Factors Affecting Compliance towards Radiation Protection Equipment among Radiographers:A Cross Sectional Study

Background:Radiographers were at risk of x-ray radiation.Ministry of Heath of Indonesia made a regulation act no.33 year 2007 to secure radiographers on ionizing radiations by using radiation protection equipment(RPE).Objective:This study identified the factors affecting compliance towards RPE among radiographers and determined the correlation between influencing factors and compliance towards RPEs.Methods:The study conducted a quantitative descriptive-correlational design in a cross sectional approach.A total of 103 radiographers answered the online self administered questionnaires from 9 government hospitals at Jakarta,Indonesia.Results:It was identified that personal factors were the knowledge and motivations while the availability of RPEs and standard operating procedures were environmental factors.The knowledge(p=0.001,r=0.321)and motivations(p=0.018,r=0.232),and availability of RPE(p=0.138,r=0.146)and standard operating procedures(p=0.023,r=0.224)were factors affecting a compliance to RPEs.It was however determined that gender(p=0.251,r=0.113),and place of work(p=0.479,r=0.070)were not correlated to both personal and environmental factors.On the contrary,age(p=0.031,r=0.212),highest educational attainment(p=0.039,r=0.203),years of experience(p=0.001,r=0.336),and training(p=0.001,r=0.341)influenced both personal and environmental factors affecting compliance of radiographers towards RPEs.Findings:It was found that Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo(p=0.271),Persahabatan(p=0.133),Fatmawati(p=0.357),Otak Nasional(p=0.238),Pasar Rebo(p=0.356),Tarakan(0.255),and Koja(p=0.199)hospitals were not probable to comply towards RPEs.Only Infeksi Sulianti Suroso(p=0.21),and Budhi Asih(p=0.0002)hospitals were most probable to comply towards RPEs.

Problems Involving New Technology Application for Environmental Protection Equipment

The numerous environmental protection equipments for desulfuration,denitration,and precipitation have been installed in the domestic coal-fired power plants,while the investment and energy consumption of the units increase correspondingly.To reduce the operational cost and initial investment as much as possible,the working processes of the environmental protection equipments are optimized in the design and some new technologies are adopted for energy saving.These technologies include the SCR,SNCR,combined SCR and SNCR for denitration device,system without gas-gas heater design for desulfuration,desulfuration system without bypass,booster fan and induced draft fan integrated,stack and cooling tower integrated and so on.However,such measures may cause some new problems during the operation of the equipment.The problems are summarized and analyzed thoroughly and the feasible methods are provided to solve them,which could decrease the operational risk of units.The present discussion can also improve the further design of environmental protection equipments to ensure the long-term steady operation of the units.

Lot Sizing in Production Scheduling at a Personal Protection Equipment Company

This work presents an optimization model to support decisions during production planning and control in the personal protective equipment (PPE) industry (in particular, gloves). A case study was carried out at a Brazilian company with the aim of increasing productivity and improving customer service with respect to meeting deadlines. In this case study, the mixed integer linear programming model of Luche (2009) was revisited. A new model for single-stage lot sizing was applied to the production scheduling of gloves. Optimizing this scheduling was not a simple task because of the scale of the equipment setup time, the diversity of the products and the deadlines for the orders. The model was implemented in GAMS IDE and solved by CPLEX 12. The model and the associated heuristic produce better solutions than those currently used by the company.

Adverse effects of personal protection equipment among health workers during COVID-19

Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)has become a protective measure for healthcare workers during COVID times.Healthcare workers are front liners to fight against COVID pandemics.Healthcare workers developed many adverse effects while working using PPE.Dermatological,ocular,psychological were some of the common adverse effects reported by the healthcare workers.Preventive measures help to reduce them to some extent.The use of PPE and related pros and cons are well-established,with the benefits outweighing minor adverse events also associated with it.

