Effect of Process Parameters of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) on Polysaccharides Yield from Pumpkin

Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction （MAE） of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodology method. The results showed that the liquid-solid ratio was the most important factor in polysaccharides yield, followed the extraction temperature was the least important factor. The optimum microwave assisted extraction co by ndi extraction time, and tions for the highest polysaccharides yield from pumpkin （16.76%-4-0.38%） were obtained by using the response surface methodology with extraction time of 29 min, an extraction temperature of 79 ℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL·g^-1. Validation experiment result well agreed with predicted value.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID FROM LICORICE ROOT-EFFECT OF THE PROPERTY OF SOLUTION ON EXTRACTION OF GA

The property of extraction solution is an important factor influencing the extraction efficiency. In the present work, the effect of the property of solution on extraction of GA was studied, which including the concentration of ethanol, ammonia and cation (M+), pH of extraction solution, different kinds of organic solvent etc. The results show that 50%-60%(v/v) ethanol can reach high percentage extraction of GA. If 1% (v/v) ammonia solution was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, the percentage extraction can be increased from 2.0% to 2.31%. Without ammonia, 50mmol/L [M+] (M+ = K+, NH4+) was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, percentage extraction of GA can reach about 2.26%. If pH of solution (60% ethanol) was adjust to pH=4.0, it can reach high percentage extraction. If pH of solution (60% ethanol + 50mmol [M+], pH=6.1) was adjust tO PH=4.0, especially M+ is K+ or NH4+, it can reach almost same extraction efficiency as that of 1% ammonia solution + 60% ethanol, and the operation environment can be greatly improved.

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Response surface optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol（1∶15,v/v）for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumule using response surface methodology

In this work,a fast and efficient microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) method was developed to extract main bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumue.To optimize MAE conditions,three main factors were selected using univariate approach experiments,and then central composite design(CCD).The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:methanol concentration of 65%,microwave power of 200 W,and extraction time of 260 s.A high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector(HPLC–DAD) method was established to quantitatively analyze these phytochemicals in different lotus plumule samples and in different part of lotus.Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Extend-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm).Gradient elution was applied with the mobile phase constituted with 0.1% triethylamine in water(A)and acetonitrile(B):40%-70% B at 0-8 min,70%-100% B at 8–9 min,100% B for 2 min,and then equilibrated with 40% B for 2 min.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

This study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and oxidation stability of castor oil using microwave-assisted solvent extraction(MAE). MAE was performed using 5% ethanol in hexane as solvent at different extraction times, power intensities and solvent-to-feed(S/F, ml of solvent to gram of feed) ratios.The process parameters were optimized by statistical approach using historical data design of response surface method(RSM). The oils were characterized for yield, physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and oxidation stability, and comparison was also made with oil extracted using Soxhlet method. Results show that the maximum oil yield of 37% was obtained at 20 min with microwave power intensity of 330 W and S/F ratio of 20. The main fatty acid composition of castor oil is ricinoleic acid. The density, refractive index, dielectric properties and oxidation stability of oils are not affected by the extraction methods and extraction parameters of MAE. However, the MAE-extracted oil is more viscous compared to that by Soxhlet method. With extra caution on oil oxidation, MAE could be a promising solvent extraction method with an 86% less in processing time and a higher yield.

Application and research advancement on the microwave-assisted extraction

This paper summarized application and research advancement of the microwave-assisted extraction in the agriculture, food industry, environmental analytical chemistry, traditional Chinese medicine industry, and so on. The microwave-assisted extraction was manifested to be a simple device, wide area of application, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility and low consumption of agent and time as well as low environmental pollution. At present, industrialization question of the microwave-assisted extraction technology has been attached importance, which will impel the microwave-assisted extraction technology to more development in the future

Comparison of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network in Predicting the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Procedure to Determine Zinc in Fish Muscles

In this paper, the estimation capacities of the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), in a microwave-assisted extraction method to determine the amount of zinc in fish samples were investigated. The experiments were carried out based on a 3-level, 4-variable Box–Behnken design. The amount of zinc was considered as a function of four independent variables, namely irradiation power, irradiation time, nitric acid concentration, and temperature. The RSM results showed the quadratic polynomial model can be used to describe the relationship between the various factors and the response. Using the ANN analysis, the optimal configuration of the ANN model was found to be 4-10-1. After predicting the model using RSM and ANN, two methodologies were then compared for their predictive capabilities. The results showed that the ANN model is much more accurate in prediction as compared to the RSM.

