Microencapsulation by Spray Drying of Vitamin A Palmitate from Oil to Powder and Its Application in Topical Delivery System

Vitamin A palmitate (VAP) contains retinol and palmitic acid which is easily absorbed by body and widely used in skin care products. But, it is a hydrophobic and oxidation sensitive molecule which undergoes rapid degradation especially in an aqueous environment. The purpose of this study was to prepare microcapsules of VAP using combination maltodextrin and modified starches. Emulsion of VAP was prepared using cremophore RH 40 with Tween 80 in a homogenizer and formed emulsion was spray-dried. The spray process was optimized using a central composite design for two variables to obtain microcapsules with desirable characteristics. Microcapsules containing 30% of VAP were produced using different concentration of wall materials. The prepared microcapsules were evaluated for their physical, morphological, in-vitro drug release and SEM study. The results showed that obtained microcapsules are nearly spherical in shape with a particle size ranged from 1 to 12 μm. The drug content and encapsulation efficiency (53% - 63%) of different batches were found within acceptable range. These stabilized drug loaded microcapsules were incorporated into silicone cream based formulation for convenient topical application and evaluated for its physicochemical parameters. The drug release study showed 80.18% to 83.43% of drug release from VAP microcapsules while topical formulations prepared by VAP microcapsules showed 67.09% to 71.45% drug release at the end of 24 hrs. The formulations were kept for 3 months stability study as per ICH guidelines and found to be stable.

Palm Oil Microencapsulation by Coacervation, Thin Layer Drying, and Silica Dioxide Absorption Technique

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. The content of β-carotene in palm oil, which can act as pro-vitamin A, is relatively high, so it has great potential for overcoming cases of vitamin A deficiency. By microencapsulation process of palm oil, β-carotene content in palm oil will be more stable and have a longer shelf life. There are three methods of microencapsulation used in this study, namely coacervation, thin-layer drying, and SiO2 absorption technique, which theoretically are suitable for encapsulating β-carotene in palm oil. The aim of this research is to compare and find the most suitable method of microencapsulation process of palm oil to obtain the highest β-carotene content and retention. Results show that those three methods are significantly different in affecting water absorption, solubility in water, yield, microencapsulation efficiency, β-carotene content, and retention of microencapsulated palm oil. The microencapsulated palm oil made from thin layer drying method has the highest β-carotene content at 200.16 μg/g and β-carotene retention of 68.89%. It also has low water absorption and high water solubility, so it can be applied as a powder premix in food as vitamin A supplement.

Coacervation Microencapsulation of CaCO₃Particles with a Fluoropolymer by Pressure-induced Phase Separation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solutions

We report a method for the coacervation micro-encapsulation of several forms of CaCO3 microparticles with the fluoropolymer poly(heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate) (poly (HDFDA)) by pressure-induced phase separation of a supercritical CO2 solution.? A suspension of CaCO3 in CO2 and dissolved poly(HDFDA) were mixed in supercritical CO2.? After the system pressure was slowly decreased to atmospheric pressure, the microcapsules were obtained.? Coacervation was achieved by the precipitation of poly(HDFDA) during the decrease in the pressure of CO2;the solubility of poly(HDFDA) in CO2 decreased with the pressure.? The structure and morphology of the microparticles were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped with a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscope (WDX).

Microencapsulation of Banana Passion Fruit (<i>Passiflora tripartita Var. Mollissima</i>): A New Alternative as a Natural Additive as Antioxidant

