PAM-10/OGFC-10沥青混合料渗水性能对比研究

【目的】探讨多孔沥青混合料PAM-10与开级配排水沥青混合料OGFC-10渗水性能的差异,为排水路面沥青混合料类型的选取提供一定的参考。【方法】对空隙率为12.5%、14.0%、15.5%、17.0%的PAM-10及空隙率为22.0%的OGFC-10沥青混合料试件开展连通空隙率试验、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)空隙内部特征试验、竖向渗透系数试验、抗冲刷性及抗堵塞性试验,对比分析两种排水沥青混合料的渗水性能。【结果】PAM-10的内部空隙结构比OGFC-10的更容易形成连通空隙;空隙率为17.0%的PAM-10竖向渗透系数与空隙率为22.0%的OGFC-10的相当;动水冲刷对OGFC-10的影响大于对PAM-10的影响;OGFC-10的抗堵塞性能比PAM-10的差。【结论】PAM-10的竖向渗透性、抗冲刷性能及抗堵塞性能均比OGFC-10的更优。

干撒PAM对黄绵土工程堆积体侵蚀泥沙的影响

为了探寻PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)的适宜干撒量,以减少工程堆积体的侵蚀泥沙和维持工程堆积体的稳定性,在黄土丘陵沟壑区,以不撒PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)为对照(CK),将0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 g/m^(2)的PAM干撒于圆锥状黄绵土工程堆积体的表层,监测自然降雨状况下PAM对黄绵土工程堆积体的地表径流、侵蚀泥沙、细沟发育和堆积体土壤水分含量等的影响。结果表明:不同处理的径流量、产流次数和径流系数均随PAM干撒量的增加表现为先降低后升高,其中干撒量为1.0 g/m^(2)的最低,2.5 g/m^(2)的最高。侵蚀泥沙量、细沟侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀系数则随PAM干撒量的增加而降低,其中干撒量为1.5、2.0、2.5 g/m^(2)的显著低于CK、0.5、1.0 g/m^(2)。当PAM干撒量为1.0 g/m^(2)时,工程堆积体的土壤水分含量最高,当PAM干撒量为2.5 g/m^(2)时则最低。PAM干撒量达到1.5 g/m^(2)可促进径流形成,减少侵蚀泥沙量及细沟侵蚀系数,降低黄绵土堆积体的土壤水分含量。为了减少侵蚀泥沙量,维持黄绵土工程堆积体的稳定性,PAM的干撒量应为2.0 g/m^(2)左右。

基于PAM-RTM的CFRP平板RTM工艺及孔隙缺陷仿真

树脂传递模塑(RTM)成型过程中不同工艺参数对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)构件质量和性能有极大影响。为了精准设计RTM成型参数,降低最终构件的孔隙缺陷含量,分析充模过程中两种尺度孔隙率的变化及在构件中的分布规律,基于PAM-RTM软件对CFRP平板模型RTM成型的充模及双尺度孔隙形成进行了仿真模拟。分析了不同树脂黏度、浇注压力对填充时间及宏观和微观孔隙分布、孔隙率的影响规律;在构件中选取了不同位置的横向轴线并对比轴上宏观/微观孔隙的含量及分布特征,分析随着距离浇注口位置变化孔隙率的变化规律。结果表明,在恒压浇注条件下,浇注压力越大,树脂黏度越小,填充时间越短;树脂黏度为0.1Pa·s、浇注压力为1.5MPa时,充模时间最小,为13.11s。宏观孔隙率随浇注压力升高而减小,微观孔隙率则相反。宏观孔隙在开始填充一段时间后形成,孔隙率最终在出胶口达到最大值;微观孔隙则在填充初始阶段开始形成,孔隙率随着填充距离增加逐渐减小。3条横向轴上两种尺度孔隙率的变化趋势相近;浇注压力影响宏观孔隙开始形成的位置及微观孔隙结束形成的位置,并影响填充结束时的最大宏观孔隙率和填充开始时的最大微观孔隙率。

In vivo 3-photon fluorescence microscopy of white matter in mouse brain excited at the 1700 nm window

