Two-dimensional Model of the Microstructural Evolution in Hot-strip Rolling Processes of C-Mn Steels by Computer Simulations

In the present paper,the two-dimensional comprehensive model,which integrates the temperature model developed by the authors using finite difference methods and microstructural evolution model,has been developed.By using different microstructural evolution equations developed by Sellars,Senuma et al.and Easka et al.,the comparison studies have been made,which present that (1) the calculated γ-grain sizes show good agreements with the measured;(2) these equations show consistencies at the end of finishing stands.

Study on hot deformation behavior of homogenized Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.8Zn-0.4Zr alloy using a combination of strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model and finite element simulation method

Isothermal hot compression experiments were conducted on homogenized Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.8Zn-0.4Zr alloy to investigate hot deformation behavior at the temperature range of 673-773 K and the strain rate range of 0.001-1 s^(-1)by using a Gleeble-1500D thermo mechanical simulator.Metallographic characterization on samples deformed to true strain of 0.70 illustrates the occurrence of flow localization and/or microcrack at deformation conditions of 673 K/0.01 s^(-1),673 K/1 s^(-1)and 698 K/1 s^(-1),indicating that these three deformation conditions should be excluded during hot working of homogenized Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.8Zn-0.4Zr alloy.Based on the measured true stress-strain data,the strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was constructed and then incorporated into UHARD subroutine of ABAQUS software to study hot deformation process of homogenized Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.8Zn-0.4Zr alloy.By comparison with measured force-displacement curves,the predicted results can describe well the rheological behavior of homogenized Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.8Zn-0.4Zr alloy,verifying the validity of finite element simulation of hot compression process with this complicated constitutive model.Numerical results demonstrate that the distribution of values of material parameters(α,n,Q and ln A)within deformed sample is inhomogeneous.This issue is directly correlated to the uneven distribution of equivalent plastic strain due to the friction effect.Moreover,at a given temperature the increase of strain rate would result in the decrease of equivalent plastic strain within the central region of deformed sample,which hinders the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization(DRX).

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 55NiCrMoV7 hot-work die steel during quenching and tempering treatments

55NiCrMoV7 hot-work die steel is mainly used to manufacture heavy forgings in the fields of aerospace and automobile.This study aims to clarify the effects of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the steel,in order to find out an optimal heat treatment scheme to obtain an excellent balance of strength,ductility and toughness.The steel was quenched at temperature from 790℃ to 910℃ followed by tempering treatments of 100–650℃ for 5 h.The mechanical property tests were carried out by tensile,impact toughness and hardness.Optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)were used to observe the austenite grains,lath martensite,carbides and fracture morphology.The results show that the quenching temperature mainly influences the austenite grain size and the volume fraction of undissolved carbides(UCs),while the tempering temperature mainly influences the size and morphology of the martensite with a body centered cubic(BCC)and the carbides with a face centered cubic(FCC).The mechanical properties of the steel,including yield and tensile strength,ductility,impact toughness and hardness,get an excellent balance at a quenching range of 850–870C.As the tempering temperature increases,the yield and tensile strength and hardness decrease,while the ductility and impact toughness increase.These variation trends can be further verified by fracture SEM observation and analysis.Combined with a macro-micro coupled finite element(MMFE)modeling technique,the cooling rate,microstructural evolution and yield strength of the steel were predicted and compared with the tested data.

Modeling of microstructure evolution of AZ80 magnesium alloy during hot working process using a unified internal state variable method

In this paper, a unified internal state variable(ISV) model for predicting microstructure evolution during hot working process of AZ80 magnesium alloy was developed. A novel aspect of the proposed model is that the interactive effects of material hardening, recovery and dynamic recrystallization(DRX) on the characteristic deformation behavior were considered by incorporating the evolution laws of viscoplastic flow, dislocation activities, DRX nucleation and boundary migration in a coupled manner. The model parameters were calibrated based on the experimental data analysis and genetic algorithm(GA) based objective optimization. The predicted flow stress, DRX fraction and average grain size match well with experimental results. The proposed model was embedded in the finite element(FE) software DEFORM-3 D via user defined subroutine to simulate the hot compression and equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE) processes. The heterogeneous microstructure distributions at different deformation zones and the dislocation density evolution with competitive deformation mechanisms were captured.This study can provide a theoretical solution for the hot working problems of magnesium alloy.