The personal protective equipment(PPE)based on individual combat:A systematic review and trend analysis

With the development of ordnance technology,the survival and safety of individual combatants in hightech warfare are under serious threat,and the Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),as an important guarantee to reduce casualties and maintain military combat effectiveness,is widely developed.This paper systematically reviewed various PPE based on individual combat through literature research and comprehensive discussion,and introduced in detail the latest application progress of PPE in terms of material and technology from three aspects:individual integrated protection system,traditional protection equipment,and intelligent protection equipment,respectively,and discussed in depth the functional improvement and optimization status brought by advanced technology for PPE,focusing on the achievements of individual equipment technology application.Finally,the problems and technical bottlenecks in the development of PPE were analyzed and summarized,and the development trend of PPE were pointed out.The results of the review will provide a forward-looking reference for the current development of individual PPE,and are important guidance for the design and technological innovation of advanced equipment based on the future technological battlefield.

Unmasking the mask:the role of personal protective equipment for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

The use of personal protective equipment(PPE)for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients remains controversial.This commentary reviews the latest emerging evidence.This is paramountly important in shaping health policies in countries which is not currently recommended.

An Automated Detection Approach of Protective Equipment Donning for Medical Staff under COVID-19 Using Deep Learning

Personal protective equipment(PPE)donning detection for medical staff is a key link of medical operation safety guarantee and is of great significance to combat COVID-19.However,the lack of dedicated datasets makes the scarce research on intelligence monitoring of workers’PPE use in the field of healthcare.In this paper,we construct a dress codes dataset for medical staff under the epidemic.And based on this,we propose a PPE donning automatic detection approach using deep learning.With the participation of health care personnel,we organize 6 volunteers dressed in different combinations of PPE to simulate more dress situations in the preset structured environment,and an effective and robust dataset is constructed with a total of 5233 preprocessed images.Starting from the task’s dual requirements for speed and accuracy,we use the YOLOv4 convolutional neural network as our learning model to judge whether the donning of different PPE classes corresponds to the body parts of the medical staff meets the dress codes to ensure their self-protection safety.Experimental results show that compared with three typical deeplearning-based detection models,our method achieves a relatively optimal balance while ensuring high detection accuracy(84.14%),with faster processing time(42.02 ms)after the average analysis of 17 classes of PPE donning situation.Overall,this research focuses on the automatic detection of worker safety protection for the first time in healthcare,which will help to improve its technical level of risk management and the ability to respond to potentially hazardous events.

Force application of laparoscopic surgeons under the impact of heavy personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic

Objective:Surgeons are required to wear heavy personal protective equipment while delivering care to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.We examined the impact of wearing double gloves on surgeons’performance in laparoscopic surgery.Methods:Eleven surgeons-in-training at the Surgical Simulation Research Lab of the University of Alberta were recruited to perform laparoscopic cutting tasks in simulation while wearing none,one pair,and two pairs of surgical gloves.Forces applied to laparoscopic instruments were measured.Results:Wearing gloves prolonged task times(one pair of gloves:301.6±61.7 s;two pairs of gloves:295.8±65.3 s)compared with no gloves(241.7±46.9 s;p=0.043).Wearing double gloves increased cutting errors(20.4±5.1 mm^(2))compared with wearing one pair of gloves(16.9±5.5 mm^(2))and no gloves(14.4±4.6 mm^(2);p=0.030).Wearing gloves reduced the peak force(one pair of gloves:2.4±0.7 N;two pairs of gloves:2.7±0.6 N;no gloves:3.4±1.4 N;p=0.049),and the total force(one pair of gloves:10.1±2.8 N;two pairs of gloves:10.3±2.6 N;no glove:12.6±1.9 N;p=0.048)delivered onto lapa-roscopic scissors compared with wearing no glove.Conclusion:The combined effects of wearing heavy gloves and using tools reduced the touching sensation,which limited the surgeons’confidence in performing surgical tasks.Increasing practice in simulation is suggested to allow surgeons to overcome difficulties brought by personal protective equipment.

