areas of life, and its applications in small scale industrial settings will no doubt enhance the quest for development in a developing nation like ours.

Microcontroller Design Based on Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy Architecture

Redundancy control can effectively enhance the stability and robustness of a system.Based on the conventional redundancy control switchover and majority arbitration strategy,this paper introduces the concept of heterogeneity and dynamics,constructs a dynamic heterogeneous redundancy-based microcontroller architecture DHR-MCU,and designs a fixed-leader distributed consensus algorithm that satisfies the program running state control of this architecture.The theoretical analysis and actual measurement of the prototype system prove that this architecture has good anti-attack and self-recovery capabilities under normal functions and performances and meets the general robust features in terms of safety and security.

A Continuous Health Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Array Using Arduino Microcontroller

In this paper new technique is developed to monitor the health status of the PV panels in the array. For finding the health status short circuit current is measured continuously over a fixed time period. This technique can classify the health status into four categories such as Healthy, Low Fault, Medium Fault and High Fault. By this classification faulty operation can be rectified and power generation may be improved. In case of high faults, PV panels can be protected. The cost requirement for the implementation is very low. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB Simulation and hardware. The array considered in this paper is 2 × 2 Series Parallel.

Design and Implementation of Smart Power Voltage and Frequency Synchroniser in Power Distribution System

Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs. Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222 V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and frequency effects on customer appliances.

Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Embedded System for Vehicular Collusion Detection and Alert

The efficacy of an automated collision detection system is contingent upon the caliber and volume of data at its disposal. In the event that the data is deficient, incongruous, or erroneous, it has the potential to generate erroneous positive or negative outcomes, thereby compromising the system’s credibility. The occurrence of false positives is observed when the system erroneously identifies genuine activity as collusion. The phenomenon of false negatives arises when the system is unable to identify instances of genuine collusion. Collusion detection systems are required to handle substantial volumes of data in real time, capable of analyzing relationships between different objects. The intricate nature of collusion can pose difficulties in devising and executing efficient systems for its detection. The present study proposes an automated anti-collision system that utilizes sensor devices to detect objects and activate an alert mechanism in the event that the vehicle approaches the object in close proximity. The study introduces a novel methodology for mitigating vehicular accidents by implementing a combined system that integrates collision detection and alert mechanisms. The proposed system comprises an ultrasonic sensor, a microprocessor, and an alarm system. The sensor transmits a signal to the microcontroller, which in turn sends a signal to the warning unit. The warning unit is designed to prevent potential accidents by emitting an audible warning signal through a buzzer. Additionally, the distance information is displayed on an LCD screen. The Proteus Design Suite is utilized for simulation purposes, while Arduino.cc is employed for implementation.

Intelligent 3-Way Priority-Driven Traffic Light Control System for Emergency Vehicles

The problem of traffic congestion is a significant phenomenon that has had a substantial impact on the transportation system within the country. This phenomenon has given rise to numerous intricacies, particularly in instances where emergency situations occur at traffic light intersections that are consistently congested with a high volume of vehicles. This implementation of a traffic light controller system is designed with the intention of addressing this problem. The purpose of the system was to facilitate the operation of a 3-way traffic control light and provide priority to emergency vehicles using a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor and Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Architecture Based Microcontroller. This research work involved designing a system to mitigate the occurrence of accidents commonly observed at traffic light intersections, where vehicles often need to maneuver in order to make way for emergency vehicles following a designated route. The research effectively achieved the analysis, simulation and implementation of wireless communication devices for traffic light control. The implemented prototype utilizes RFID transmission, operates in conjunction with the sequential mode of traffic lights to alter the traffic light sequence accordingly and reverts the traffic lights back to their normal sequence after the emergency vehicle has passed the traffic lights.

