Research and practice of designing hydro/ photovoltaic hybrid power system in microgrid

Small-hydro power station is often used in remote areas beside a river,but it doesn't match electricity demand so well,especially in dry seasons. A photovoltaic (PV) system with battery is a suitable option to complement the electricity gap. In this paper,a new structure of megawatt-class PV system integrating battery at DC-bus (DC: direct current) is proposed to be used in hydro/PV hybrid power system,and 4 main designing considerations and several key equipments are discussed. In 2011,a 2 MWp PV station with the proposed structure was built up in Yushu,China. From stability analysis,the station shows a strong stability under load cut-in/off and solar irradiance's fluctuation.

Optimal Power Flow in Electrical Microgrids

This paper presents in the first place, the state of art relating to the methods to solve optimal power flows (OPF) and its application in electrical microgrids. Afterwards, a mathematical algorithm based on the gradient method is proposed for the application of OPF in a low power microgrid, in order to improve the voltages profiles and consequently reduce the active power losses. Finally, the proposed algorithm is implemented in a low power microgrid to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.

Power Quality Analysis in Microgrid: An Experimental Approach

Microgrid (MG) integrated with Distributed Generation (DG) provides several benefits like reliable, secure, and high efficient of energy supply, while minimizing power loss, deferring expansion of power distribution infrastructures, and reduced carbon emission of energy supply etc. to the communities. Despite of the several benefits, there are several challenges existing due to the integration of different characteristics and technology of DG sources in MG network. Power Quality (PQ) issue is one of the main technical challenges in MG power system. In order to provide improved PQ of energy supply, it is necessary to analyse and quantify the PQ level in MG network. This paper investigates the detail of PQ impacts in a real MG network carried out through an experimental analysis. Voltage and frequency variations/deviations are analysed in both on-grid and off-grid mode of MG operation at varying generation and varying load conditions. Similarly unbalance voltage and current level in neutral are estimated at unbalanced PV generation and uneven load distribution in MG network. Also current and voltage THD are estimated at different PV power level. Finally the results obtained from the analysis are compared to that of Australian network standard level.

Microgrid Optimal Scheduling

This paper presents the optimal scheduling of renewable resources using interior point optimization for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MG) that operate with no energy storage systems. The German Jordanian University (GJU) microgrid system is used for illustration. We present analyses for islanded and grid-connected MG with no storage. The results show a feasible islanded MG with a substantial operational cost reduction. We obtain an average of $1 k daily cost savings when operating an islanded compared to a grid-connected MG with capped grid energy prices. This cost saving is 10 times higher when considering varying grid energy prices during the day. Although the PV power is intermittent during the day, the MG continues to operate with a voltage variation that does not 10%. The results imply that MGs of GJU similar topology can optimally and safely operate with no energy storage requirements but considerable renewable generation capacity.

基于多目标协调的混合储能功率自适应分配方法

混合储能具有良好的功率可控特性,在孤岛微网中常被用作功率缓冲器,补偿分布式电源和负荷多变的功率潮流.围绕储能的功率响应问题,本文设计了混合储能的功率控制方案,并提出了一种基于多目标协调的子单元功率自适应分配方法.首先基于对母线功率供求平衡关系的分析,设计了主从并联型储能功率控制方案.其次利用积分器的“时空调零”特性,实现了子单元的功率自主分配;基于此,考虑了不同荷电状态(SOC)下储能最大充放电功率的差异,设计了子单元的SOC分层管理和多目标功率协调策略.仿真结果表明,所提策略实现的功率分配效果满足子单元的功率响应特性;随着超级电容SOCscn偏移加深,所提策略对SOCscn的优化能力越强,初始SOCscn为97%时能提高10.10%的优化性能,这保障了超级电容作为电压源的功率输出能力;所提策略降低了超级电容常态下的蓄电池的输出深度,蓄电池的最大功率深度降低了46.70%,这提高了蓄电池的使用寿命.

基于自适应虚拟电阻的低压微电网有功均分下垂控制策略

由于低压微电网中各分布式电源的线路阻抗不匹配,传统的下垂控制策略难以按照下垂系数合理分配有功功率。为此,提出一种无需通信的自适应虚拟电阻下垂控制方法。通过将微电网中每个分布式发电机(DG)单元输出的有功功率和电压传送给自适应虚拟电阻控制器中,在保证电压和频率稳定控制的前提下实现功率按逆变器容量比例进行精确分配。论文对改进方法的微电网逆变器进行小信号稳定性分析,以优化控制器有关控制参数。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

Smart Python Agents for Microgrids

Microgrids are revolutionary power systems that interconnect a mix of renewable power generation, load, storage systems, and inverters in a small-scale grid network. Operating microgrids while maintaining a consistent grid voltage and frequency during the islanding and disruption of renewables has been a challenging research problem. In this paper, a preliminary microgrid agent implementation is presented using SPADE (Smart Python Agent Development Environment) as a powerful development framework that has been used extensively in many application domains. Agents autonomously managed and operated microgrid individual components. A multiagent microgrid system was modeled to seamlessly operate and optimize energy balance by coordinating the actions of agents. Agents were built to forecast energy demand and solar power and coordinate to balance generation with load while maintaining optimal power flow and adequate network voltage and frequency.

