A socioeconomic approach to the profile of microcredit holders from the Hispanic minority in the USA

The subject of this study is the microcredit market in the USA,more specifically in Florida.The justification for choosing this specific state is the massive presence of the Hispanic population.This will facilitate a generalization of the obtained results to the microcredit market in Latin American countries.Thus,the objective of this study is to analyze the profile of microcredit holders and their companies from socioeconomic and financial points of view.As our data also consider the degree of repayment of the microloans included in the sample,the clients’profile is related to the punctuality or default of their corresponding loan repayments using the methodology of multi-nomial logit regression.The variables used in this study refer to personal information concerning borrowers(gender,age,education level,and marital status),the economic situation of their respective companies(closeness to the lender,number of workers,and revenues),and the characteristics of granted loans(principal,term,and purpose).However,the results of the regression show that only two variables are significant at the 5%significance level:the borrower’s age,which has a positive effect on repay-ment punctuality,and the loan term,which exhibits a negative effect.The findings of this study have clear implications,as they can help lenders design suitable microloans adjusted to customer profiles.Finally,future research should include other demograph-ics and characteristics of affected companies.

Determinants of loan repayment among agricultural microcredit finance group members in Delta state, Nigeria

Background:This study examined the determinants of loan repayment among microcredit finance group members in Delta State,Nigeria.Methods:To capture the determinants of loan repayment in the study area,a total of 48 microcredit groups and 300 microcredit group members were randomly selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique.The study data was collected by questionnaire.Statistical tools such as simple descriptive statistics(table,frequency,percentage and mean)and a multiple regression analysis were used to examine the data.Results:The results indicate that females form a greater proportion of the study area microcredit group members at 70%,moreover 73%of the respondents have a household size of between 6 to 10 persons.These findings revealed that the groups had a mean 8 years of existence with a mean membership size of 13 persons.Further,an average interest rate of 40 percent per annum was charged on loans,with mean loan duration of 6 months.The regression’s result demonstrated that the determinants of the group member’s loan repayment included the group member’s age,household size,house income,and educational level,the amount of credit received,length of stay in their locality,distance to the credit source,supervision and disbursement lag.Conclusion:Therefore it was suggested that the various agricultural microcredit finance groups should carefully examine the significant determinants of loan repayment for the approach’s viability and sustainability and for optimum repayment performance.

Is Microcredit Targeted to Poor People？ Evidences From a Cambodian Microfinance Institution

This study extends research on the social performance of microfinance institutions. The research methodology is based on Grameen Progress out of Poverty IndexTM （PPITM） for Cambodia applied to a sample of borrowers randomly extracted from a Cambodian microfinance institution＇s loan portfolio. Dataset has been directly collected through in-house interviews. Main questions discussed here are： （1） Is microcredit targeted to poor people？ （2） Has the poverty rate of the sample changed in last six months？ and （3） What percentage of male vs. female clients is poor？ We found an average poverty likelihood of about 8.1%, estimated at the day of the interview, steady over a period of six months and not statistically different between male and female borrowers. This evidence might be related to business geographical location or targeting. Actually, PPI too much relies on asset ownership rather than on cash flows and saving capacity. Despite the general wisdom microcredit is targeted to the ＂poorest among the poor people＂, this is utterly consistent with a sound and safe （micro）banking activity, aimed at sustainable results. Here comes a call for a triple bottom line performance evaluation on microflnance institutions： economic, social and environmental effects of their activities

Microcredit as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction： A Case Study of the Sudan

Sudan is among those developing countries characterized by high incidence of poverty in spite of its prodigious resource endowments. Sudan government has continued to introduce programmes aiming at alleviation of poverty which were generally characterized by a lack of effectiveness. The traditional approach towards poverty reduction centered on national development programmes designed to enhance economic growth and improve standards of living. In addition, the Islamic institution of Zakat was utilized to help poor families start income-generating projects. However, recently, a more ambitious poverty-focused microcredit programme was laid forth. Thus, billions of dollars were earmarked for microcredit to help the poor obtain investible resources which can be directed towards starting income-generating projects. This paper argues that today, there is no shortage of funds earmarked for microfinance in Sudan. But the prevailing institutional inadequacies would not allow such substantial outlays to have much impact on poverty reduction. This paper reviews the history of microcredit and microfinance in the country, highlights the roles of different institutions in provision of microcredit, attempts to figure out its possible policy outputs, and finally makes some suggestions to overcome the evident shortcomings.