Design of Intelligent Agricultural Greenhouse Environment Monitoring System

Aiming at the problem of greenhouse environmental information collection in agricultural production,this paper designs a greenhouse monitoring system based on STM32 microcontroller.The system uses STM32F103 series MCU as the main control unit,which is used to receive the detection results of the sensor.The host computer software displays and processes the monitoring data.The temperature and humidity sensors monitor air temperature and humidity.The capacitive soil moisture detection sensor monitors soil moisture.The carbon dioxide sensor monitors the concentration of carbon dioxide.The photosensitive sensor monitors light intensity.This design has low hardware cost and high data acquisition accuracy,which can be applied to the actual greenhouse agricultural production and has wide practicability.

STM32-based Health Monitoring System for Infants and Toddlers

In order to allow the guardians to monitor the physiological parameters of the infant more intuitively and to be able to respond to sudden irregularities in the pulse rate,abnormal blood oxygen,high or low body temperature and other conditions,and to facilitate communication with the medical staff or to request assistance in treatment,an STM32 microcontroller-based infant health monitoring system is designed.The digital signal acquisition module for pulse,blood oxygen and body temperature acquire the raw data,and the microcontroller performs algorithmic processing to display the physiological parameters such as pulse,blood oxygen and body temperature of the infant,and configures the threshold alarms for the physiological parameters by means of a keypad module.Finally,the test results are compared and tested against the standard physiological parameters of infants and children to verify that the system meets the requirements of medical precision and accuracy.

基于ArchC进行嵌入式Microcontroller设计研究

介绍了一种实用的以SystemC为基础的体系结构描述语言(ADL)—ArchC,首先简单对ArchC软件工具包进行了说明,接着重点介绍了以ArchC为工具进行Microcontroller设计的原理和简单流程,并说明了其关键技术,最后作了一个简单的总结.

Intelligent Temperature Control System Design Based on Single-Chip Microcomputer

A design method of an intelligent temperature control system based on single-chip microcomputer is presented in this paper. The intelligent temperature control system is divided into four parts: monitor,heater,controlled process and feedback loop. Among them,the temperature detection circuit is designed with the conductivity of water by sensor detection. The optical coupler MOC3041 is used to implement the power control circuit,whose control object is 1 kW electric heater with the 220 V alternating current power; keyboard and display circuit SMC1602A include four buttons and LCD display to achieve human-computer interaction; Based on single-chip system STC89C52,the sensor signal and keyboard set target temperature are compared to the power automatically in order to finish the water temperature control. Through the static and dynamic data testing,the results show that the proposed method provides an effective way to realize the real-time acquisition and control of temperature.

Design and development of a plastic scintillator based whole body β/γ contamination monitoring system

Plastic scintillation detectors based whole body β/γ contamination monitors are developed for use in radiation facilities.This microcontroller-based multi-detector system uses 13 plastic scintillator detectors,with minimized dead detection zones,monitoring the whole body,and conforming to the contamination limit prescribed by the regulatory authority.This system has the features for monitoring hands,feet,head,and faceβ/γusing contamination monitors and portal exit monitors.It can detect gamma sources at a dose rate of 10 n Gyh^(-1).The system is calibrated using b sources^(90)Sr/^(90)Y,^(204)Tl,and^(36)Cl,and the efficiency is found to be 29%,22%,and 18%,respectively.Theminimumdetectableβ/γcontaminationis0.15 Bqcm^(-2),which is significantly less than the minimum detection objectives on head,face,hands,and feet.

Fire-Detectors Review and Design of an Automated, Quick Responsive Fire-Alarm System Based on SMS

In this work a review of existing fire-detector types has been carried out along with the development of a low cost, portable, and reliable microcontroller based automated fire alarm system for remotely alerting any fire incidents in household or industrial premises. The aim of the system designed is to alert the distant property-owner efficiently and quickly by sending short message (SMS) via GSM network. A Linear integrated temperature sensor detects temperature beyond preset value whereas semiconductor type sensor detects presence of smoke or gas from fire hazards. The sensor units are connected via common data line to ATMega8L AVR microcontroller. A SIM300CZ GSM kit based network module, capable of operating in standard GSM bands, has been used to send alert messages. The system is implemented on printed circuit board (PCB) and tested under different experimental conditions to evaluate its performances.