White matter,a densely packed collection of myelinated axons,plays an essential part in neural networks.With high spatial resolution and deep penetration,multi-photon microscopy(MPM)is promising for white matter imaging in animal models in vivo.The third harmonic generation(THG)signal can be generated from white matter,but the bottom part of the white matter layer generates weak THG due to its high scattering.Here,we demonstrate an in vivo labeling and imaging technology,capable of visualizing the white matter layer in the mouse brain,combining°uorescence labeling with MitoTracker Red and three-photon°uorescence(3PF)microscopy excited at the 1700 nm window.3PF signals are several times higher than THG signals,resulting in deeper imaging of the white matter layer with the former.Our results indicate that 3PF microscopy is a promising technology for white matter imaging in the deep brain in vivo.

一种集成DFE和CDR的56 Gbit/s PAM-4 SerDes接收机设计

基于65 nm CMOS工艺设计了一款1/4速率56 Gbit/s PAM-4 SerDes接收机,该接收机集成了可变增益放大、连续时间线性均衡(CTLE)、判决反馈均衡(DFE)、自适应阈值电压跟踪和无参考时钟数据恢复(CDR)等电路。可变增益放大技术被用来对接收信号进行幅度调节;CTLE和2抽头DFE被用来进行信道畸变补偿;自适应阈值电压跟踪技术用来确定最优的PAM-4信号判决电平;无参考时钟CDR技术则在无外部参考时钟的前提下,被用来产生最佳判决时钟,同时基于边沿检测技术有效降低了PAM-4信号非对称电平转换引起的时钟抖动。后仿真结果表明,在1.2 V电源电压下,所设计的PAM-4接收机能够实现6.75~20.75 dB的可调增益范围和高达16 dB@14 GHz的信道高频衰减补偿,且在16.1 dB@14 GHz信道下,CDR提取出的7 GHz时钟抖动峰峰值为7.21 ps。工作于56 Gbit/s速率下,接收机功耗为227 mW,能效为4.05 pJ/bit。

Estimation-free spatial-domain image reconstruction of structured illumination microscopy

Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)achieves super-resolution(SR)by modulating the high-frequency information of the sample into the passband of the optical system and subsequent image reconstruction.The traditional Wiener-filtering-based reconstruction algorithm operates in the Fourier domain,it requires prior knowledge of the sinusoidal illumination patterns which makes the time-consuming procedure of parameter estimation to raw datasets necessary,besides,the parameter estimation is sensitive to noise or aberration-induced pattern distortion which leads to reconstruction artifacts.Here,we propose a spatial-domain image reconstruction method that does not require parameter estimation but calculates patterns from raw datasets,and a reconstructed image can be obtained just by calculating the spatial covariance of differential calculated patterns and differential filtered datasets(the notch filtering operation is performed to the raw datasets for attenuating and compensating the optical transfer function(OTF)).Experiments on reconstructing raw datasets including nonbiological,biological,and simulated samples demonstrate that our method has SR capability,high reconstruction speed,and high robustness to aberration and noise.

一种面向112 Gb/s PAM4接收机的自适应均衡设计方案

提出了一种适用于超短距离(Very Short Reach,VSR)信道、面向112 Gb/s PAM4(Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4)接收机的自适应均衡设计方案。在该方案中,接收机前端利用3个连续时间线性均衡器(Continuous Time Linear Equalizer,CTLE)对信号分别在高频、中频和低频进行补偿,可变增益放大器(Variable Gain Amplifier,VGA)和饱和放大器(Saturation Amplifier,SatAmp)则用于对信号幅值的缩放。除了3个数据采样器外,引入4个辅助采样器用于进一步改善阈值自适应算法性能。同时,采用符号最小均方算法,利用接收端数据采样器和辅助采样器之间的偏移推动辅助参考电压收敛到信号星座电平,从而确保PAM4接收信号的眼图在垂直方向上3个眼睛具有相等的间隔和恒定的信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)。仿真结果表明,所提出的112 Gb/s PAM4接收机能够在损耗为15 dB的信道上实现小于10~(-12)的误码率,并且具有良好的眼图性能,其最差眼高为75 mV,眼宽为0.34 UI(Unit Interval),与传统方案相比具有显著的性能提升。

