Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of land use/land cover(LULC)changes in the Jinghe River Basin,China

Understanding the trajectories and driving mechanisms behind land use/land cover(LULC)changes is essential for effective watershed planning and management.This study quantified the net change,exchange,total change,and transfer rate of LULC in the Jinghe River Basin(JRB),China using LULC data from 2000 to 2020.Through trajectory analysis,knowledge maps,chord diagrams,and standard deviation ellipse method,we examined the spatiotemporal characteristics of LULC changes.We further established an index system encompassing natural factors(digital elevation model(DEM),slope,aspect,and curvature),socio-economic factors(gross domestic product(GDP)and population),and accessibility factors(distance from railways,distance from highways,distance from water,and distance from residents)to investigate the driving mechanisms of LULC changes using factor detector and interaction detector in the geographical detector(Geodetector).The key findings indicate that from 2000 to 2020,the JRB experienced significant LULC changes,particularly for farmland,forest,and grassland.During the study period,LULC change trajectories were categorized into stable,early-stage,late-stage,repeated,and continuous change types.Besides the stable change type,the late-stage change type predominated the LULC change trajectories,comprising 83.31% of the total change area.The period 2010-2020 witnessed more active LULC changes compared to the period 2000-2010.The LULC changes exhibited a discrete spatial expansion trend during 2000-2020,predominantly extending from southeast to northwest of the JRB.Influential driving factors on LULC changes included slope,GDP,and distance from highways.The interaction detection results imply either bilinear or nonlinear enhancement for any two driving factors impacting the LULC changes from 2000 to 2020.This comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of LULC changes offers valuable insights for the planning and sustainable management of LULC in the JRB.

Influence of varied drought types on soil conservation service within the framework of climate change:insights from the Jinghe River Basin,China

Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regional environmental protection and sustainable development.However,there is little research on the coupling relationship between them.In this study,focusing on the Jinghe River Basin,China as a case study,we conducted a quantitative evaluation on meteorological,hydrological,and agricultural droughts(represented by the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),and Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI),respectively)using the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model,and quantified the soil conservation service using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)in the historical period(2000-2019)and future period(2026-2060)under two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).We further examined the influence of the three types of drought on soil conservation service at annual and seasonal scales.The NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)dataset was used to predict and model the hydrometeorological elements in the future period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The results showed that in the historical period,annual-scale meteorological drought exhibited the highest intensity,while seasonal-scale drought was generally weakest in autumn and most severe in summer.Drought intensity of all three types of drought will increase over the next 40 years,with a greater increase under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario.Furthermore,the intra-annual variation in the drought intensity of the three types of drought becomes smaller under the two future scenarios relative to the historical period(2000-2019).Soil conservation service exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high levels in the southwest and southeast and lower levels in the north,and this pattern has remained consistent both in the historical and future periods.Over the past 20 years,the intra-annual variation indicated peak soil conservation service in summer and lowest level in winter;the total soil conservation of the Jinghe River Basin displayed an upward trend,with the total soil conservation in 2019 being 1.14 times higher than that in 2000.The most substantial impact on soil conservation service arises from annual-scale meteorological drought,which remains consistent both in the historical and future periods.Additionally,at the seasonal scale,meteorological drought exerts the highest influence on soil conservation service in winter and autumn,particularly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Compared to the historical period,the soil conservation service in the Jinghe River Basin will be significantly more affected by drought in the future period in terms of both the affected area and the magnitude of impact.This study conducted beneficial attempts to evaluate and predict the dynamic characteristics of watershed drought and soil conservation service,as well as the response of soil conservation service to different types of drought.Clarifying the interrelationship between the two is the foundation for achieving sustainable development in a relatively arid and severely eroded area such as the Jinghe River Basin.

Effect of Climate Variability and Human Activities on Runoff in the Jinghe River Basin, Northwest China

Much attention has recently been focused on the effects of climate variability and human activities on the runoff. In this study, we analyzed 56-yr(1957–2012) runoff change and patterns in the Jinghe River Basin(JRB) in the arid region of northwest China. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and the precipitation-runoff double cumulative curve(PRDCC) were used to identify change trend and abrupt change points in the annual runoff. It was found that the runoff in the JRB has periodically fluctuated in the past 56 yr. Abrupt change point in annual runoff was identified in the JRB, which occurred in the years around 1964 and 1996 dividing the long-term hydrologic series into a natural period(1957 – 1964) and a climate and man-induced period(1965 – 1996 and 1997 – 2012). In the 1965 – 1996 period, human activities were the main factor that decreased runoff with contribution of 88.9%, while climate variability only accounted for 11.1%. However,the impact of climate variability has been increased from 11.1% to 47.5% during 1997 – 2012, showing that runoff in JRB is more sensitive to climate variability during global warming. This study distinguishes theeffect of climate variability from human activities on runoff, which can do duty for a reference for regional water resources assessment and management.

Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflow Drought in Jinghe River Basin of China

Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local governments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can provide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standardized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of frequency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1) Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2) Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3) The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4) The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theoretical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.

A dynamic analysis of water footprint of Jinghe River basin

Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people, Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water use is one necessary component in water footprint. Water footprint is divided into green water footprint and blue water footprint but the former one is often ignored.In this paper waterJootprint includes blue water needed by agricultural irrigation, industrial and domestic water demand, and green water needed by crops, economic forests, livestock prochtcts, forestlalands and grasslands. The study calculates the footprint of the Jinghe River basin in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 with quarto methods. Results of research show that water footprints reached 164.1 ×10^8m3, 175. 69 ×10^8m3 and 178. 45 ×10^8m3 respectively in 1990, 1995 and 2000 including that of ecological water use, but reached 77.68×10^8m3, 94.24×10^8m3, 92.92×10^8m3 and 111.36 ×10^8m3 respectively excluding that of ecological water use. Green water.footprint is much more than blue water footprint; thereby, green water plays an important role in economic development and ecological construction The dynamic change of water footprints shows that blue water use increases rapidly and that the ecological water use is occupied by economie and domestic water use. The change also shows that water use is transferred from primary industry to secondary industry In primary industry, it is transferred from crops farming to forestry, and animal agriculture. The factors impelling the change include development anticipation on econonomy; government policies, readjustment of the industrial structure, population growth, the raise of urbanization level, and structurul change of consumption, low level of waler-saving and poor ability of waste water treatment.With blue water use per unit, green water use per unit, blue water use structure and green water use structure, we analyzed the difference of the six ecologieal function districts of the Jinghe River basin. Future ecological construction may influence on blue water use of District V and District Ⅵ at middle and lower reaches. At last some suggestions are given for effective water resouree use.

陕西泾阳蒋刘遗址炭化植物遗存及相关问题分析

陕西泾阳蒋刘遗址是一处仰韶晚期聚落遗址。2021年,陕西省考古研究院对该遗址开展了抢救性发掘,出土遗物丰富,遗迹尤以袋状灰坑最为显著。本研究对该遗址植物考古浮选样品进行分类、鉴定和统计,发现炭化农作物主要以粟和黍为主,并有少量稻米,同时还有适生于湿地和盐碱地的杂草。本文分析了袋状灰坑的功能和埋藏过程,并通过伴生农田杂草遗存种类、环境状况、历史记载等方面讨论了关中地区史前时期稻米种植的可行性和局限性。

考虑环境成本综合效益的泾河流域最佳管理措施评价与筛选

基于土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)评估9种单一最佳管理措施(BMPs)及其不同组合共计103种BMPs情景布设对非点源污染的消减效率,并基于信息熵的多属性决策方法评估泾河流域BMPs实施成本和非点源控制有效性之间的权衡.研究发现,SWAT模型在泾河流域非点源污染模拟中适用性较好,不同的BMPs对非点源污染负荷削减量存在较大差异,组合BMPs比单一BMPs在降低非点源污染负荷方面表现更好.在农业耕作过程中减少化肥50%的施用量、将坡度大于25°的农田退耕还草以及在河道进行植草水道措施建设是泾河流域具有最大环境成本综合效益值的优选组合BMPs.

A distributed hydrological model with its application to the Jinghe watershed in the Yellow River Basin

For the purpose of water resources management in the Yellow River Basin with highly spatial difference, a daily distributed hydrological model was proposed, of which the determination of spatially-distributed parameters and model inputs processing were performed by means of GIS/RS. In the model, the computation of runoff yield was based on the topography index method and flow routing was modeled by Maskingum method. The operation of the model is followed by means of “command structure” technique based upon the topography of river network. A case study using the model was conducted for the Jinghe watershed, which locates at the middle Yellow River Basin. The simulation of the hydrological processes in 1996 has shown that water quantity balance errors were less than 5% and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient arrived at 0.7, indicating that the model structure is justifiable, and the precision of the model can satisfy the purpose of water resources management.

Sedimentary and hydrological studies of the Holocene palaeofloods in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River

Palaeo-hydrological field investigation was carried out in the middle reaches of the Jinghe River. A set of palaeoflood slackwater deposit beds was identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequence in the riverbanks. The sediment samples were collected from the profile, and the particle-size distribution, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition were analyzed in laboratory. The analytical results showed that the palaeoflood slackwater deposits have recorded extraordinary flood events in the Jinghe River valley. According to stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating, the palaeoflood events were dated to 4100-4000 a BP. The palaeoflood peak discharges were estimated to be 19,410-22,280 m^3/s by using the hydrological model and checked by different approaches. These results have the flood data sequence of the Jinghe River extended to 10,000-year time-scale. It provided significant data for hydraulic engineering and for mitigation of flood hazards in the Jinghe River drainage basin.