An Inside View of Microcredit in Panama： The Financial Investment in MFIs

The idea of this survey on microfinance in Panama arises from the importance of this financial sector in Latin America, in particular this paper analyzes the system of microcredit and estimate, among other things, the financial needs of the institutions of microcredit as a potential target of international investment. The present paper aims to provide a cognitive framework on microcredit in Panama. It wants to demonstrate how this country can be an area in which international investors can operate considering that this form of credit can improve their yields especially in countries, such as Panama, characterized by high interest rates. Under the methodological point of view, the paper considers the financial variables of microcredit in Panama. In this way, it reaches the goal of the research to identify MFIs （micro finance institutions） as a potential target of investors.

Application of Credit Scoring Models in the Analysis of Insolvency of a Brazilian Microcredit Institutio

Credit scoring models are quantitative models used commonly by financial institutions in the measurement and forecasting of credit risk, having a consolidated use in the process of credit concession of these institutions. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the possibility of application of credit scoring models in a microcredit institution named Fundo Rotativo de A~~o da Cidadania--Cred Cidadania （Revolving Fund of Citizenship Action--Cred Cidadania）, located in Recife （Brazil）. In order to do this, data related to a sample of clients of the Cred Cidadania was collected, and this data was used to develop two types of credit scoring models： one is credit approval, another is called behavioral scoring. The statistical technique applied in the construction of the models was logistic regression. The results of the study demonstrated that the credit scoring models obtain satisfactory performance when used in the analysis of credit risk in the Cred Cidadania microcredit institution, reaching a correct client classification percentile of about 80%. The results also indicate that the use of credit scoring models supplies subsidies to the institution, aiding it in the prevention and reduction of insolvency and in the decrease of its operational costs, two problems that affect their financial sustainability.

Role of self-help groups on socioeconomic development and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)among rural women in Cooch Behar District,India

This study examines the transformative role of self-help groups(SHGs)in the socioeconomic development of rural women in Cooch Behar District,India,and their contribution toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)of the United Nations.In this study,we explored the effect of SHGs on rural women by specifically addressing SDGs,such as no poverty(SDG 1),zero hunger(SDG 2),good health and well-being(SDG 3),quality education(SDG 4),and gender equality(SDG 5).Given this issue,a cross-sectional survey and comparison analyses are needed to assess the socioeconomic development of rural women and their awareness level before and after the participation of rural women in SHGs.The survey conducted as part of this study was divided into three sections,namely,demographic characteristics,socioeconomic development,and awareness level,with each focusing on different aspects.A group of 400 individuals who were part of SHGs completed the questionnaire survey form.The results showed that the participation of rural women in SHGs significantly improved their socioeconomic development and awareness level,as supported by both mean values and t test results.Memberships in SHGs and microcredit programs were the major elements that boosted the socioeconomic development of rural women,which also achieves SDGs 1,2,3,4,and 5.This study revealed that participation in SHGs and related financial services significantly aided rural women in economically disadvantaged communities in accumulating savings and initiating entrepreneurial ventures.Moreover,participation in SHGs was instrumental in enhancing the self-confidence,self-efficacy,and overall self-esteem of rural women.Finally,doing so enabled them to move more freely for work and other activities and to make family and common decisions.

新时期小额信贷与相对贫困治理:理论逻辑与案例证据

国际上小额信贷扶贫面临着金融机构“寻租、财务不可持续、腐败”和借款人“利率高、过度负债”等问题,而中国2014年创新设计的扶贫小额信贷对“支持贫困群众发展生产发挥了重要作用,要继续坚持”。进入全面建成小康社会的新时期,扶贫小额信贷转为脱贫人口小额信贷,目标由“解决绝对贫困”转向“缓解相对贫困、推进共同富裕”。从理论上分析新时期小额信贷管理制度改革、服务方式创新对相对贫困的影响,发现:新时期小额信贷一方面通过管理制度改革化解现实困境,包括通过转变支持对象、规范贷款用途化解“过度需求”“借款者金融素养缺乏”等问题,通过改革贷款利率、放宽贷款金额限制化解“财务难以可持续”难题,增加信贷供给;另一方面通过服务方式数字化转型缓解“财务难以可持续”难题,提升服务质量,增加信贷供给,优化风险管理,进而缓解收入、机会、能力和主观维度的相对贫困。利用宁夏回族自治区盐池县小额信贷数据进行案例分析,发现:盐池县在落实新时期小额信贷相关政策的基础上,通过建立整村授信数据库、实施网格化管理和动态监测等创新举措,促使相对贫困群体“贷得到”“用得好”“还得上”小额信贷,显著缓解了相对贫困。因此,应继续坚持新时期小额信贷,改革优化管理制度,利用数字技术优化服务,推动其在支持相对贫困群体发展中继续发挥重要作用。