Study on chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to HPLC/DAD

Microwave-assisted extraction(MAE)was used for extraction of effective components of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),and then chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)was studied by high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector(HPLC/DAD).The conditions of MAE were optimized by an orthogonal experiment,and then the authentication and validation of the chromatographic fingerprint were conducted.Nine peaks were identified as common peaks in the fingerprint chromatograms,and isofraxidin was considered as a reference compound and quantified.Relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area of each component were less than 3% and 8%,respectively.Similarity and difference analysis were conducted by use of PCA and relation coefficient.Twenty batches of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)samples from two different producing areas could be classified into two different groups in the PCA model.The results showed that MAE-HPLC/DAD method was simple,efficient and stable for the study of complex chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),which could provide more reliable and precise information for quality evaluation.

Rapid Lab-Scale Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Analysis of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals in River Sediments

An Ethos EZ Microwave Lab Station is employed in the development of a robust and efficient microwave extraction method for organic contaminants of anthropogenic origin in river sediments. The extraction method is designed for a small, representative set of target compounds encompassing a range of physicochemical properties. Listed in order of gas chromatography elution they are para-cresol, indole, 4-tert-octylphenol, phenanthrene, triclosan, bisphenol-A, carbamazepine, and benzo [a] pyrene. The sediments samples are extracted wet, which reduces preparation time, and allows the ambient moisture of the sediments to aid in microwave energy absorption and the extraction process. The microwave can hold up to 12 samples that can be simultaneously extracted allowing for rapid sample preparation. Utilizing the pressurized vessels, microwave energy, and a unique mixture of three organic solvents allows for multiple samples to be extracted rapidly with minimal solvent consumption. The final extracts are quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Recoveries of the 8 target compounds in sediment range from 49% to 113%, and method detection limits range between 14 and 114 μg kg–1, which are comparable with other more time consuming methods.

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Natural Polyphenols and Flavonoids from the Raw Solid Waste of the Orange Juice Industry

Orange pomace is the solid waste of the orange juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Orange pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which can substitute the potentially hazardous or less desirable chemical antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics industry.In this work,an eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of orange pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce aqueous bioactive antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three factorial Response Surface Optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain optimum values of total polyphenols and total flavonoids and build predictive models for their optimal extraction conditions.The three optimization factors in terms of applied process parameters were(a)water/solid ratio,(b)extraction temperature and(c)extraction time.The effectiveness and statistical soundness of the two corresponding models regarding optimal total polyphenols and flavonoids were verified by Analysis of Variance(ANOVA).

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Solid Waste of the Pomegranate Juice Industry

Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors.In this work,eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols,total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity(TAC).The three optimization factors involved were:(a)water/solid ratio;(b)extraction temperature;(c)extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.

不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响

为了探究不同提取工艺对鸡油理化性质与挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究分别采用干法、湿法和微波熬制三种工艺提取鸡油,并对不同工艺提取鸡油的理化性质进行综合比较,同时采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其挥发性风味物质构成,结合相对气味活度值、主成分分析和聚类分析明确不同提取工艺鸡油中的关键挥发性风味成分组成差异。结果表明,干法熬制的鸡油亮度最低,颜色更红、更黄,丙二醛含量较低;湿法熬制的鸡油亮度最高,颜色偏绿、偏黄,酸价较低;微波熬制的鸡油亮度稍暗,黄色和红色较浅,提取率较高,氧化稳定性较好且熬制时间短。不同提取工艺鸡油样品中共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质,其中干法、湿法和微波法三种不同工艺所提取的鸡油中挥发性风味物质分别有39种、41种和44种,共有挥发性风味物质30种。结合ROAV和PCA,确定了(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、1-戊醇、辛醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、3-甲基丁醛为鸡油的主要特征风味物质。微波法提取鸡油的特征性风味物质含量较高且种类较多。本研究表明微波工艺相对而言具有耗时短、得率高、氧化稳定好以及鸡油特征性风味物质含量较高且种类多等优点,是一种值得深入研究与探索的鸡油提取工艺。

