Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID FROM LICORICE ROOT-EFFECT OF THE PROPERTY OF SOLUTION ON EXTRACTION OF GA

The property of extraction solution is an important factor influencing the extraction efficiency. In the present work, the effect of the property of solution on extraction of GA was studied, which including the concentration of ethanol, ammonia and cation (M+), pH of extraction solution, different kinds of organic solvent etc. The results show that 50%-60%(v/v) ethanol can reach high percentage extraction of GA. If 1% (v/v) ammonia solution was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, the percentage extraction can be increased from 2.0% to 2.31%. Without ammonia, 50mmol/L [M+] (M+ = K+, NH4+) was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, percentage extraction of GA can reach about 2.26%. If pH of solution (60% ethanol) was adjust to pH=4.0, it can reach high percentage extraction. If pH of solution (60% ethanol + 50mmol [M+], pH=6.1) was adjust tO PH=4.0, especially M+ is K+ or NH4+, it can reach almost same extraction efficiency as that of 1% ammonia solution + 60% ethanol, and the operation environment can be greatly improved.

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Response surface optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol（1∶15,v/v）for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

This study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and oxidation stability of castor oil using microwave-assisted solvent extraction(MAE). MAE was performed using 5% ethanol in hexane as solvent at different extraction times, power intensities and solvent-to-feed(S/F, ml of solvent to gram of feed) ratios.The process parameters were optimized by statistical approach using historical data design of response surface method(RSM). The oils were characterized for yield, physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and oxidation stability, and comparison was also made with oil extracted using Soxhlet method. Results show that the maximum oil yield of 37% was obtained at 20 min with microwave power intensity of 330 W and S/F ratio of 20. The main fatty acid composition of castor oil is ricinoleic acid. The density, refractive index, dielectric properties and oxidation stability of oils are not affected by the extraction methods and extraction parameters of MAE. However, the MAE-extracted oil is more viscous compared to that by Soxhlet method. With extra caution on oil oxidation, MAE could be a promising solvent extraction method with an 86% less in processing time and a higher yield.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumule using response surface methodology

In this work,a fast and efficient microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) method was developed to extract main bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumue.To optimize MAE conditions,three main factors were selected using univariate approach experiments,and then central composite design(CCD).The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:methanol concentration of 65%,microwave power of 200 W,and extraction time of 260 s.A high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector(HPLC–DAD) method was established to quantitatively analyze these phytochemicals in different lotus plumule samples and in different part of lotus.Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Extend-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm).Gradient elution was applied with the mobile phase constituted with 0.1% triethylamine in water(A)and acetonitrile(B):40%-70% B at 0-8 min,70%-100% B at 8–9 min,100% B for 2 min,and then equilibrated with 40% B for 2 min.

Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in grains followed by GC

A convenient,cost-effective and fast method using dynamic microwave-assisted extraction and liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop was proposed to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains including rice,maize and millet.Twelve samples can be processed simultaneously in the method.During the extraction process,10%acetonitrile-water solutions containing 110μL of n-hexadecane were used to extract organochlorine pesticides.Subsequently,1.0 g sodium chloride was placed in the extract,and then centrifuged and cooled.The n-hexadecane drops containing the analytes were solidifi ed and transferred for determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detector without any further filtration or cleaning process.Limits of detection for organochlorine pesticides were 0.97–1.01μg/kg and the RSDs were in the range of 2.6%–8.5%.The developed technology has succeeded in analyzing six real grains samples and the recoveries of the organochlorine pesticides were 72.2%–94.3%.Compared with the published extraction methods,the developed method was used to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains,being more environmentally friendly,which is suitable for the daily determination of organochlorine pesticides.

Comparison of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network in Predicting the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Procedure to Determine Zinc in Fish Muscles

In this paper, the estimation capacities of the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), in a microwave-assisted extraction method to determine the amount of zinc in fish samples were investigated. The experiments were carried out based on a 3-level, 4-variable Box–Behnken design. The amount of zinc was considered as a function of four independent variables, namely irradiation power, irradiation time, nitric acid concentration, and temperature. The RSM results showed the quadratic polynomial model can be used to describe the relationship between the various factors and the response. Using the ANN analysis, the optimal configuration of the ANN model was found to be 4-10-1. After predicting the model using RSM and ANN, two methodologies were then compared for their predictive capabilities. The results showed that the ANN model is much more accurate in prediction as compared to the RSM.