江淮神书“唐忏”与百回本《西游记》的互动——以“梦斩泾河龙”为例

因江淮神书中“唐忏”所载“西游故事”与百回本《西游记》在情节、结构上有一定相似关系,所以自20世纪80年代后期江淮神书被发现以来,便一直备受学界关注,但遗憾的是关于两者关系却一直见仁见智。一般认定两者是单向度的影响关系,即百回本《西游记》以其强大的魅力,影响甚而修正了江淮神书故事。文章以“唐忏”中“梦斩泾河龙”(“斩龙故事”)为切入点,从这一故事形成发展的心理机制、结构构成两个角度,以《礼节传薄》等不同时期所载同题故事为参照,论证江淮神书与百回本《西游记》虽是来源于不同传播系统的两套西游故事,但两者在故事形成早期的确发生过互动,存在相互影响的痕迹。

泾河流域西周墓葬特征所见的多元文化因素

泾河流域作为周人的西土地区,人群变动频繁,文化因素交织,墓葬所反映这一地区的人群主要由周系、商系、土著系和北方草原系族群构成。泾河流域与西周王朝盛衰可能存在密切联系。西周早期,周王室派遣殷遗民去戍守该地区;西周中、晚期,周王朝与西北戎狄的频繁战争导致周戎关系逐步恶化,周王室对西北地区的控制也不断被削弱,最终导致了西周的灭亡。在对泾河流域多元人群构成进行分析的基础上,重新思考文化因素分析与族属研究方法之间的联系,认为应在分区的基础上,探索古人的分类标准,即总结出不同人群的族属代码,并加强考古背景的分析。

甘肃省泾河流域流量监测站网布局优化设计

鉴于河流流量监测站网是收集流域内径流相关水文信息的重要网格系统,立足于甘肃省泾河流域流量监测站网现状,采用径流递变率法和线性内插精度法确定大河控制站数目的上下限,采用欧氏贴近度法确定区域代表性站点,进而提出站网布局的优化方案。布局优化后的甘肃省泾河流域流量监测站总数由21站增加至27站,包括增设大河控制站1站、区域代表站5站,迁移区域代表站1站;站网密度由原来的1 476 km^(2)/站优化至1 148 km^(2)/站。研究成果实现了对甘肃省泾河流域水资源在时间和空间分布变化上的控制,提高了站网的社会效益和经济效益。

黄河流域泾河东庄水库施工期水文监测技术方案分析

为满足泾河洪水预见期需要,支撑保障东庄水库的施工建设和运行管理,分析了泾河洪水特性和水文监测现状,探讨了水文监测断面选址、监测方案、站点设立、建设标准及信息采集等技术方案,提出按防御100年一遇洪水的标准设立水文(位)专用站4处,为东庄水文专用站建设提供了技术依据。

泾河中游龙山文化晚期特大洪水水文学研究

通过对泾河流域广泛深入的考察,在泾河中游彬县至永寿基岩峡谷河段发现典型的全新世古洪水平流沉积剖面,进行了古洪水沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物具有平流沉积特征,为典型的洪水平流沉积物。根据地层学对比和剖面自身龙山文化晚期陶片、烧土等文化遗物分析,确定泾河在4200～4000 a BP发生了特大洪水事件,并利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复其水位,计算出古洪水洪峰流量为19490～22040m3/s。同时,通过恢复现代大洪水、洪峰流量与流域面积关系对这种方法和古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证。不仅延长泾河洪水水文数据序列到万年尺度,而且为沿泾河的水利水电和交通工程建设及沿岸地区城镇的防洪减灾提供了重要的基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。

龙山文化末期泾河特大洪水事件光释光测年研究

通过对泾河流域深入的野外考察,在其中游基岩峡谷内发现了含有龙山文化末期文化层和古洪水滞流沉积单元的全新世黄土土壤剖面。利用光释光的单片测年技术,确定古洪水滞流沉积层覆盖着的黑垆土层的OSL年龄为4078±382aB.P.和4111±450aB.P.。结合其中所含龙山文化遗址的考古年代,揭示出泾河流域在4100～4000aB.P.之间出现一个古洪水多发时期。这组古洪水滞流沉积单元包含5个单层,记录了4100～4000aB.P.之间泾河流域曾经发生的5次特大古洪水事件。这个洪水期对应着我国北方在4000aB.P.前后,由全新世大暖期向着全新世晚期干旱期转折过程中的气候剧烈变化。这些史前洪水事件可能对我国龙山文化的衰落和古代华夏文明的诞生具有重大的影响。