3D Modeling and Simulation of Dendritic Growth during Solidification

A mathematical model for the three-dimensional simulation of free dendritic growth and microstructure evolutionwas developed based on the growth mechanism of crystal grains and basic transfer equations such as heat, massand momentum transfer equations. Many factors including constitutional undercooling, curvature undercooling andanisotropy, which had vital influences on the microstructure evolution, were considered in the model. Simulated resultsshowed that final microstructural patterns and free dendritic growth could be predicted reasonably and calculatedresults were coincident with experimental The simulated results of free dendritic growth indicated that the strength ofanisotropy has significant effects on free dendritic growth, dendrite profile, micro solute and temperature distribution.The dendritic grain profiles with fully-grown parallel secondary arm tend to be formed at the intensive anisotropy,while near octahedral grain profiles with small protuberances of surface at low strength of anisotropy. The simulatedresults of free dendritic growth also indicated that there are small molten pools left in interdendritic areas. This ishelpful to understand the fundamental of the formation of microstructure related defects such as microsegregationand microporosity.

Simulation for microstructure evolution of Al-Si alloys in solidification process

The numerical simulation for microstructure evolution of Al-Si alloy in solidification process is carried out with phase field model. The phase field model, solution algorithm and the program of dendrite growth are introduced. The definition of initial condition, boundary condition and the stability condition of differential format are all included. The simulation results show that the evolution of dendrite morphology is as follows: the initial circle nucleus transforms to the rectangle one firstly, then its corners develop to the four trunks and from which the secondary side branches are generated and even the third side branches are produced from secondary ones. The dendrite tip radius decreases quickly at the initial stage and changes slowly at the late stage, which is mainly due to the fact that more and more side branches appear and grow up. The comparisons of dendrite morphology between simulated results and investigations by others are also presented. It is proved that the dendrite morphologies are similar in trunks and arms growth, so the developed phase field program is accurate.

薄带短流程无头连铸连轧组织演变 预测模型及其软件开发

为了准确预测薄带短流程无头连铸连轧产线上轧制过程中轧件组织的演变过程,结合薄带无头连铸连轧产线的轧制设备和生产工艺特点,基于热传导理论构建了适用于薄带无头连铸连轧轧制全流程的板带温度场模拟系统;在此基础上,利用JMAK模型并耦合温度演变,建立了一种适用于薄带无头连铸连轧产线的组织演变预测模型。进而采用Python和PyQt工具,开发了一款面向用户、便于人机交互的软件,实现该组织演变预测模型的应用。通过将模型计算结果与生产现场的实测数据进行对比验证,结果表明所构建模型对温度的预测误差不超过±5℃,对晶粒尺寸的预测精度不超过±3μm,满足无头连铸连轧产线的生产需求,为薄带无头连铸连轧轧制工艺的制定与优化提供了可靠的理论支持。

水泥水化过程的概率模型及其微结构演变的数值模拟

为了实现水泥水化过程及微结构演变规律的数值模拟,根据水泥组成矿物相的水化反应机理,利用随机概率方法,建立了水泥水化反应及微结构演变过程的概率模型,该模型通过水泥净浆初始组成结构中各矿物相颗粒像素的随机移动与碰撞反应,模拟水泥水化及微结构的演变过程。以水灰比分别为0.23、0.35、0.53的水泥净浆为例,利用该模型数值模拟了水泥净浆的水化过程及微结构演变规律,结果表明,水灰比可显著影响水泥水化过程,在同一水化龄期,水灰比越大,水泥水化越充分,其微结构的孔隙率以及孔隙连通度越高;当水泥浆体微结构的毛细孔隙完全断开时,其临界总孔隙率约为20%。