Practices and Barriers for Personal Protective Equipment among Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic Management at Tertiary Care Government Hospital of South Gujarat, India

Introduction: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted concern about the compatibility of IPC guidelines with health care workers, their working practices and behaviours. These guidelines can be difficult and time-consuming to adhere to in practice. By identifying barriers and facilitators to IPC guideline adherence, especially using personal protective equipment (PPE), we can identify focussed strategies that will support health care workers to undertake the IPC measures needed at such a critical time in health care internationally. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed during the COVID-19 pandemic management in the South Gujarat region, to analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers about their usage of personal protective equipment. A semi-structured questionnaire-based study was prepared, deriving pointers from our previous experience of seasonal flu outbreaks. 225 participants enrolled who were doctors, resident doctors, nurses, lab technicians, ward boys and food distributors. Result: Analysis of the barriers-related questions show good preparedness by the medical institution. Overall we found good knowledge, attitude and practice related to PPE during COVID-19 pandemic management. There are few gaps found in the knowledge of donning of PPE (p-0.0075), N-95 mask related knowledge (p-0.01) and the attitude that PPE use causes discomfort while nursing patients (0.0001).

Self-Reported Use of Personal Protective Equipment during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Emergency Medical Service Employees in Germany—A Survey

Background: Multicentric prospective cohort investigation survey conducted between 1st of March and 1st of April 2021on SARS-CoV-2 occupational risk for German Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. Study Objectives: Primary: The objective is to take stock of the use and availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in German EMS, both at managerial and employee level, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Secondary: Generate additional data on individual perceptions of risk of infection and occurrence of infections at respective places of service. Methods: Multicentric prospective cohort investigation survey conducted online at two levels of German EMS personnel—EMS managers and EMS employees, both medical and paramedical—with questions adapted slightly to fit the respective study population. Results: A total of 34 responses were received in the managerial group;a total of 2389 responses were received in the group of employees. Self-reported PPE adherence of EMS employees for confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: use of gloves (99.8%), FFP2 or FFP3 masks (99.8%), gowns or coveralls (99.1%), goggles (89.7%), face shields (24.0%), surgical masks (0.0%). Self-reported PPE adherence of EMS employees for suspected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: gloves (98.8%), FFP2 or FFP3 masks (total: 99.4%), gowns or coveralls (total: 95.9%), goggles (85.6%), face shields (19.2%), surgical masks (0.2%). Conclusions: Findings included an overall improved self-reported adherence to PPE compared to studies that were conducted before the pandemic. Self-reported general adherence to PPE recommendations when attending to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients was good, with the exception of goggles. Self-reported adherence to PPE recommendations dropped when attending to suspected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients.

Protective equipment for emergency rescue in alpine-cold region

Alpine-cold regions are characterized as hypoxia,strong wind,heavy rain,cold climate,huge temperature difference between day and night,and vertical climate. All these make it difficult for an emergency rescue when a natural disaster such as earthquake happens. Based on the characteristics of emergency rescue in alpinecold region,several multifunctional protective equipments have been developed by the Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Departmen(tGLD)of the Chinese People's Liberation Army(CPLA). These equipments are lightweight,durable and environment adaptable.

Skin damage due to personal protective equipment among nursing staff in a dedicated coronavirus disease-2019 hospital of tribal India

Background:Nursing staff are at much greater risk of infection(Ebola virus diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome)due to their exposure to highly infectious bodily fluids and droplet nuclei and the need for personal protective equipment(PPE)to reduce the transmission risk.Aim:The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of skin injuries and their types due to PPE usage among nursing staff in tribal India.Materials and Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the dedicated coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)hospital for a period of 4 months among 144 nursing staff wearing Grade 2 and 3 PPE kits.Study subjects were approached through social networking websites and survey questionnaires(Google forms)according to relevant guides,and research literature was used to collect the details regarding baseline,duty,and skin injury characterization.Chi-square test was used to find the association between skin injury and baseline or duty characteristics,and the association was significant at a P<0.05.Results:It was observed that 54.7%of nursing staff were working for 6 or more hours and 16.5%of subjects were wearing the PPE kit for 5 or more hours per day.Skin injury was reported by 86.3%of the subjects after using PPE.Skin injuries among nurses were statistically significant with their current place of stay and daily duty hours(P<0.05).Conclusion:In this study,it was found that 86.3%of subjects had suffered from skin injuries by using PPE while caring for COVID-19 patients during duty hours,so an effective preventive measure should be adopted.