A Universal Object Oriented Expert System Frame Work for Fault Diagnosis

The paper presents a universal fault diagnostic expert system frame work. The frame work is characterized by two basic features. The first includes a fault diagnostic strategy which utilizes the fault classification and checks knowledge about unit under test. The degree of accuracy to which faults are located is improved by using fault classification knowledge. The second characteristic is object oriented inference mechanism using message passing. Object orientation in inference mechanism improved inference efficiency. The developed framework demonstrates its effectiveness and superiority compared to earlier approaches using case studies.

The Features of Microcontroller EM78P447 and Technique of Port Connection with I^2C Series Bus

By describing the technique of port connection and flow chart ofR/W operation between 24LC01, serial E2PROM, and EM78P447A, features of EM78P447 and its connection with I2C serial bus are introduced. In the end, the programe of writing operation is given.

A Programmable Timing System for Debating Training and Competitions

A piece of equipment designed under a multi-disciplinary project in Shandong University of Science and Technology is described.The purpose is to indicate speech-time status to speakers in debates by presenting a three-light output The speech length may be programmed by the user with a combination of buttons and LCD display.The system is portable and microcontroller-based,using on-chip timers for accurate measurement of durations.

Reducing Power and Energy Consumption of Nonvolatile Microcontrollers with Transparent On-Chip Instruction Cache

Demands for low-energy microcontrollers have been increasing in recent years. Since most microcontrollers achieve user programmability by integrating nonvolatile (NV) memories such as flash memories for storing their programs, the large power consumption required in accessing an NV memory has become a major problem. This problem becomes critical when the power supply voltage of NV microcontrollers is decreased. We can solve this problem by introducing an instruction cache, thus reducing the access frequency of the NV memory. Unlike general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers used for real-time applications in embedded systems must accurately calculate program execution time prior to its execution. Therefore, we introduce a “transparent” instruction cache, which does not change the existing NV microcontroller’s cycle-level execution time, for reducing power and energy consumption, but not for improving the processing speed. We have conducted detailed microar chitecture design based on the architecture of a major industrial microcontroller, and we evaluated power and energy consumption for several benchmark programs. Our evaluation shows that the proposed instruction cache can successfully reduce energy consumption in a fairly wide range of practical NV microcontroller configurations.

Design and Implementation of Electronic Control Trainer with PIC Microcontroller

This paper describes the implementation of a PIC microcontroller in a conventional laboratory-type electronic trainer. The work comprises software for the PIC and hardware for the software. The PIC controller uses an EasyPIC6 board and includes a PC-interfaced programmer for the PIC chip. It has many external modules: 128 × 64 graphic LCD display, 2 × 16 LCD display, 4 × 4 keypad, and port expander, all in the same bench. The trainer is capable of 36 experiments in logic/analogue electronic and control systems. A 5-sided approximate sensor, two photoelectric sensors (BR56-DDT-P and BEN9M-TFR), four CMOS, four BCD-7-segment driven by CD4511B, two relays (2-pole and 3-pole), six voltages, ammeter measurement, DC motor, and 24VDC power supply, connect through connectors and pinions. Results of all the experiments show the trainer satisfying requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate projects involving conventional electronic and classical control systems.

Microcontroller-Based Sinusoidal Voltage Generation for Electrical Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy Applications

A sinusoidal voltage wave generator is proposed based on the use of micro-processor digital signals with programmable duty-cycles, with application to real-time Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Spectroscopy (ECIS) assays in cell cultures. The working principle relies on the time convolution of the programmed microcontroller (μC) digital signals. The expected frequency is easily tuned on the bio-impedance spectroscopy range [100 Hz, 1 MHz] thanks to the μC clock frequency selection. This system has been simulated and tested on the 8 bits μC ArduinoTM Uno with ATmega328 version. Results obtained prove that only three digital signals are required to fit the general specification in ECIS experiments, below 1% THD accuracy, and show the appropriateness of the system for the real-time monitoring of this type of biological experiments.