The Leisure Style of Men of Letters in the Late Ming Dynasty and Its Social Influence

This paper explored the background of the leisure boom among the literati in the late Ming Dynasty from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and social environment, and elaborated the leisure styles of the literati in terms of enjoying a sightseeing tour, sampling wine and tea, appreciating and collecting calligraphy and painting works, favoring theatergoing, indulging in dallying with prostitutes, practicing meditation, and building gardens, and analyzed the influence of their leisure styles on the painting and calligraphy art, drama, literary creation, garden construction and other aspects of the society at that time. It is hoped that this paper can provide a deep understanding of social politics, economy, ideology and culture in the late Ming Dynasty and a reference for the development of the current leisure tourism.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Study on the Factors of Kunming Temple Garden in the Period of Ming and Qing Dynasties

Being based on preliminary study of Kunming famous temples during the Ming and Qing dynasties,field investigation was carried out about the framework of landscape,layout of waters,characteristic of structure and plant furnishing in Tanhua temple,Black Dragon Pool,Masijid of Shuncheng,Haiyuan temple and Golden Shrine which are famous temple garden in Kunming. A simple interpretation was drawn of artistic characteristics on temple garden in Kunming during the Ming and Qing dynasties via analytical investigation on many factors which influenced the development of garden of Dynasties of Ming and Qing. Then we have reviewed the elemental traits of temple garden built at that time,put forward some constructive suggestions on how to protect and develop those temple garden now still exist in Kunming.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

晚清民国常武地区针灸医家挖掘和整理

晚清至民国时期,在常武地区,以费、马、巢、丁为代表的孟河医派,在中医的发展史上留下过浓墨重彩的一笔,这四大医家均是以内外科而闻名于世。在同时期,常武地区同样走出了很多著名的针灸医家。文章通过整理和发掘,回溯常武地区走出的针灸医家的故事,研究其对针灸发展的主要贡献,丰富常武地区针灸学术史。

重审晚明:从文人士夫的知识世界谈起

“晚明文学”的图景是五四新文化运动的产物,在古今中西的参照系中,被赋予与现代性接榫的近世性特征。这幅图景为反思五四以来的学术模式提供了样例,也成为重审晚明文学文化的契机。重审的目标在于将该时期出现的种种变化,还原至当时文化与社会的前后关系中,聚焦于古典人文学术,探求晚明文人士夫的知识世界及其背后的思想范型。这一知识世界承续自明中期,因复古的价值导向与私人刻书业等物质性条件,而有系统之变,令相关生产与传播产生诸多新特点。将晚明与前后时段联结起来作长时段考察,还促发我们重新思考复古运动与性灵思潮的关系、从文章博学到考据学风的变易路径等一系列问题。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

僧诗总集与晚明清初的丛林习诗热潮——以稀见文献《珠林风雅》为典型

《珠林风雅》是晚明清初僧诗风气高涨的产物,也是古典诗歌总集编印高潮时期的典型样本。它生动地反映了诗歌从个别精英僧人的专利,到清初发展为一般文化僧都能够参与的文学活动。这是明清之际诗学家徐增编选的僧诗总集,以寺院为中心,选录了灵隐寺住持晦山戒显及僧众十余人的诗作一百余首。戒显入选最多,其中的《题武昌黄鹤楼》不仅当时“天下传颂”,而且逐渐流传为两种版本。版本差异显现了清代政治规训力量的强悍,也显现了僧诗在诗坛的影响。其他僧人也大半编有自己的诗集,但对入选仍极为热心,他们不仅期待借助传播性更强的诗歌总集传世不朽,也希望跻身为寺院文化的塑造者。晚明清初僧诗文献大量存世,无论种类还是数量都已远远超过前代,却很少受到学界关注。这一存世文献与研究成果极不对应的现象,提醒研究者重新审视佛教文学史的认识框架。

红夷大炮传入与晚明战法更新

明朝启祯时期,随着西洋火器被广泛运用于军事实践,中国军队已逐渐摸索出围绕红夷大炮的水陆新战法。在攻城方面,基于传统城墙高大坚厚的特点,明军将红夷炮击战与旧有穴城战结合起来,创造出“上推垛,下穴城”的攻城新战术。在守城方面,明军初步形成以敌台、角台之西式红夷大炮为点,城墙之上中式轻型锻铁炮为面,点面结合、远近兼备的新型城防火力体系。在野战方面,明军的车营战术也显露出类似城防作战的新思路,红夷大炮不仅用于镇守车营“阵门”,也被用来压制敌人炮兵火力。在水战方面,明军将以红夷大炮为核心的炮击战术和以火箭、火砖等为核心的纵火战术有机融合,不断完善,推动了侧舷炮舰与炮击战术的协同发展。晚明时代围绕红夷大炮展开的水陆新战法,是西洋军事技术与中国军事传统相结合的产物,体现了中西合璧的战术特征,彰显了中国军事的创新能力和整体活力。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