中国微型金融机构的制度演进、发展状况与动态趋势

基于对中国微型金融的历史回溯与概念重构,构建服务覆盖广度(地理渗透性)、金融服务深度、运营可持续性多维观测指标,科学研判2008—2018年间新型农村金融机构与小额贷款公司发展状况与动态趋势,进而探究微型金融发展的区域差异特征与现实障碍。研究发现:其间,微型金融机构的普惠性功能完善情况较好,不同区域金融包容性明显提升,但其自身运营可持续性延续下行趋势;新型农村金融机构经营发展的稳定性整体优于小额贷款公司。当前,亟需完善微型金融相关政策支持与法律法规体系,因地制宜推动金融业务多元化发展,强化风险预警与处置手段,加强信息披露,建立评级机制,夯实微型金融机构可持续发展基础。

小额信贷机构愿意继续帮扶脱贫户吗?——基于政银关联和委托代理的调查与实证分析

从政银关联和委托代理关系视角分析小额信贷机构(MFI)对脱贫户帮扶意愿形成的理论逻辑,基于小额信贷机构帮扶意愿的现状调查与分析,利用Ologit排序模型对影响MFI帮扶意愿的主要因素进行实证分析。结果表明:以所有权和管理控制权为基础的政银关系和信贷帮扶机制中的委托代理关系,是影响MFI对脱贫户帮扶意愿的主要因素;MFI的帮扶意愿程度总体较低,但农村金融机构的帮扶意愿高于商业银行,且传统农村金融机构高于新型农村金融机构;政银合作和信贷帮扶激励会显著推动MFI对脱贫户的帮扶,脱贫人口小额信贷风险会显著降低MFI的帮扶意愿,而帮扶效果和扶贫小额信贷的可持续性对推动帮扶具有积极作用。基于此,应明确MFI的社会责任,进一步优化小额信贷政策的激励机制,针对不同类型的MFI实施差异化的激励和约束政策,提高脱贫户的生产创收能力和信用意识。

Microcredit on Trial

To control the risks of China's newborn microcredit companies, banking regulatory departments should enact supervisory measures as soon as possible For Lei Jinkui, the biggest fear for the future is a lack of experience and capital. The board chairman of Rishengchang Co., a microcredit company in Pingyao County in Shanxi Province, Lei said his company limits the number of employees

县域小额信贷发展的共同富裕效应研究

解决好“三农”问题是落实乡村振兴战略和推动共同富裕的关键。本文以小额信贷这一金融工具为例,从农民收入、家庭收入及城市创业等视角考察了小额信贷的共同富裕效应。结果表明:①在农民收入方面,小额信贷能够提高县域农民纯收入、降低贫困发生的概率,有助于农村脱贫攻坚,促进全体人民共同富裕;②在家庭收入方面,小额信贷能对家庭收入中土地出租收入起正向作用,表明小额信贷可以提高农村家庭经营性收入,有助于推进乡村振兴,扎实推动共同富裕;③在创业方面,小额信贷能够促进城市创业,有助于发挥民营企业在促进共同富裕中的作用。本文研究将为助力共同富裕提供小额信贷方面的经验证据和理论依据。

民族地区“多层级协同治理”的结构特征与内在逻辑——以广西壮族自治区L县扶贫小额信贷实施为例

扶贫小额信贷是一种有效的扶贫到户形式,能缓解贫困人口资金匮乏的困境,激发他们的内生发展动力。以广西壮族自治区L县扶贫小额信贷实施为个案,通过深度访谈和非参与观察发现:在纵向上,L县将扶贫小额信贷目标分解,然后通过科层组织体系逐级下压给各乡镇政府和行政村,实行科层治理;在横向上,通过建立贷款贴息、风险补偿和利益联结等机制,L县政府、各乡镇政府和行政村又将农信机构、龙头企业、帮扶联系人和建档立卡贫困户等利益相关方等纳入治理主体的范畴,分别在县、乡镇和行政村这三个层面上开展协同治理。纵向科层治理与横向层面上的协同治理交叉,形成了一种“多层级协同治理”的模式,实现了“上下联动、左右协同”的治理效果。“多层级协同治理”既契合了中国单一制国家的结构逻辑,又契合了基层政府工具理性的逻辑,对推进乡村振兴和中国式现代化具有重要意义。

微型金融机构的效率权衡:财务效率与社会效率——以江苏省小额贷款公司为例

在微型金融机构的财务持续和社会拓展双重目标下,本文采用56家江苏省小额贷款公司的调查数据,使用DEA-Tobit方法分析了小额贷款公司的财务效率和社会效率的目标权衡。结果显示:(1)在经营策略和技术进步上,小额贷款公司的财务效率和社会的平均值基本等同,且效率值的数量分布相似,但经营规模上,财务效率的平均值小于社会效率,且其数量分布范围比社会效率更大;(2)金融发展对小额贷款公司的财务效率和社会效率均产生负向影响;(3)小额贷款公司的盈利能力、资产规模都有助于其财务效率和社会效率的提升,而支农广度仅对财务效率影响为负,但对社会效率的影响不明显。