Comprehensive unified model and simulation approach for microstructure evolution

The prediction of microstructure constituents and their morphologies is of great importance for the evaluation of material properties and design of advanced materials.There have been considerable efforts to model and simulate microstructure evolution using a wide spectrum of models and simulation approaches.This paper initially reviews the atomistic and mesoscale simulation approaches for microstructure evolution,emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages.Atomistic approaches,such as molecular dynamics,are restricted by the scale of the studied system because they are computationally expensive.Continuum mesoscale simulation approaches,such as phase field,cellular automata,and Monte Carlo,have inconsistent phenomenological equations,each of which only describes one aspect of microstructure evolution.To provide comprehensive insight into microstructure evolution,a unified model that is capable of equally evaluating the nucleation and growth processes is required.In this paper,a physics-based model is proposed that incorporates statistical mechanics,the energy conservation law,and the force equilibrium concept to include all aspects of microstructure evolution.A compatible simulation approach is also described to simulate microstructure evolution during thermomechanical treatments.Furthermore,the microstructure evolution of AISI 304 austenitic steel during isothermal heat treatment and fusion welding is simulated and discussed.The use of fundamental physical rules instead of phenomenological equations,together with the real spatial and temporal scales of the proposed model,facilitates the comparison of the simulation results with experimental results.To examine the accuracy of the proposed simulation approach,the isothermal heat treatment simulation results are compared with experimental data over a broad region of temperatures and time periods.

偏晶合金凝固过程及凝固组织控制方法研究进展

偏晶合金的应用十分广泛,其中许多具有重要的工业应用背景,但该类合金凝固时首先发生液-液相变,极易形成偏析严重乃至两相分离的凝固组织,因此其凝固过程研究与工业制备技术研发受到了严重限制。近年来,偏晶合金凝固理论受到材料科学领域的高度重视,为了深入研究偏晶合金凝固组织形成过程及演变规律,材料科学工作者分别在空间微重力条件下和地面重力场内对该类合金开展了大量凝固实验,探索了偏晶合金的常规凝固行为、快速凝固行为、定向凝固行为和连续凝固行为等,考察了微重力场、电场、磁场、离心力场、超声场等外场以及微合金化元素对偏晶合金凝固过程的影响,并结合实验对偏晶合金凝固组织形成过程开展了深入的建模与模拟研究,阐明了偏晶合金凝固机理及关键影响因素。综述了有关偏晶合金凝固研究的进展,介绍了本研究团队相关研究工作,并展望了未来偏晶合金凝固研究的方向。

金属成形过程组织演变的Cellular Automaton模拟技术

结合金属凝固过程和热成形过程的温度场、浓度场、应力应变场等的数值模拟和金属结晶、再结晶过程中的热力学、动力学条件，建立了金属成形过程组织演变的宏－微观耦合模型．利用ＣｅｌｌｕｌａｒＡｕｔｏｍａｔｏｎ方法，依据建立的模型对Ｋ４１７Ｎｉ基合金叶片的凝固组织形成过程和热加工过程的再结晶组织进行了模拟．

材料微观组织演变的蒙特卡洛仿真原理及应用

材料宏观力学性能由材料微观组织决定。蒙特卡洛波茨模型是实现材料微观组织演变过程仿真的一种重要方法。对蒙特卡洛波茨模型的原理、算法和应用进行了综述。

金属热态塑性成形过程中组织演变的模型化研究

微观组织模拟已经成为热态塑性成形过程数值模拟技术研究的重点 ,其核心是组织演变模型的建立。概述了金属热态塑性成形过程中的微观组织演变及其模型化的研究概况 ,详细评述了描述材料组织演变的两类模型 ,即数值模型和随机模型 ,探讨了现有模型的基本概念、适用范围及工业应用等 ,并指出了组织演变模型研究中存在的不足及今后的研究重点。

AZ41M镁合金动态再结晶组织演变模拟

在变形温度300～450℃,应变速率0.005～1 s-1条件下,采用Gleeble-1500D试验机对AZ41M镁合金进行热压缩实验;处理实验数据,求解不同变形条件下的动态回复软化率系数r,分析了温度和应变速率等工艺参数对r的影响;基于实验数据,建立了Laasraoui-Jonas（L-J）位错密度模型,借助Deform-3D软件对合金热压缩时的组织演变过程进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实验微观组织进行对比。结果表明,动态回复软化率系数r随温度升高而增大,随应变速率增加而降低;组织模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,该位错密度模型能准确模拟合金动态再结晶过程中的微观组织演变。