明代山左底层文人的日常书写与晚年心态解析——以王克笃的散曲集《适暮稿》为考察对象

通过对王克笃散曲集《适暮稿》中日常生活书写的细读与研究,分析了他自足、自适、清高、自遣、淑世、喟世、哀穷的复杂心态,认为这些心态的产生与其生活环境、身份地位、年龄时段、个体性情、治生观念有着疏密不同的关系。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

明清之际文化转型中的经世实学——兼谈《虚实之辨:颜元的问题意识及其哲学展开》一书的新探索

17世纪中叶,亦即通常所说的明清之际,中国思想文化史上出现了顾炎武、黄宗羲、王夫之、方以智、李颙、傅山、颜元等一大批极富批判个性的思想家。他们对中国古代后期封建宗法社会君权政治及其思想意识形态进行了总体性的批判与重构,开启了封建文化内部的自我批判与时代转型。颜元实学思想是这一时期思想文化史上的一枝奇葩。

书院讲学与晚明理学传播——以“东林书院网络”为中心的考察

晚明是理学传播较活跃的时期,书院是理学传播的重要场域之一。晚明书院学人秉承修正儒脉的立说宗旨,思考理学传播中淑世精神的传递,通过讲会、结社等方式在书院或书院之外弘扬己说,构建传播网络,形成了以东林书院为代表的多个波及全国、影响社会深层结构的学派群体,对晚明清初学统构建和学术传承起到了重要作用。

中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论概述

中晚明文学工夫论或承于传统的文学艺术工夫论,或根于朱熹格物致知之工夫论,或鉴于王学致良知的工夫论,或源于禅宗明心见性的工夫论,或合孟子的“知言”“养气”工夫为一体。如李东阳、王世贞、胡应麟、许学夷等人的文体工夫论重视学养、强调对文体规范、篇章字句之法的掌握;唐顺之、李贽、袁宏道等人的文学创作主体工夫论指向心性的修炼、知识的效用,主体精神的大解脱;王阳明倡导在心性本体上下工夫,至刘宗周、黄宗羲等则主张以工夫作为“存养”身心锻炼的本体。这亦势必影响其文学创作观念。充分认识中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论的价值,对重新建构与阐释明代文学批评体系具有重要的理论意义。

元明之际浙东文人的文学史观与复古旨归

元明之际,浙东文人的文学复古与立身志意融合统一。首先,浙东文人以体、法浑融的三代之文为起点,建构起宗经、尊古而审时的文学史观,“文”的历时叙述与“时”的现实关切紧密结合。其次,浙东文人聚焦古律之变,提倡诗歌音调的尚古。尊尚古体诗的创作风气与讲求协和音调、反对诗歌律化的理论旨趣相辅相成,寄寓了浙东文人的政治理想。再次,浙东文人的立身志意与文学正变观念相互交织,君子之志彰显文学师古的主体价值,形成“人”与“文”的精神同构。最后,“流而为文人”、正变诗风、复古气象等论说,关涉明代文学复古路径的意、辞分衍。元明之际,浙东文人的文学复古与明中后期转向审美化、精细化的文学复古存在显著差异。

呔商历史文化基础:明末清初冀东商品经济样态

呔商以冀东永平府为起源地,为近代东北民族资本主义经济中不可忽视的力量。呔商的兴起源于明末清初以来冀东地区传统商品经济的发展。独特的地理环境塑造出冀东“耕织鱼盐”经济模式,滦河、渤海的传统水运培育冀东地区的商品经济观念,而农牧交界的地理位置形成冀东地区包容开放的商业氛围。在以上因素作用下,冀东商品经济传统逐渐形成。冀东商品经济的主要特点为,以粮布鱼盐为主要商品,以具有地域特色的码头市集贸易为特色,贸易范围涵盖环渤海与口外地区,与此同时服务于商业的牙行、典当业已经出现。在明末清初边禁趋缓的背景下,冀东商人觉察到关内关外的潜藏商机,毅然投身于闯关东大潮,开启百年呔商辉煌历史。