Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite for mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic sodium, is a strong, noncompetitive, reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in de novo synthesis...Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite for mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic sodium, is a strong, noncompetitive, reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in de novo synthesis of guanosine nucleotides leading to selective inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolic acid has been evaluated as induction and remission maintenance agent in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Since the course of disease of AAV usually requires long term immunosuppression, mycophenolate has been explored as a less toxic agent compared to cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Mycophenolate is a potent immunosuppressive agent in the therapy of AAV, non-inferior to other available drugs with comparable side effect profile. Therefore, it could be a valuable alternative in cases of toxicity with life threatening side effects or intolerance to cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, in cases with high cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide, but also in cases with insufficient response. Several studies have shown a higher relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate or in mycophenolate treated subjects that raises concerns about its usefulness in the treatment of AAV. This review describes the efficacy of mycophenolate in AAV as remission induction agent, as remission maintenance agent, and as therapeutic option in relapsing AAV disease, the relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate, and the adverse events related to mycophenolate treatment.展开更多
A pancreatic tumor was suspected on the abdominal ultrasound of a 72-year-old man. Abdominal computed tomography showed pancreatic enlargement as well as a diffuse, poorly enhanced area in the pancreas; endoscopic ult...A pancreatic tumor was suspected on the abdominal ultrasound of a 72-year-old man. Abdominal computed tomography showed pancreatic enlargement as well as a diffuse, poorly enhanced area in the pancreas; endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. Based on the trend of improvement of the pancreatic enlargement, the treatment plan involved follow-up examinations. Later, he was hospitalized with an alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; he tested positive for myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA) and was diagnosed with ANCArelated vasculitis, specifically microscopic polyangiitis. It appears that factors such as thrombus formation caused by the vasculitis in the early stages of ANCArelated vasculitis cause abnormal distribution of the pancreatic blood flow, resulting in non-uniform pancreatitis. Pancreatic lesions in ANCA-related vasculitis are very rare. Only a few cases have been reported previously. Therefore, we report our case and a review of the literature.展开更多
With the widespread clinical application of renal biopsy and serum antineutrophil cytoplasmicantibody （ANCA） testing, the percentage of renal injuries caused by systemic small vessel vasculitis （ SVV ） including m...With the widespread clinical application of renal biopsy and serum antineutrophil cytoplasmicantibody （ANCA） testing, the percentage of renal injuries caused by systemic small vessel vasculitis （ SVV ） including microscopic polyangiitis （ MPA ） and Wegener＇ s granulomatosis （WG） is on the rise in China. According to our previous report, SVV constituted 1.09% of diagnoses from all renal biopsies （5. 8% in secondary nephritis） and 14.4% of that from renal biopsies from patients with chronic renal failure,展开更多
目的探究嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatous with polyangiitis,EGPA)肾脏受累患者的临床特征和实验室检查特点。方法回顾性收集北京协和医院2000至2017年EGPA患者住院病例,对并发肾脏受累患者的临床表现、实验室检查...目的探究嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatous with polyangiitis,EGPA)肾脏受累患者的临床特征和实验室检查特点。方法回顾性收集北京协和医院2000至2017年EGPA患者住院病例,对并发肾脏受累患者的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗进行分析。结果 73例EGPA患者中17例(23.3%)出现不同程度的肾脏受累。2例患者以肾脏受累为首发表现。EGPA肾脏受累患者中5例为女性,12例为男性;平均年龄(43.5±14.1)岁;病程平均(51.5±92.9)个月。17例EGPA并发肾脏受累患者中鼻部受累15例,哮喘13例,外周神经受累13例,肺内病变12例,皮肤受累7例,心脏受累4例,消化道受累3例,中枢神经系统受累2例。17例肾脏受累患者中,14例ANCA阳性,比无肾脏受累患者阳性率显著増高(82.4%vs.20.8%,P<0.001)。肾脏受累方面:15例患者出现血尿,14例出现蛋白尿,8例患者肌酐升高,3例患者出现少尿或无尿。2例患者进行了肾脏活检,病理均为局灶节段性肾小球坏死,伴新月体形成。15例患者应用大剂量激素联合环磷酰胺治疗,治疗效果好。结论 EGPA患者可出现肾脏受累,肾脏受累常表现为镜下血尿和蛋白尿,少数出现急进性肾小球肾炎。EGPA出现肾脏受累的患者ANCA阳性多见。应用激素和环磷酰胺治疗效果好。展开更多
文摘Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite for mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic sodium, is a strong, noncompetitive, reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in de novo synthesis of guanosine nucleotides leading to selective inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolic acid has been evaluated as induction and remission maintenance agent in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Since the course of disease of AAV usually requires long term immunosuppression, mycophenolate has been explored as a less toxic agent compared to cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Mycophenolate is a potent immunosuppressive agent in the therapy of AAV, non-inferior to other available drugs with comparable side effect profile. Therefore, it could be a valuable alternative in cases of toxicity with life threatening side effects or intolerance to cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, in cases with high cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide, but also in cases with insufficient response. Several studies have shown a higher relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate or in mycophenolate treated subjects that raises concerns about its usefulness in the treatment of AAV. This review describes the efficacy of mycophenolate in AAV as remission induction agent, as remission maintenance agent, and as therapeutic option in relapsing AAV disease, the relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate, and the adverse events related to mycophenolate treatment.
文摘A pancreatic tumor was suspected on the abdominal ultrasound of a 72-year-old man. Abdominal computed tomography showed pancreatic enlargement as well as a diffuse, poorly enhanced area in the pancreas; endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. Based on the trend of improvement of the pancreatic enlargement, the treatment plan involved follow-up examinations. Later, he was hospitalized with an alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; he tested positive for myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA) and was diagnosed with ANCArelated vasculitis, specifically microscopic polyangiitis. It appears that factors such as thrombus formation caused by the vasculitis in the early stages of ANCArelated vasculitis cause abnormal distribution of the pancreatic blood flow, resulting in non-uniform pancreatitis. Pancreatic lesions in ANCA-related vasculitis are very rare. Only a few cases have been reported previously. Therefore, we report our case and a review of the literature.
文摘With the widespread clinical application of renal biopsy and serum antineutrophil cytoplasmicantibody （ANCA） testing, the percentage of renal injuries caused by systemic small vessel vasculitis （ SVV ） including microscopic polyangiitis （ MPA ） and Wegener＇ s granulomatosis （WG） is on the rise in China. According to our previous report, SVV constituted 1.09% of diagnoses from all renal biopsies （5. 8% in secondary nephritis） and 14.4% of that from renal biopsies from patients with chronic renal failure,