Banana passion fruit (P. tripartita var. Mollissima) is one of the most promising tropical fruits giving its antioxidant activity (AOA) to replace synthetic additives. Despite this property, there are no studies about the metabolites responsible for its biological function or proposals for the application of technologies, such as microencapsulation by spray drying, to improve its properties and ease its incorporation in several food matrices. The aim of this study is to microencapsulate the pulp of banana passion fruit with several mixtures of encapsulants and identify which one of these mixtures is better to preserve its AOA. The antioxidant activity values for the banana passion fruit pulp were as follows: DPPH: 6630.2 ± 91 μMtrolox/100g;ABTS: 18764.3 ± 270.4 μMtrolox/100g;FRAP: 1703.6± 938.2 mgAA/100g, ORAC: 8105.4 ± 424.2 μmol TEAC/100g of sample;Total phenols: 8862.2 ± 451.4 gallic ac. mg/100g. The concentrations of the bioactive compounds expressed in mg of gallic acid per 100 g of the pulp on a dry base were 13.9 ± 0.004;5.9 ± 0.001 and 126.3 ± 0.004 for caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively. The best shelf-life followed by ABTS in eight assays was between 28.8 and 31.5 weeks using maltodextrin and modified starch, MD:MS (1/4:3/4) and MD:MS (0:1), respectively. In conclusion, ABTS is the best method to measure the AOA in banana passion fruit because it correlated with the phenolic compounds better than DPPH and FRAP methods. Additionally, two options were found to protect the AOA and to extent the shelf-life of the passion fruit by spray-drying, with mixtures of encapsulants widely used in the food industry.

Microencapsulation of stearic acid with polymethylmethacrylate using iron(Ⅲ) chloride as photo-initiator for thermal energy storage

Aiming to identify the validity of fabricating microencapsulated phase change material(PCM) with polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA) by ultraviolet curing emulsion polymerization method using iron(III) chloride as photoinitiator,SA/PMMA microcapsules were prepared and various techniques were employed to determine the ignition mechanism,structural characteristics and thermal properties of the composite.The results shown that the microcapsules containing SA with maximum percentage of 52.20 wt% formed by radical mechanism and only physical interactions existed in the components both in the prepared process and subsequent use.The phase change temperatures and latent heats of the microencapsulated SA were measured as 55.3 °C and 102.1 J·g^(-1) for melting,and 48.8 °C and 102.8 J·g^(-1) for freezing,respectively.Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that SA/PMMA has good thermal durability in working temperature range.The results of accelerated thermal cycling test are all shown that the SA/PMMA have excellent thermal reliability and chemical stability although they were subjected 1000 melting/freezing cycles.In summary,the comparable thermal storage ability and good thermal reliability facilitated SA/PMMA to be considered as a viable candidate for thermal energy storage.The successful fabrication of SA/PMMA capsules indicates that ferric chloride is a prominent candidate for synthesizing PMMA containing PCM composite.

Nano-Microencapsulation and Controlled Release of Linoleic Acid in Biopolymer Matrices: Effects of the Physical State, Water Activity, and Quercetin on Oxidative Stability

In this study, linoleic acid (LA) was encapsulated in the presence or absence of quercetin into a dual polymer system of whey protein and kappa-carrageenan using power ultrasound. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and FlowCam imaging technology were used for imaging and size determination of nano-and micro-capsules. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the freeze-dried nanocapsules. In order to examine the effect of water activity (aw) on the release profile of the encapsulated LA, the nanocapsules were equilibrated over saturated salt solution conditions corresponding to the range of aw between 0.333 and 0.769 in evacuated desiccators at room temperature. Gravimetric measurements of the steady state linoleic acid (LA) contents were conducted. The anti-oxidant activity of quercetin and the stability of encapsulated LA toward long term and thermally induced rancidity was investigated. The capsules were in the nanosize regime and 83% of the LA was effectively encapsulated. Furthermore, at aw of 0.764, the highest percentage of LA (74%) was released from the expelling nanocapsules. Quercetin was found to exhibit protective antioxidant effect against time-dependent oxidation and thermally induced rancidity of LA. Water activity values of 0.662 and 0.764 provided ideal humidity and pressure conditions for sustained release of nanoencapsulated LA at room temperature.

Microencapsulation of L-Ascorbic Acid by Spray Drying Using Sodium Alginate as Wall Material

L-ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin (vitamin C) widely used as an additive in foods and cosmetics. It has high instability against certain environmental factors;the main cause of its deterioration is oxidation. Microencapsulation is an effective protection technique of L-ascorbic acid from its degradation reactions. This work is focused on the encapsulation of L-ascorbic acid by spray drying technique using sodium alginate as wall material. The microcapsules morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the encapsulation efficiency was determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Results showed that encapsulation efficiency was of 93.48% and after 30 days was of 92.55%;differences were not significant, so that the stability of L-ascorbic acid was not affected. Encapsulation yields obtained were low, at around 30%, but the microcapsules morphology obtained is spherical.