基于PAM聚类的轨道交通站点画像分析

文章基于多源数据融合方法,从客流水平、居民需求、接驳特性、周边设施4个维度对轨道站点特征进行提取与构建。采用PAM算法对站点进行聚类研究,最终形成6类站点画像的标签。在此基础上探索站点功能定位、客流模式之间的内在关系,梳理不同类型站点在城市化进程中面临的阶段性矛盾,指导客流预测任务、引流策略制定等后续工作。

Probing the Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Bismuth Nanoparticles via In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

The nucleation and growth mechanism of nanoparticles is an important theory,which can guide the preparation of nanomaterials.However,it is still lacking in direct observation on the details of the evolution of intermediate state structure during nucleation and growth.In this work,the evolution process of bismuth nanoparticles induced by electron beam was revealed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy(TEM)at atomic scale.The experimental results demonstrate that the size,stable surface and crystallographic defect have important influences on the growth of Bi nanoparticles.Two non-classical growth paths including single crystal growth and polycrystalline combined growth,as well as,corresponding layer-by-layer growth mechanism along{012}stable crystal plane of Bi nanoparticles with dodecahedron structure were revealed by in-situ TEM directly.These results provide important guidance and a new approach for in-depth understanding of the nucleation and growth kinetics of nanoparticles.

Ultrafast photoemission electron microscopy:A multidimensional probe of nonequilibrium physics

Exploring the realms of physics that extend beyond thermal equilibrium has emerged as a crucial branch of condensed matter physics research.It aims to unravel the intricate processes involving the excitations,interactions,and annihilations of quasi-and many-body particles,and ultimately to achieve the manipulation and engineering of exotic non-equilibrium quantum phases on the ultrasmall and ultrafast spatiotemporal scales.Given the inherent complexities arising from many-body dynamics,it therefore seeks a technique that has efficient and diverse detection degrees of freedom to study the underlying physics.By combining high-power femtosecond lasers with real-or momentum-space photoemission electron microscopy(PEEM),imaging excited state phenomena from multiple perspectives,including time,real space,energy,momentum,and spin,can be conveniently achieved,making it a unique technique in studying physics out of equilibrium.In this context,we overview the working principle and technical advances of the PEEM apparatus and the related laser systems,and survey key excited-state phenomena probed through this surface-sensitive methodology,including the ultrafast dynamics of electrons,excitons,plasmons,spins,etc.,in materials ranging from bulk and nano-structured metals and semiconductors to low-dimensional quantum materials.Through this review,one can further envision that time-resolved PEEM will open new avenues for investigating a variety of classical and quantum phenomena in a multidimensional parameter space,offering unprecedented and comprehensive insights into important questions in the field of condensed matter physics.

煤泥与PAC、PAM耦合处理乳液废水的研究

为研究煤泥对乳液废水絮凝处理的影响,将煤泥与PAC、PAM耦合处理模拟矿井水乳化液。煤泥用量为2 g时,与未添加煤泥相比,COD去除率增加了16.1%。沉降时间测定和絮体显微镜观察结果表明,PAM用量为2 mg/L时,形成的絮体大且密实,沉降速度快,经过52 s,压缩絮体体积就能达到5 m L。由于煤泥中黏土矿物和煤颗粒的吸附作用,以及絮体的网捕卷扫作用,部分有机物随着絮体沉降,使废水中的COD值减小。

Large-field objective lens for multi-wavelength microscopy at mesoscale and submicron resolution

Conventional microscopes designed for submicron resolution in biological research are hindered by a limited field of view,typically around 1 mm.This restriction poses a challenge when attempting to simultaneously analyze various parts of a sample,such as different brain areas.In addition,conventional objective lenses struggle to perform consistently across the required range of wavelengths for brain imaging in vivo.Here we present a novel mesoscopic objective lens with an impressive field of view of 8 mm,a numerical aperture of 0.5,and a working wavelength range from 400 to 1000 nm.We achieved a resolution of 0.74μm in fluorescent beads imaging.The versatility of this lens was further demonstrated through high-quality images of mouse brain and kidney sections in a wide-field imaging system,a confocal laser scanning system,and a two-photon imaging system.This mesoscopic objective lens holds immense promise for advancing multi-wavelength imaging of large fields of view at high resolution.