考虑移动氢能存储的港口多能微网两阶段分布鲁棒优化调度

为有效应对海上风电固有的间歇及波动性给港口多能微网带来的不确定性风险,提出一种考虑移动氢能存储的港口多能微网两阶段分布鲁棒优化调度模型。首先,结合Wasserstein距离实现风电出力概率分布模糊集的精确刻画,并通过非参数核密度估计拟合海上风电预测误差概率分布,获得不同置信水平下风电出力区间及场景。其次,分析氢能船舶、汽车等移动氢能存储资源对间歇性风电出力的能源存储潜力,并结合用能心理、交通属性差异,将两者分别建模为激励型、价格型需求响应,实现港口移动氢能存储灵活性资源的高效聚合。再次,针对含移动氢能存储的港口多能微网,构建基于概率分布模糊集的日前-日内两阶段分布鲁棒优化调度模型,并运用线性决策规则与强对偶理论将其转换为混合整数线性规划模型求解。最后,基于海上风电实测数据进行仿真验证。结果证明,移动氢能存储可显著提升港口多能微网的低碳灵活性,所提模型在兼顾港口多能微网经济性的同时,可进一步保证风电不确定性风险下的鲁棒性。

交流微电网谐波功率分布式共享控制策略

交流母线电压的电能质量是微电网分布式控制的关键问题之一,该文将含逆变器接口的分布式发电机连接到微电网母线上,重点研究了含非线性负荷的微电网谐波功率共享问题。为了解决非线性负荷引起的电压畸变,设计了谐波下垂控制器和模型预测电压控制器,替代传统的电压电流双闭环控制。在此基础上,提出了一种基于有限集模型预测控制的分布式协同一致协议,使每个分布式发电单元的谐波功率在公共耦合点均匀分布。该方法可以提高微电网系统的可靠性和灵活性,防止电网扰动和馈线阻抗失配,使谐波功率在分布式发电机组之间精确地按比例分配。仿真结果表明,该控制策略在实现谐波功率共享和改善公共耦合点电压谐波失真方面具有良好的效果。

自适应下垂系数的孤岛微电网无功均分策略

在孤岛微电网中,由于线路阻抗的不匹配,常常导致传统的下垂控制无法完成分布式电源(DG)之间无功功率的均分.为了消除DG之间的无功不均分,首先分析了传统下垂控制无法完成无功均分的原因,设计了可自适应调节的无功下垂系数,使无功下垂系数可以满足无功均分的条件,从而解决无功功率无法均分的问题.为了使无功均分控制器具有更高的灵活性和可靠性,设计了动态分布式观测器,并证明了其收敛性.动态分布式观测器可以使DG以分布式的方式更加灵活可靠地获取所需的信息.通过4个不同的算例对所提的控制策略进行验证,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的优越性和有效性.

Optimal Design of Grid-Connected Microgrid System for Cold Chain Logistics Centre in China

The growing interest in energy conservation has inspired companies to seek alternatives to highly polluting fuel electricity generation. This study designed an optimised solar wind power generation system to fulfil the energy requirement of a cold chain logistics centre. This study first conducted a thorough analysis of the clarity indicators and daily temperature positions of the cold chain logistics centre, determined the average daily electricity demand, and proposed an effective design scheme. The energy simulation software, RETScreen 8.0, was used to determine the scale of solar photovoltaic and wind power projects that meet the expected energy needs of the cold chain logistics centre. The results indicated that the estimated annual total energy demand was 833689.2 kWh. The annual power generation of 6 kW from solar photovoltaic projects and 150 kW from wind power projects was found to be enough to meet the expected electricity demand. Solar photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation account for 2.44% and 97.56%, respectively. The hybrid energy system achieved a 96.6% reduction in carbon emissions and provides a reasonable payback period of 6.1 years and an electricity generation of 904368.674 kWh per year. The feasibility of the project and the calculated period of investment return are very reasonable. Therefore, this hybrid renewable energy system provides reliable power by combining energy sources.

电-氢微网群功率协调与谐波补偿控制策略

针对“双碳”目标下高比例可再生能源高效消纳难题,将水电解制氢作为弹性负荷接入微电网群,建立电-氢微电网群,提出一种功率协调控制和电能质量提升策略。首先分析交直流子网功率耦合机制,基于互联变换器建立考虑子网优先级的双向功率控制方法,将弹性负荷接入低优先级子网,提出基于实时子网偏差系数计算的分层功率协调控制策略;然后针对由水电解制氢整流器引入的谐波问题,提出基于实时负荷阻抗估计和下垂控制的多台互联变换器协同提升电能质量的控制技术;最后,通过Matlab/Simulink软件平台,搭建环形连接微电网群,仿真实验结果表明所提策略动态响应快,验证了功率协调和谐波补偿控制策略的有效性。