泾河沿岸景观格局梯度变化及驱动力分析

以MODIS影像数据为基础,利用Fragstats为工具,对泾河主干沿岸做10 km缓冲区(Buffer) ,从景观水平和类型水平上,分析河岸带景观格局的梯度变化,同时对产生这种梯度变化的驱动力进行分析。结果表明泾河自上游而下,景观水平上的景观指数有3种不同的变化类型:(1)上升型(2 )下降型(3)无明显趋势,表现出斑块数量、丰富度、连接度的递增,形状指数、分维数和斑块大小的递减;类型水平上以农田、草地和农草交错类为主,这3种类型的景观指数表现突出,具有明显的峰值。景观格局的梯度变化受到温度、降水、土壤等影响,同时,人为干扰也是不可忽视的重要因素,经济发展,人口增加使景观类型及其分布格局发生巨大的变化。景观格局的数量化对生态系统评估、监测起重要的作用。

基于地统计学方法的泾河流域降水空间变异规律研究

地统计学方法对具有结构和随机双重性质的变量的空间变异性研究 ,具有极强的科学性 ,它所提供的克立格法是一种最优的无偏内插估计方法。本文以泾河流域年降水量为研究对象 ,利用普通克立格法对 90年代 5个典型年份的年降水量的空间变异性进行分析。通过对几种模型估值误差指标的比较 ,认为用球状模型来拟合降水量的半变异函数的精确度最高 ;利用球状模型对典型年份的降水量的半变异函数进行拟合 ,对比分析各年份的主要参数 ,结果表明 1 996年降水量在空间变异的强度和影响范围均较大 ,而 1 995年的变异的强度和影响范围则较小 ;应用克立格插值生成各年份流域降水量的空间分布图 ,可直观分析降水量空间变异性 :总体趋势是流域的降水量从东南向西北逐步减少 ,呈平缓的梯状分布。而 1 995年较为特别 ,流域东南部降水量很小 ,主要集中在流域西部 。

泾河下游可降解污染物的自净特征

泾河近30年来污染日趋严重。通过分析泾河下游枯水期可降解污染物的自净特征,建立了河流点源排污和侧向污染物均匀补排条件下的水质衰减模型,并提供了一种简便的求自净特征参数的方法。

黄土高原景观格局与水土流失关系研究

采用DCCA排序法对黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个子流域的景观格局与流域水土流失关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,DCCA排序的前4轴分别与农业用地比率、景观多样性指数、森林比率显著相关.各子流域的水土流失特征具有明显的梯度变异.在森林比率占65%的三水河子流域,景观相对简单、多样性低,流域年径流量大、输沙小、含沙量低,径流相对稳定;随着森林比率减小,农业用地比率增大,景观多样性升高,产流系数增高,径流深度、输沙量和含沙量增大;在森林比率很低、农业用地53.41%的洪河子流域,景观格局复杂、多样性较高,河流含沙量高、输沙率大,月输沙和径流变异极大;在农业用地比率减小,其他景观类型比率增大,景观相对简单的环江上、下游子流域,输沙量和含沙量减小,但输沙和径流的年际变化极大.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了黄土高原典型地区水土流失特征沿景观梯度的变化规律.

泾河下游古洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征研究

通过沿泾河河谷广泛的野外考察,在高陵县杨官寨段发现典型的全新世黄土—土壤剖面。经过详细观测、系统采样和化学元素、粒度成分和磁化率等多指标测定,从剖面鉴别出两组古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),分别记录了发生在4 200～4 000 a B.P.和3200～2800 a B.P.期间的特大洪水事件。该研究着重对古洪水滞流沉积层与黄土层和古土壤层的元素地球化学特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)在风成沉积物中,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量在古土壤层高于黄土层,而CaO和Na2O元素含量则表现出相反的变化。表明风化成壤过程中,这些元素的迁移变化受到全新世以来气候变化和成壤作用的影响。而Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量与地壳平均丰度相当,且变化甚微。这是由于这些微量元素主要包含在粗颗粒和重矿物之中,其化学性质比较稳定,具有强抗风化性,很少受到风化成壤作用的影响。(2)单个古洪水滞流沉积层,是洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境中沉积形成的,分选性很好,故其底部多粗颗粒和重矿物沉积,Zr、Hf、Ti、Cr、Y、Th等微量元素含量呈现突出的尖峰;自下向上随着颗粒逐渐变细,粘粒成分增加,Fe2O3、Al2O3、K2O、MgO等元素含量出现高峰。这两类元素由下向上的相互消长关系,与沙级颗粒含量和磁化率值变化规律对应,反映出古洪水滞流沉积层的基本理化特性。这个研究成果对于完善古洪水沉积学和水文学的方法和理论具有重要的科学价值。