Revealing the microstructures of metal halide perovskite thin films via advancedtransmission electron microscopy

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are excellent semiconductors that have led to breakthroughs in applications in thinfilmsolar cells, detectors, and light-emitting diodes due to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and defect tolerance.However, the performance and stability of MHP-based devices are significantly influenced by their microstructures includingthe formation of defects, composition fluctuations, structural inhomogeneity, etc. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) is a powerful tool for direct observation of microstructure at the atomic-scale resolution and has been used to correlatethe microstructure and performance of MHP-based devices. In this review, we highlight the application of TEMtechniques in revealing the microstructures of MHP thin films at the atomic scale. The results provide critical understandingof the performance of MHP devices and guide the design of strategies for improving the performance and stability ofMHP devices.

Recent progress about transmission electron microscopy characterizations on lithium-ion batteries

With the rapid development of portable electronics,new energy vehicles,and smart grids,ion batteries are becoming one of the most widely used energy storage devices,while the safety concern of ion batteries has always been an urgent problem to be solved.To develop a safety-guaranteed battery,the characterization of the internal structure is indispensable,where electron microscopy plays a crucial role.Based on this,this paper summarizes the application of transmission electron microscopy(TEM)in battery safety,further concludes and analyzes the aspects of dendrite growth and solid electrolyte interface(SEI)formation that affect the safety of ion batteries,and emphasizes the importance of electron microscopy in battery safety research and the potential of these techniques to promote the future development of this field.These advanced electron microscopy techniques and their prospects are also discussed.

Investigation of reflection anisotropy induced by micropipe defects on the surface of a 4H-SiC single crystal using scanning anisotropy microscopy

Optical reflection anisotropy microscopy mappings of micropipe defects on the surface of a 4H-SiC single crystal are studied by the scanning anisotropy microscopy(SAM)system.The reflection anisotropy(RA)image with a'butterfly pattern'is obtained around the micropipes by SAM.The RA image of the edge dislocations is theoretically simulated based on dislocation theory and the photoelastic principle.By comparing with the Raman spectrum,it is verified that the micropipes consist of edge dislocations.The different patterns of the RA images are due to the different orientations of the Burgers vectors.Besides,the strain distribution of the micropipes is also deduced.One can identify the dislocation type,the direction of the Burgers vector and the optical anisotropy from the RA image by using SAM.Therefore,SAM is an ideal tool to measure the optical anisotropy induced by the strain field around a defect.

A review of understanding electrocatalytic reactions in energy conversion and energy storage systems via scanning electrochemical microscopy

To address climate change and promote environmental sustainability,electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems emerge as promising alternative to fossil fuels,catering to the escalating demand for energy.Achieving optimal energy efficiency and cost competitiveness in these systems requires the strategic design of electrocatalysts,coupled with a thorough comprehension of the underlying mechanisms and degradation behavior occurring during the electrocatalysis processes.Scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM),an analytical technique for studying surface electrochemically,stands out as a powerful tool offering electrochemical insights.It possesses remarkable spatiotemporal resolution,enabling the visualization of the localized electrochemical activity and surface topography.This review compiles crucial research findings and recent breakthroughs in electrocatalytic processes utilizing the SECM methodology,specifically focusing on applications in electrolysis,fuel cells,and metal–oxygen batteries within the realm of energy conversion and storage systems.Commencing with an overview of each energy system,the review introduces the fundamental principles of SECM,and aiming to provide new perspectives and broadening the scope of applied research by describing the major research categories within SECM.

Characterization of local chemical ordering and deformation behavior in high entropy alloys by transmission electron microscopy

Short-range ordering(SRO)is one of the most important structural features of high entropy alloys(HEAs).However,the chemical and structural analyses of SROs are very difficult due to their small size,complexed compositions,and varied locations.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)as well as its aberration correction techniques are powerful for characterizing SROs in these compositionally complex alloys.In this short communication,we summarized recent progresses regarding characterization of SROs using TEM in the field of HEAs.By using advanced TEM techniques,not only the existence of SROs was confirmed,but also the effect of SROs on the deformation mechanism was clarified.Moreover,the perspective related to application of TEM techniques in HEAs are also discussed.