基于残差生成器的并联逆变器暂稳态补偿策略

针对孤岛微电网中所存在的因负载投切、不平衡负载等扰动造成的电能质量问题以及因线路阻抗不匹配造成的无功不均分问题,提出一种基于残差生成器的暂稳态性能补偿控制策略。基于逆变器并联系统中各逆变器的状态空间模型设计残差生成器,产生残差r(s),并通过低通和高通滤波器生成基波残差和非基波残差;然后,从扰动和线路压降对消的角度设计暂态补偿控制器Q_(1)(s)和稳态补偿控制器Q_(2)(s),并根据本地信息推导两个控制器的具体表达式,实现扰动抑制和逆变器并联系统的无功均分,抑制环流,并补偿线路压降;最后实验验证所提策略的有效性。

电-氢混合储能型多微电网系统有功功率均衡控制方法

在多电-氢微电网并联运行的交流系统中,采用传统控制方法的逆变器会受到输出线路阻抗差异所产生的影响产生较大环流,甚至无法实现有功功率的合理分配,考虑到系统中电压偏差与有功功率间的关系,对多微电网的有功功率分配问题进行分析研究.首先,构建含光伏、燃料电池、电解槽、蓄电池的电-氢混合储能微电网交流系统模型;其次,根据反下垂控制中有功功率与电压间的关系,构造考虑电压偏差的反下垂控制,并为使额定有功功率自适应调节,提出基于功率跟随控制的反下垂控制方法;最后,在多电-氢微电网并联运行的系统中,对本文所提方法进行RT-LAB半实物实验验证及与其他方法的对比验证.实验结果显示:基于本文所提控制方法的系统稳定后功率分配的准确度达97.50%,母线电压的精准度达99.86%,环流大小的范围约为[−3.0,3.0]A,均优于其余方法.

考虑优化调度的微电网频率恢复分布式预测控制策略

为了解决快速频率恢复和缓慢实际功率调度之间的时间尺度分离问题,提出一种考虑优化调度的微电网频率恢复分布式预测控制策略。引入的一致性策略能够在同一时间尺度上处理优化调度和频率恢复,另外提出的实际功率调度方案分布式模型预测控制解决了通信延迟、通信中断和即插即用情景,并且将下垂、实际功率传输和相位角方程作为等式约束,从而预测每个微电网的行为。此外,终端值和不等式约束有助于确定可行解空间的界,从而减少优化时间。在4种测试情景下对控制器的动态性能进行实验评估,结果证明该控制器对负载变化和通信问题具有较强的鲁棒性,并且保证了频率快速回复与高效功率调度。

考虑保供电需求的光储微电网优化配置及电能质量评估

针对用户日益迫切的保供电需求以及光伏出力与负荷用电的随机性、波动性引发的电能质量的问题,建立了考虑保供电需求的光储微电网双层优化模型,并对规划配置的微电网电能质量进行评估。该模型以等效净负荷标准差和弃光率最小为上层优化目标,以微电网有功功率损耗最小为下层优化目标,以储能满足保供电负荷的保供电需求作为附加约束条件,采用遗传算法求解。然后设计源、网、荷三类指标,采用组合赋权法确定各指标权重,实现对微电网电能质量的综合评估。最后以改进的IEEE-33系统验证了所提模型的有效性。结果表明考虑保供电需求后能够提高微电网电能质量,并在一定范围内保供电负荷越大时越能提高微电网电能质量和用户满意度。

事件触发改进一致性算法的孤岛混合微电网并联互联变流器分布式协调控制策略

在交直流混合微电网中,并联互联变流器(parallel bidirectional power converters,BPCs)可以实现大容量的功率传输,以满足新型电力系统在空间上的供需匹配。如何在占用更少资源的同时协调控制BPCs实现功率的比例共享,是交直流混合微电网中BPCs控制的研究难点。因此,该文设计了一种针对BPCs的事件触发改进一致性协调控制策略。以归一化下垂控制为基础,提出了改进的比例功率一致性算法,实现BPCs间高精度比例功率共享。在此之上,基于BPCs比例功率误差建立事件触发改进一致性算法,并预设触发函数的预判阈值,从而降低系统在稳定状态下的通信次数。最后进行仿真对比分析,结果表明该文提出的方法相比基本一致性算法通信量减少98.35%;同时,与现有控制策略相比,该文提出的方法有着更好的控制性能。

离网型风光储微电网控制策略研究

为了解决偏远地区电力供应不足的问题,笔者提出一种含风力发电、光伏发电及蓄电池储能的离网型风光储微电网系统。风力发电最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)采用叶尖速比法的控制策略,光伏发电MPPT采用变步长扰动观察法的控制策略,蓄电池储能系统采用基于双闭环控制的充放电控制策略。结合广西地区实际风速及光照强度变化情况,利用MATLAB/Simulink平台对所提出的风光储微电网系统进行了建模及仿真,验证了所提系统的可靠性和控制策略的有效性。