高钛6061铝合金轮毂精锻成形的微观组织模拟

为了研究铝合金轮毂在锻造过程中的组织变化,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对高钛6061铝合金在变形温度350~510℃,应变速率0.001~10 s^(-1)的条件下进行了热压缩模拟实验。通过对实验数据的回归分析,建立了高钛6061铝合金微观组织演变模型,结合热模拟试样金相数据对该模型进行了验证。利用二次开发的DEFORM有限元软件对某型号的锻铝轮毂成形过程的组织演变进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:利用所建立的高钛6061铝合金微观组织演变模型的模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,微观组织演变模型正确可靠。锻铝轮毂成形后轮辐侧表面的晶粒尺寸最小,心部次之,上表面晶粒最大,轮毂热锻时适当提高变形温度或降低变形速率都有利于提高轮毂轮辐各部位的再结晶体积百分数,同时,晶粒也能得到不同程度的细化。

Hot deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy during isothermal compression

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-6 Al-4 V-0.1 Ru titanium alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator over deformation temperature range of 1023-1423 K and strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1.Arrhenius-type constitutive models were developed for temperature ranges of bothα+βdual phase andβsingle phase at strain of 0.1.Afterwards,a series of material constants(including activation energy Q,material constants n,αand ln A)as polynomial functions of strain were introduced into Arrhenius-type models.Finally,the improved Arrhenius-type models in temperature field ofα+βandβphase were constructed.The results show that the improved Arrhenius-type models contribute to the calculation of Zener-Hollomon(Z)parameter,and the microstructural evolution mechanism is uncovered by combining microstructure observations with Z-parameter.Furthermore,the improved Arrhenius-type models are also helpful to improve the accuracy of finite element method(FEM)simulation in the deformation process of Ti-6 Al-4 V-0.1 Ru titanium alloy.

场变量模型在材料微观结构演化中的应用

采用场变量模型来模拟材料微观结构的演变过程取得了非常大的进展,已成为描述材料微观结构演化的非常成功的模型之一。通过定义一系列高阶可微的保守场和非保守场变量来表述微观组织的空间分布,采用计算机模拟来描述这些场变量的变化路径,从而很好地预测及控制微观组织演化过程。本文详细介绍了场变量模型的基本原理及其在材料科学与工程各领域应用的最新进展。

基于Laasraoui-Jonas位错密度理论的TA10钛合金微观组织演变模拟

为模拟TA10钛合金的微观组织演变,采用Gleeble-1500D热/力模拟试验机,在变形温度为800~1050℃,应变速率为0.01~5 s^（-1）的条件下,对TA10钛合金做了热模拟压缩实验。通过处理实验数据,得到不同变形条件下的动态回复软化率系数r,分析了变形温度和应变速率对r值的影响;建立了TA10钛合金的Laasraoui-Jonas（L-J）位错密度模型,结合元胞自动机法（Cellular Automata,CA）对TA10钛合金的微观组织演变进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比。结果表明：TA10钛合金动态回复软化率系数r的值随应变速率的增加而减小,随温度的升高而增大;模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,所构建的L-J位错密度模型能够准确预测TA10钛合金在热压缩过程中的微观组织演变。

应用Laasraoui-Jonas位错密度模型模拟工业纯钛微观组织演变

为模拟工业纯钛的微观组织演变过程,利用Gleebe-1500D实验机对工业纯钛进行热模拟压缩实验,变形温度为700、800、900和950℃,应变速率为0.01、0.1、1和5 s-1。对实验得到的数据进行处理,建立工业纯钛Laasraoui-Jonas(L-J)位错密度模型,结合Deform-3D软件对工业纯钛的微观组织演变过程进行模拟,并和实验所得到的微观组织进行比较。结果表明,工业纯钛在热压缩过程中,随着变形量的增加,位错密度先增大再减小,材料内部微观组织发生回复与再结晶;再结晶晶粒的模拟结果与实验结果较吻合,所建立的L-J位错密度模型是合理的。

连续相场模型在微观结构演化过程模拟中的应用

简要介绍了连续相场方法,包括:连续界面近似;有保守场变量和非保守场变量组成的相场变量;微观结构演化的化学驱动力,如体自由能、界面能、弹性畸变能、外场能量等;连续相场模型中的动力学方程,其中保守场变量在时间和空间上的演化遵循Cahn-Hilliard的非线性扩散方程,非保守场变量遵循Allen-Cahn弛豫方程;动力学方程的常见数值解法。最后还简要介绍了几种常见的相场模型。