Radiation Protection of a Patient Undergoing an Orthopedic Procedure by Using a Mobile C-Arm X-Ray System

Modern medicine is unthinkable without X-rays. Accurate diagnosis, leading to effective treatment, is largely based on precise X-ray examinations. The creation of new, modern equipment and various medical procedures that meet the increased requirements are a priority in our time. X-ray examinations are of particular importance for the orthopedic and traumatological clinics, where they provide information about presence of a fracture in the patient’s body, about the concrete operation performed or about the effect of a suitable treatment. Along with their benefits X-rays have also a harmful effect. This requires special care to protect from this radiation. In this direction, research is constantly being done to improve the quality of radiation protection. Park MR, Lee KM and co-authors, compare the dose load obtained using C-arm and O-arm X-ray systems (which have the capability of combined 2D fluoroscopy and 3D computed tomography imaging). In their study, an orthopedic surgical procedure using C-arm and O-arm systems in 2D fluoroscopy modes was simulated. The radiation doses to susceptible organs of the operators were investigated. He results obtained show that the O-arm system delivered higher doses to the sensitive organs of the operator in all configurations [1]. The article of Stephen Balte briefly reviews the available technologies for measuring or estimation of patient skin dose in the interventional fluoroscopic environment, created by various X-ray equipment including C-arm systems. Given that many patients require multiple procedures, this documentation also aids in the planning of follow up visits [2]. Chong Hing Wong, Yoshihisa Kotani and co-authors evaluate the radiation exposures (RE) to the patient and surgeon during minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery with instrumentation using C-arm image intensifier or O-arm intraoperative CT. The results they get are in favor of the O-arm system [3]. The article “Virtual fluoroscopy for intraoperative C-arm positioning and radiation dose reduction” discusses positioning of an intraoperative C-arm system to achieve clear visualization of a particular anatomical feature by a system for virtual fluoroscopy (called FluoroSim) that could dramatically reduce time and received dose during the procedures. FluoroSim was found to reduce the radiation exposure required for C-arm positioning without reducing positioning time or accuracy, providing a potentially valuable tool to assist surgeons [4]. In our study, we performed practical measurements to show how the patient can be treated by applying most effective radiation protection when using a mobile C-arm X-ray system. For the study, we used exposure upon a phantom placed on the patient’s table. For an X-ray shielding, we used a protective apron with a lead equivalent of 1 mm, placed in two layers on the phantom. In each subsequent series of exposures, the protective apron was placed on the phantom, in a different position relative to the X-ray beam. The general conclusion of our study is that in order to obtain maximum protection from scattered radiation when using C-arm X-ray systems, the patient must be protected by a shielding with a suitable lead equivalent for the procedure performed which must be placed between patient’s body and X-ray tube, perpendicular to the X-ray beam pointed toward the region of interest.

Coating Protection for Production Facilities of Offshore Oil Fields

This paper describes coating protection of production facilities of offshore oil fields based on the practice of development of Bohai Offshore Oil Field, with focus laid on the selection of coating systems, surface preparation, coating application, as well as coating inspection for four types of major production facilities.

Research Reports on the 12^(th) Five-Year Plan for Electric Power Industry Equipment Manufacturing

China Electricity Council organized competent authorities across the industry of electric power to work out the "Research Reports on the 12 th Five-Year Plan for Electric Power Industry" in nearly one year, which provides a reference for governmental departments to formulate the 12 th Five-Year Plan on energy ad electric power industry. The magazine should publish the serial reports including power sources, power grids, equipment manufacture, energy and environment, and power economics. This paper presents the part of "equipment manufacturing," in which the strategies and targets of enhancing equipment manufacturing capability are put forward.