Microencapsulation of Lipase and Savinase Enzymes by Spray Drying Using Arabic Gum as Wall Material

Enzymes have been used in detergents over the years. They can improve the detergent’s efficiency due to their activities against hard stains. Nevertheless, enzymes cannot maintain their properties indefinitely, since they are exposed to stress factors, like temperature, pH, mechanical processes and others. Consequently, enzymes lose their structure and they are not functional. For this reason, microencapsulating these proteins is a feasible solution to improve their use in industrial processes and commercial products. Spray drying technology has been selected because a lot of scientific literature proved its useful application in a variety of industries. In particular, savinase and lipase are the two encapsulated enzymes in this work. Savinase attacks proteins and lipase removes fats, so they are suitable enzymes for detergent industry. Arabic gum has been used as wall material. Morphology, size and activity of the obtained microcapsules have been analyzed in order to find the best conditions to produce them. In conclusion, useful microcapsules of lipase and savinase can be obtained with the mentioned technology.

Acrocomia aculeata(Jacq.)Lodd.Oil Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation:Preservation of Bioactive Compounds

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. shows possibilities for pharmaceutical, food and chemical use. However, its application is limited due to the loss of its bioactive components. Microencapsulation may be an alternative to reduce such problems. A step-by-step optimization approach was used in this work for preservation of bioactive compounds. The applied technique to microencapsulate the Acrocomia aculeata oil was efficient, producing between 64% and 99% of microcapsules and 59% to 97% of encapsulated oil. In the experimental design, temperature was the parameter that significantly influenced the carotenoids of microcapsules. Complex coacervation helped to preserve carotenoids and the antioxidant activity, and an interaction between the temperature and the content was observed for such preservation.

Microencapsulation of Mixed Fetal Pituitary-Hypothalamic-Nigral Cells

With the microencapsulation technique for immunoisolation of transplanted tissues, a study on pituitary transplantation was performed in our lab. Mixed fetal pituitary hypothalamic nigral cells were microencapsulated and cultured to investigate the secretion of growth hormone (GH), prolactin(PRL) and PRL releasing function stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the medium. Rabbits were immunized with the encapsulated cells for 50 days. The results revealed that: ①GH, PRL could be secreted into medium through the capsules; ②PRL concentration augmented when TRH was added to the medium; ③No antibody against the fetal brain tissue could be detected in rabbit serum. These indicated that the material and the procedure of microencapsulation did not disturb the viability and function of encapsulated cells; the membrane of the microencapsulation was permeable to the pituitary hormones and hypothalamic factors, and had the function of immunoisolation.

微胶囊化技术生产粉状芝麻油的研究

为了防止芝麻油的氧化及沉淀,扩大芝麻油的用途,用乳化包埋的方法对芝麻油进行了微胶囊化研究,确定了产品的最佳生产工艺条件。试验结果表明:采用喷雾干燥法,以麦芽糊精、大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶为壁材,可制得高包埋率的芝麻油微胶囊产品;喷雾干燥法制备芝麻油微胶囊产品适宜的工艺参数为:进料温度55℃,进风温度170℃,出风温度75℃。

微胶囊相变材料改良粉砂土的导热系数及预测模型

【目的】针对季节冻土地区渠道冻融破坏,分析微胶囊相变材料(microencapsulated phase change materials,mPCM)改良粉砂土层渠基的温度场,对改良粉砂土的导热系数进行研究。【方法】以mPCM为改良剂,掺入渠基粉砂土形成mPCM改良粉砂土;对mPCM改良粉砂土进行导热系数实验和内部结构表征;采用多元线性回归和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法分别建立mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数预测模型。【结果】mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数与含水率、干密度、mPCM掺量有关,且受冰水相对含量、冰水相变潜热、mPCM相变潜热和mPCM填充密实作用的影响,具有明显的温度效应;mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数的变化与实验温度和mPCM相变温度有关,可分为快速降低、缓慢降低和逐步上升3个阶段;多元线性回归和SVM模型均能较好地拟合预测mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数,但SVM模型更适用于表征mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数各影响因素间的非线性关系。【结论】mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数提高能够有效调控渠基土温度场,减轻渠道冻害,且SVM模型能更加准确地进行导热系数预测。