扶贫小额信贷、农户收入与反贫困绩效

为了解决贫困户发展中的融资难问题,促进贫困人口脱贫致富,国务院扶贫办会同有关部门针对建档立卡贫困户出台了扶贫小额信贷特惠政策。扶贫小额信贷究竟能否达到减贫增收的目的?利用扶贫小额信贷的微观数据,运用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)和OLS回归模型考察扶贫小额信贷对贫困户增收的影响。研究发现,扶贫小额信贷促进了贫困户增收,尤其是女性及有资金需求的贫困户贷款者的增收效果。但是,随着时间的推移,扶贫小额信贷对贫困户增收的边际效应在减弱,这表明扶贫小额信贷的减贫作用有限。因此,还需要不断完善配套机制,通过成立农民专业合作社、发展农业保险、加强农户技能培训等,助力扶贫小额信贷持续增效,促进贫困户增收,实现全面小康目标。

普惠金融视角下的小额信贷问题、原因与对策建议

中国普惠金融下阶段发展重点是普惠融资。近年来,中小微企业的信贷获得情况改善很快,超八成的"小微"经营者认为贷款获取比3年前相比更加容易、便捷。但在规模扩张较快的同时,普惠信贷经营中的下沉风险加大、触达渠道匮乏、中小微企业信息紧约束等问题也日益凸显。并且,中小微经营者融资难、融资贵是世界性难题,其有融资需求者自身问题、金融供给不足、信息不对称严重等方面的原因,具有长期性和必然性。要从根本上改变和缓解这一问题,还需要利用金融科技,从获客网络、价值链重塑、支撑体系建设等方面加大信贷创新力度。

论森林资源资产抵押贷款的理论特征和实践意义

对森林资源资产抵押贷款的理论特征和实践意义进行规范研究。研究认为:森林资源资产抵押贷款可以有效盘活森林资源资产,实现森林资源资产的变现,在传统的林业公共财政投入体制外开辟出新的林农个人融资信贷平台。森林资源资产抵押贷款是林业融资领域的一项金融创新,目的是为最不发达的农业提供个人小额贷款。从促进农村生产力发展的角度来看,森林资源资产抵押贷款具有现实的革命意义。

小额贷款公司的运营效率及其影响因素——基于江苏227家农村小额贷款公司的实证分析

以江苏省227家农村小额贷款公司为研究样本,运用含有不良贷款作为"非期望"产出的DEA模型评估小额贷款公司运营效率,并采用Tobit模型实证分析小额贷款公司运营效率的影响因素。研究结果显示:资金规模、贷款利率对小额贷款公司的运营效率具有显著正向影响;小额贷款公司的贷款利率水平目前没有导致逆向选择;小额贷款公司贷款存在规模效应,多元化经营有利于其运营效率的提升;平均贷款额度与运营效率间存在倒U型关系。

农村金融的根本问题与现实选择

本文以2006-2007年对中国西部和中部12省区的农户调查所反映出的资金流出农村、正规金融机构不能满足农户信贷需求的现象进行了深入的分析,指出我国农村金融的根本问题是解决农村经济发展所需的资金问题。而在我国现阶段,农村正规金融机构"离农"有其必然性。应该以发展的观点看待农村金融。农村金融的破题,离不开农村经济的发展。而目前的现实选择则是鼓励各种形式的金融组织在农村提供服务。

弱势群体帮扶中的金融创新研究——以台州市商业银行小额贷款为例

鉴于国内外经济金融环境的变化,通过金融创新使弱势群体尽可能享有平等的信贷服务机会已到了刻不容缓的阶段。然而,我国基层金融机构不仅存在严重的"失血"机制,更是缺乏与弱势群体金融需求相适应的信贷服务技术,成为制约其生存与发展难以逾越的障碍。台州市商业银行案例表明:在适当的制度安排下,小额贷款不仅能按照商业化可持续原则实现金融机构、弱势群体、政府等主体共赢,而且能使弱势群体具有更好的信用,承受较高的资金成本;弱势群体贫困问题的解除绝不能仅仅通过给予多少资金等"输血"式扶贫援助,更重要的是通过金融创新使其尽可能享有平等的信贷服务机会,进而促使帮扶产生"造血"功能;借鉴国外成功的小额贷款技术,通过本土化创新将原先经验化的操作模式固化成能够复制的标准化贷款技术并进行推广,是弱势群体获得金融可持续支持的现实选择。