Development of biosafety equipment for high containment laboratory and for personal protection in China

Biosafety equipment is the key barrier enabling high containment laboratories to handle high risk agents that may cause serious and potentially lethal infections. This perspective thoroughly analyzes the development of many kinds of key biosafety technologies, and equipment for protection of laboratory workers and for high containment laboratory facilities in China. Over more than ten years of rapid development, China has had remarkable achievements in key biosafety technologies and equipment in high containment laboratories. These technologies basically meet the needs of high containment laboratories construction in China. Furthermore, according to the current global situation regarding the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the technical development level of biosafety equipment, this paper proposes targeted suggestions and notes that China still needs to increase investment in scientific research to provide further technical and equipment support enabling us to build a community with a bright future in terms of human biosafety.

公共安全与保障视角下的应急救援装备工业设计及应用研究综述

目的围绕公共安全与保障视角下的应急救援装备工业设计的理论、方法和案例。综述目前领域内的国内外研究现状和前沿成果,分析装备未来发展与应用前景。方法目前我国产业变革加速、公共安全与保障面临重大挑战,对应急救援装备设计与发展提出了更高要求。本文基于公共安全应急处置情景下“防护”与“救援”两个层面,梳理国内外典型个体防护和应急救援装备的工业设计需求、关键特征和支撑技术。结论针对我国公共安全与保障领域的个体防护与应急急救援装备需求,对比分析了国内外发展现状,梳理了政府政策支持和保障措施,总结了装备工业设计发展面临的机遇与挑战,提出了未来的应用前景,为我国防灾、减灾、救灾和公共安全应急处置的关键保障装备发展建设提供了新方向与新思路。

基于可信计算的保护控制设备主动防护技术研究与实现

变电站保护控制设备在边界安全防护体系下得以安全稳定运行,但随着信息化、网络化技术不断应用,变电站网络安全要求也在发生变化,过度依赖边界防护的保护控制设备缺乏本体主动防护能力的问题逐渐突显。文章比较分析了不同主动防护技术后,选择了基于可信计算的主动防护技术进行研究,结合保护控制设备的高实时、高可靠等特点,给出了适合保护控制设备的可信计算双体系架构和具体硬软件实现方案。最后,保护监控设备主动防护效果通过了第三方检测机构的验证,且防护功能的增加并未对设备的功能和性能产生明显的影响,该方案具备工程化应用和推广价值。

考虑设备保护的租赁制造系统生产决策与收益调整激励机制

针对租赁设备合作生产过程中可能会出现承租方滥用设备的现象,提出一种考虑设备保护的租赁制造系统生产决策模型与收益调整激励机制,以形成租赁制造的最优生产策略。从设备保护的角度出发,构建考虑承租方对租赁设备使用率和保护程度的优化模型,以租赁制造系统总收益最大化为目标,确定设备保护的努力程度、设备使用率以及维护后设备状态与如新状态偏差度,即租赁制造系统的最优生产策略。提出一套收益调整激励机制,运用补偿金对合作双方的收益进行调整,并令双方独立决策的最优策略与系统最优策略相同,得到最佳补偿金系数,从而确定收益调整方案。案例研究表明,系统决策模型存在使得总收益最大的最优努力程度和预防维护程度,且系统决策下的最大总收益总是高于独立决策下的最大总收益,提升承租方对设备保护的努力程度和出租方对设备的预防程度,可以减少租赁设备平均故障次数。

马来海松基环氧树脂的制备与性能研究

在“双碳”发展战略目标的背景下,为探索绿色环保型生物基环氧树脂在电工设备上的应用前景,本文以可再生资源松香为原料,制备了一种生物基树脂——马来海松基环氧树脂(MPAER)。以甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MHHPA)为固化剂,对MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化特性、热性能、力学性能和电气性能进行了系统研究,并和商用双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA)组成的DGEBA/MHHPA体系进行对比。结果表明:MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的固化反应活性相当,MPAER/MHHPA体系的玻璃化转变温度为112.8℃,其力学性能和电气性能均稍弱于DGEBA/MHHPA体系,其中MPAER/MHHPA体系的电气强度比DGEBA/MHHPA体系低9.4%。但MPAER/MHHPA体系的综合性能仍较好,可以通过对MPAER进行结构优化或者与其他类型的环氧树脂共混来进一步提高其性能。