微囊化猪肝细胞移植治疗大鼠急性肝衰的免疫隔离机制

目的:探讨微囊化猪肝细胞腹腔内移植对药物性肝衰大鼠的治疗作用,观察受体存活率、肝组织病理变化及大网膜的免疫隔离作用. 方法:以海藻酸钠-多聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠(APA)包裹乳猪肝细胞,体外观察APA微囊对NK细胞介导的细胞毒作用的隔离效果.D-氨基半乳糖腹腔内注射诱导大鼠急性肝衰竭,48 h后将微囊化的猪肝细胞移植于大鼠腹腔内,观察移植大鼠存活率,免疫组化法检测大鼠大网膜内CD4、CD8、IgG和IgM的表达. 结果:微囊可有效保护囊内K562细胞不受NK细胞的杀伤.与裸肝细胞移植组相比,微囊化乳猪肝细胞移植组大鼠存活率显著提高(1wk存活率78.6% vs 66.7%, P=0.0 046;2 wk存活率42.9% vs 25.0%,P=0.0027, P<0.01).大网膜CD4、CD8、IgG表达较弱(P=0.0 342、P=0.0 197及P=0.0 445,P<0.05),而IgM表达无明显差异(P>0.05). 结论:APA微囊可有效隔离抗体及淋巴细胞介导的体液和细胞免疫反应.微囊化异种肝细胞移植可治疗大鼠急性肝衰,给予肝功能代谢支持,提高移植治疗效果.

Microencapsulation improves inhibitory effects of transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells on pain after sciatic nerve injury

Olfactory bulb tissue transplantation inhibits P2X2/3 receptor-mediated neuropathic pain. However, the olfactory bulb has a complex cellular composition, and the mechanism underlying the action of purified transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells（OECs） remains unclear. In the present study, we microencapsulated OECs in alginic acid, and transplanted free and microencapsulated OECs into the region surrounding the injured sciatic nerve in rat models of chronic constriction injury. We assessed mechanical nociception in the rat models 7 and 14 days after surgery by measuring paw withdrawal threshold, and examined P2X2/3 receptor expression in L4–5 dorsal root ganglia using immunohistochemistry. Rats that received free and microencapsulated OEC transplants showed greater withdrawal thresholds than untreated model rats, and weaker P2X2/3 receptor immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia. At 14 days, paw withdrawal threshold was much higher in the microencapsulated OEC-treated animals. Our results confirm that microencapsulated OEC transplantation suppresses P2X2/3 receptor expression in L4–5 dorsal root ganglia in rat models of neuropathic pain and reduces allodynia, and also suggest that transplantation of microencapsulated OECs is more effective than transplantation of free OECs for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

多重包埋技术在微囊化姜黄素中的应用

姜黄素较差的溶解性和对氧化的高度敏感性,使其存在很大的应用局限,为此对多重包埋技术在微囊化姜黄素中的应用进行了研究。通过单因素试验,分析溶剂类别、溶解温度和时间以及油相蠕动泵频率、真空乳化机转速等因素对微囊化姜黄素产品的影响,确定了姜黄素最佳溶解工艺条件和一次包埋工艺条件;然后通过正交实验分析,针对产品感观质量和稳定性等因素,确定了合理的多重包埋技术微囊化姜黄素10%冷水溶性(Cold Water Solubility,CWS)产品配方。结果表明:最佳工艺条件是以丙酮作溶剂,溶解温度55℃、时间少于45 min,蠕动泵频率20 Hz,真空乳化机转速控制在15000 r/min;产品配方为12%姜黄素、25%聚乙二醇6000、3.5%吐温-60、35%辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠、4.5%dl-α生育酚、20%玉米淀粉。此项技术的应用很大程度上提高了姜黄素的水溶性、稳定性与生物利用度,拓宽了其应用范围和领域。