Advancing respirable coal mine dust source apportionment:a preliminary laboratory exploration of optical microscopy as a novel monitoring tool

Exposure to respirable coal mine dust(RCMD)can cause chronic and debilitating lung diseases.Real-time monitoring capabilities are sought which can enable a better understanding of dust components and sources.In many underground mines,RCMD includes three primary components which can be loosely associated with three major dust sources:coal dust from the coal seam itself,silicates from the surrounding rock strata,and carbonates from the inert‘rock dust’products that are applied to mitigate explosion hazards.A monitor which can reliably partition RCMD between these three components could thus allow source apportionment.And tracking silicates,specifically,could be valuable since the most serious health risks are typically associated with this component-particularly if abundant in crystalline silica.Envisioning a monitoring concept based on field microscopy,and following up on prior research using polarized light,the aim of the current study was to build and test a model to classify respirable-sized particles as either coal,silicates,or carbonates.For model development,composite dust samples were generated in the laboratory by successively depositing dust from high-purity materials onto a sticky transparent substrate,and imaging after each deposition event such that the identity of each particle was known a priori.Model testing followed a similar approach,except that real geologic materials were used as the source for each dust component.Results showed that the model had an overall accuracy of 86.5%,indicating that a field-microscopy based moni-tor could support RCMD source apportionment and silicates tracking in some coal mines.

Assessing the dynamics of O_(2) desorption from cobalt phthalocyanine by in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy

We report here the in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy(ECSTM) study of cobalt phthalocyanine(CoPc)-catalyzed O_(2) evolution reaction(OER) and the dynamics of CoPc-O_(2) dissociation.The self-assembled CoPc monolayer is fabricated on Au(111) substrate and resolved by ECSTM in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte.The OH^(-)adsorption on CoPc prior to OER is observed in ECSTM images.During OER,the generated O_(2) adsorbed on Co Pc is observed in the CoPc monolayer.Potential step experiment is employed to monitor the desorption of OER-generated O_(2) from CoPc,which results in the decreasing surface coverage of CoPc-O_(2) with time.The rate constant of O_(2) desorption is evaluated through data fitting.The insights into the dynamics of Co-O_(2) dissociation at the molecular level via in situ imaging help understand the role of Co-O_(2) in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and OER.

Corneal nerve changes by anti-glaucoma medications examined by in vivo confocal microscopy

AIM:To evaluate the effects of antiglaucoma eye drops on corneal nerves by in vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM).METHODS:This study comprised 79 patients diagnosed with glaucoma and 16 healthy control individuals.Among the glaucoma patients,54 were treated with medication,while 25 remained untreated.Central corneal images were evaluated by IVCM,and then ACCMetrics was used to calculate the following parameters:corneal nerve fiber density(CNFD),branch density(CNBD),fiber length(CNFL),total branch density(CTBD),fiber area(CNFA),fiber width(CNFW),and fractal dimension(CNFrD).The correlation between IVCM parameters and drugs was evaluated using non-parametric measurements of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.RESULTS:The CNFD was reduced in glaucoma groups compared to healthy subjects(P<0.01).Patients using anti-glaucoma medications exhibited poorer confocal parameters compared to untreated patients.As the number of medications and usage count increased,CNFD,CNBD,CNFL,CTBD,CNFA,and CNFrD experienced a decline,while CNFW increased(all P<0.01).For the brinzolamide-therapy group,there was a significant decrease in CNFD and CNFL compared to the other monotherapy groups(P<0.001).In the absence of medication,CNFD in males was lower than that in females(P<0.05).Among patients under medication therapy,CNFD remained consistent between males and females.CONCLUSION:Antiglaucoma eye drops affect the microstructure of corneal nerves.IVCM and ACCMetrics are useful tools that could be used to evaluate the corneal nerve changes.