响应面优化提取玄参碱溶性多糖及对高眼压小鼠视网膜的影响

采用单因素及响应面优化微波提取玄参碱溶性多糖(简称多糖)工艺,并对高眼压症小鼠进行21天灌胃不同剂量多糖后测定小鼠眼压变化和通过研究其视网膜结构变化、氧化反应和炎症反应初步探索其机制。结果表明多糖的最佳提取条件为:微波功率400 W,微波时间16 min,微波温度72℃,NaOH浓度5.5%,并在料液比1/25(g/mL),在此条件下多糖提取率为18.75 mg/g。多糖可以降低小鼠的眼压和有效保护视网膜结构,其机制是通过提高SOD、GSH-px抗氧化酶类活性来提高视网膜抗氧化能力和抑制TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6炎症因子的表达,是一种潜在的功能性食品添加剂。

蚕丝含油率微波萃取试验方法探讨

针对目前蚕丝含油率检测效率低、耗时长、资源浪费大的问题,选用微波萃取工艺,设计4因素3水平的正交试验,分析比较微波萃取法与索式萃取法在蚕丝含油率检测方面的应用,探讨微波萃取法的测试条件。试验结果表明:微波萃取法相比索式萃取法检测准确度更高,过程更环保,且检测时间和试剂用量更少;微波萃取温度、萃取时间、萃取功率及乙酸乙酯用量各因素对样品含油率测试结果的影响从大到小依次为萃取温度、乙酸乙酯用量、萃取时间和萃取功率。最优检测条件为:萃取温度67℃,乙酸乙酯用量40 mL,萃取时间15 min,萃取功率800 W。

微波处理对刺槐豆胶多糖结构特征的影响

采用微波辅助法(microwave-assisted extraction,MAE)和热水浸提法(hot water extraction,HWE)处理刺槐豆胶,并对得到的刺槐豆胶多糖(locust bean gum polysaccharide,LBGP)进行分子量及分子量分布、糖链构象、单糖组成、糖苷键类型等一系列表征进行分析。通过比较发现,MAE-LBGP的分子量(2.744〜3.777×10^(6) g/mol)显著高于HWE-LBGP(1.222〜1.593×10^(6) g/mol),且具有更宽的分子量分布,不均一性的增强使得糖链呈现出更加多样化及更为紧密的构象特征,而HWE-LBGP的构象则表现得相对单一和松散。经由两种提取方式得到的LBGP具有相同的单糖组成种类(甘露糖和半乳糖)和糖苷键类型(1→4与1→6位连接键)。以上结果归因于在微波效应的作用下,溶剂的极化作用增强,提取能力增加,并通过增强溶剂的传质能力,获得了高分子量和更宽分布的多糖所致。本研究为微波技术在多糖提取应用方面提供了支持和帮助。

MAE-SAFE-GC-MS法分析道口烧鸡挥发性成分

采用微波辅助萃取耦合溶剂辅助风味蒸发法对道口烧鸡的挥发性成分进行提取。采用气相色谱-质谱结合保留指数定性分析道口烧鸡挥发性成分,共鉴定出98种化合物,包括11种醇、17种醛、9种酮、11种含氮、含硫及杂环化合物、3种酸、5种酯、4种醚、36种烃和2种酚。可能对道口烧鸡特征香气的形成起关键作用的有4-萜烯醇、糠醇、肉桂醇、己醛、苯甲醛、反-2-癸烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、大茴香醛、肉桂醛、丁香酚、茴香脑、肉豆蔻醚、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-4-吡喃酮等。

茶饮料浸提工艺的微波辅助萃取(MAE)应用研究

浸提工艺是茶饮料生产过程一个关键生产工艺。本文比较了传统热水浸提工艺和微波辅助萃取工艺之间的最优工艺参数,并利用高效液相色谱分析方法研究了微波萃取对茶多酚浸出得率和单体组成的影响,表明微波萃取技术(Microwave-assistedextraction,MAE)可应用在茶饮料生产中,而且比传统热水浸提工艺省时节能。结果表明:传统热水浸提工艺的最优浸提温度90℃、时间43min、液固比20:1,茶多酚的得率为19.76%;微波辅助萃取工艺的最优浸提功率360W、时间3.5min、液固比25:1,茶多酚的得率为20.63%。微波短时处理茶叶不会对茶多酚的结构和单体组成产生破坏性影响。