共封装硒肽和VE微胶囊制备及其理化特性

通过乳化-冷冻干燥联合技术构建微胶囊体系,以实现对具有不同极性的物质(亲水性硒肽和亲脂性VE)的稳态化共封装。以包埋率作为参考,通过单因素试验考察壁材浓度、硒肽和VE含量等工艺参数对包埋效果的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜图像表明微胶囊能够有效封装硒肽和VE,并且具有较好的水分散性,复溶后仍保持双重乳液结构。热稳定性分析和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除实验结果证实,相比于硒肽粉末,微胶囊具有更高的热稳定性和抗氧化活性。电子鼻分析结果进一步证实微胶囊体系对硒肽自身异味具有较好的遮掩效果。体外模拟消化实验表明,微胶囊封装提高了硒肽在模拟胃液中的稳定性,并且硒肽在模拟肠液具有更低的保留率,能够被有效释放。相关研究结论将为富硒功能性食品营养补充剂的开发提供理论依据。

复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊研究进展

海藻酸钠微胶囊制备的研究一直是微胶囊技术的重要组成部分。由海藻酸钠制成的益生菌胶囊有孔隙和裂缝,通过利用不同壁材与海藻酸钠组合形成复合海藻酸钠微胶囊,可对益生菌起到更有效的保护作用。本文概述了三类材料对海藻酸钠微胶囊复合的研究进展,包括添加益生元刺激益生菌增长,共混纳米材料来提升机械性能,利用涂层成膜材料减少外部物质进入或内部芯材渗透。总结不同包埋结构的优缺点,并对益生菌微胶囊包埋的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为复合海藻酸钠益生菌微胶囊的科学研究提供参考。

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular regulatory network underlying the prevention of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against LPS-induced salpingitis in laying hens

Background Salpingitis is one of the common diseases in laying hen production, which greatly decreases the economic outcome of laying hen farming. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was effective in preventing local or systemic inflammation, however rare studies were reported on its prevention against salpingitis. This study aimed to investigate the preventive molecular regulatory network of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(MLP) against salpingitis through multi-omics analysis, including microbiome, transcriptome and metabolome analyses.Results The results revealed that supplementation of MLP in diet significantly alleviated the inflammation and atrophy of uterus caused by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in hens(P < 0.05). The concentrations of plasma IL-2 and IL-10 in hens of MLP-LPS group were higher than those in hens of LPS-stimulation group(CN-LPS group)(P < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR2, MYD88, NF-κB, COX2, and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the hens fed diet supplemented with MLP and suffered with LPS stimulation(MLP-LPS group) compared with those in the hens of CN-LPS group(P < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes(DEGs) induced by MLP were involved in inflammation, reproduction, and calcium ion transport. At the genus level, the MLP supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium, whereas decreased the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas in LPS challenged hens(P < 0.05). The metabolites altered by dietary supplementation with MLP were mainly involved in galactose, uronic acid, histidine, pyruvate and primary bile acid metabolism. Dietary supplementation with MLP inversely regulates LPSinduced differential metabolites such as Lyso PA(24:0/0:0)(P < 0.05).Conclusions In summary, dietary supplementation with microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum prevented salpingitis by modulating the abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus_torques_group and Eubacterium_hallii_group while downregulating the levels of plasma metabolites, p-tolyl sulfate, o-cresol and N-acetylhistamine and upregulating S-lactoylglutathione, simultaneously increasing the expressions of CPNE4, CNTN3 and ACAN genes in the uterus, and ultimately inhibiting oviducal inflammation.

精油和有机酸复合微囊对仔猪生长性能、消化率及血清指标的影响

[目的]探究饲粮中添加精油和有机酸复合微囊对仔猪生长的影响,为精油和有机酸添加剂的开发及应用提供理论依据。[方法]选取90头52日龄的健康仔猪,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别在基础饲粮的基础上添加0.5和1.0 g/kg的精油和有机酸复合微囊。试验期为28 d,试验期间记录仔猪生长性能数据,并在试验结束后测定养分消化率、血清抗氧化及免疫指标。[结果]与对照组相比:(1)试验Ⅱ组仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重分别显著提高6.39%、15.63%,料重比显著降低0.15,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的腹泻率分别显著降低1.75、2.25百分点;(2)试验Ⅱ组仔猪血清总抗氧化能力和总超氧化物歧化酶活性分别显著提高10.44%、18.65%,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性分别显著提高6.63%、10.05%;(3)试验Ⅱ组仔猪对粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率分别显著提高3.10%、4.72%。[结论]在饲粮中添加1.0 g/kg的精油和有机酸复合微囊可提高仔猪的生长性能并降低其腹泻率,同时提高机体的抗氧化能力和养分消化率。