Mechanisms of Cytochrome C Extraction by Reverse Micelles

The extraction of cytochrome C was carried out by means of phase transfer technique with three different reverse micellar systems, i.e. , a CTAB micellar solution in n butyl alcohol chloroform(volume ratio 4∶1), an AOT micellar solution in isooctane and a SDSS D 2EHPA micellar solution in isooctane. The extraction mechanisms were studied. The results show that the extraction mechanisms for the same proteins with different types of reverse micellar systems can be distinct. The extraction of cytochrome C with CTAB and SDSS D 2EHPA reverse micellar systems are carried out according to the mechanism of electrostatic interaction. However, in the extraction of cytochrome C with the AOT reverse micellar system, the electrostatic interaction between the protein and the surfactant is not important.

Application and research advancement on the microwave-assisted extraction

This paper summarized application and research advancement of the microwave-assisted extraction in the agriculture, food industry, environmental analytical chemistry, traditional Chinese medicine industry, and so on. The microwave-assisted extraction was manifested to be a simple device, wide area of application, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility and low consumption of agent and time as well as low environmental pollution. At present, industrialization question of the microwave-assisted extraction technology has been attached importance, which will impel the microwave-assisted extraction technology to more development in the future

Preparation of Highly Concentrated Silver Nanoparticles in Reverse Micelles of Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters through Solid-Liquid Extraction Method

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in reverse micelles consisting of sucrose fatty acid esters by dissolving reactant powder in the water pool of reverse micelles through the solid-liquid extraction. Silver nanoparticles having various sizes and shapes were obtained at high concentration. The size of silver nanoparticles was controlled by reaction temperature. Moreover, the size of silver nanoparticles was dependent upon the average esterification degree of sucrose fatty acid esters forming reverse micelles. The wavelength in the peaks, which corresponded upon the localized surface plasmon resonance of resultant silver nanoparticles, was correlated with their sizes.

Study on chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to HPLC/DAD

Microwave-assisted extraction(MAE)was used for extraction of effective components of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),and then chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)was studied by high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector(HPLC/DAD).The conditions of MAE were optimized by an orthogonal experiment,and then the authentication and validation of the chromatographic fingerprint were conducted.Nine peaks were identified as common peaks in the fingerprint chromatograms,and isofraxidin was considered as a reference compound and quantified.Relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area of each component were less than 3% and 8%,respectively.Similarity and difference analysis were conducted by use of PCA and relation coefficient.Twenty batches of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)samples from two different producing areas could be classified into two different groups in the PCA model.The results showed that MAE-HPLC/DAD method was simple,efficient and stable for the study of complex chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),which could provide more reliable and precise information for quality evaluation.

DOUBLE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION KINETICS OF A MICELLE MIXED EXTRACTANT SYSTEM I DOUBLE(KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC)SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION MECHANISMS

The equilibria and kinetic characteristics of a micelle mixed extractant system-D2 EHPA-MPA（MPA-monoalkyl phosphoric acid with long carbon chain and micellization）in extractionof the Al3+ions were studied.It was found that the system has double synergistic effects on theextraction of the Al3+ions.The compositions of the synergistic complexes were determined andthe synergistic reaction equations were obtained.

Size Changes of Reverse Micelles after Extraction of Peanut Protein and Their Forward Extraction Rates

The aim of this study was to detect the size changes of reverse micelles after extraction of peanut protein and their forward extraction rates. Factors that affect the size of reverse micelles and the extraction of peanut protein were also investigated. The size of reverse micelles and the size changes were measured according to the theory of dynamic light scattering under different conditions such as different sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate(AOT) concentrations, p H values, ion concentrations, and salt species.With the increase of AOT surfactant concentrations in a certain range, the size of empty and full reverse micelles increased and the forward extraction rate decreased. The effect of pH on empty reverse micelles was not significant. However, the effect of pH on the full reverse micelle size and forward extraction rate were significant. Its forward extraction rate increased to the maximum39.6% at pH 7.5. The increase of the salt concentration of a buffer solution in a certain range decreased the size of empty and full reverse micelles and reduced the forward extraction rate of peanut protein. Ionic species had important effects on reverse micelles and peanut protein extraction. An increase in the amount of buffer solution enlarged the empty reverse micelle size in 0.03%-0.11%(V/V). However, it did not translate to a larger reverse micelle size. The size of the empty reverse micelles containing K_2SO_2 reached 24.1 nm with a 0.19%(V/V) buffer solution added. The sizes of the full reverse micelles were larger than those of the empty reverse micelles after forward extraction. However, maximum sizes were achieved with the addition of a 0.03%(V/V) buffer solution. The amount of 0.03%(V/V) buffer solution added was appropriate for extracting peanut protein.

LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF BSA BY USING CTAB-HEXANOL-OCTANE REVERSED MICELLAR SYSTEM

1 INTRODUCTIONIn biotechnology there is a need for new protein recovery process,which combines a highselectivity for the desired product with substantial concentration increased and easy to scale-up.In this context,liquid-liquid extraction with reversed micellar phase might serve this purpose.Reversed micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules containing an inner core of water mole-cules,dispersed in a continuous organic solvent medium.These systems are opticallytransparent and thermodynamically stable.It has beendemonstrated [1,2]that under certainconditions proteins can be transferred from an aqueous phase towards a reversed micellarphase or vice versa(Fig.1)

EXTRACTION KINEIICS,MICELLIZATION AND INTERFACIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW EXTRACTANT SYSTEM

The interfacial kinetics,micellization and interfacial characteristics of the synergetic extrac- tion system,D_2EHPA-H_2RPA-Al^(3+),have been studied.H_2RPA is a single long chain alkyl phosphate.We have found that H_2RPA in the mixed extractant system strongly exhibits the characteristics of micellization and interfacial activity.As the concentration of D_2EHPA in- creases,the micellization and interracial activity of H_2RPA decrease.The interfacial adsorption behaviour of H_2RPA is opposite to that of D_2EHPA.It was proved that the kine- tics of non-micella mixed extraction system was controlled by the chemical reaction at inter- face,and the reaction rate equation was obtained.This non-micella mixed extraction system is expected to be used in the future.

Determination of Teicoplanin A2's Partition Coefficient in Different Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems

Teicoplanin is one of the macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics, which is active against Gram-positive bacteria, and has attracted a lot of attention in the field of chiral separation recently. In this work, the partition coefficients and extraction ratio of teicoplanin in three different solvent systems were studied: conventional extraction, reactive extraction and reverse micelle extraction. With conventional solvent extraction, n-butanol demonstrated high partition coefficient for teicoplanin, but low extraction ratio because of its high solubility in water. Reactive extraction of teicoplanin showed the highest partition coefficient with almost 100% recovery in organic phase when tri-n-octylmethyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC) was used as extractant and pH value was above 5.0. A reverse micelle system, consisted of isooctane +10 mmol-L^-1 TOMAC -t-1% n-octanol, also offered high separation factor for teicoplanin. The results are beneficial for the design of teicoplanin separation and purification process.

Study on Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peels

The comparison was conducted to investigate the higher extraction rate between two methods including alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis and micro- wave-assistant extraction technique. The experimental results showed that the former method led to a better extraction effect. For the method of alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis, the technique parameters were optimized through I.s （34 ） orthogonal e^periment based on the results of single factor experiments, after investi- gated the effect of solid to liquid ratio, pH, extraction temperature and extraction time on the pectin extraction rate. tersrm technique was employed to extract pectin. The selected parameter was obtained by means On the basis of the optimal technical parmne- of L16 （45） orthogonal experiment after studied the effect of solid to liquid ratio, extraction temperature, microwave treatment period, pH and microwave power on pectin extraction yield. Repetitive examinations of two methods were carried out separately, pectin extraction rate with the fLrst technique was 14.57% and that with the second method was 11.62%. The charac- teristics of the pectin sample prepared by alcohol deposition with acid hydrolysis were further investigated. The research demonstrated that mass percent of pectin was 87.23%. The esterification degree of pectin was 75.66% ,and pectin sample color was from creamy white to pale yellow.

Application of Reverse Micelles of Alkyl Glucosides to Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles were prepared in reverse micelles of alkyl glucosides by the injection method. The TEM image showed that the obtained silver nanoparticles displayed a wide variety of shapes. The size of silver nanoparticles was strongly dependent upon the kind of reducing agents, and tended to slightly increase with an increase in reaction temperature. The size of silver nanoparticles was hardly dependent upon the molar ratio of water to surfactant and the alkyl chain length of surfactants. Silver nanoparticles having various shapes were obtained at high concentration by the solid-liquid extraction method. The resultant silver colloid could be preserved for at least one month without precipitation.