Variation of Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization Efficiency of Mid-Season Hybrid Rice at Different Ecological Sites under Different Nitrogen Application Levels

[Objective] The study aimed at investigating the effects of different geographic sites,soil chemical characteristics and nitrogen application levels on nitrogen accumulation and distribution in different organs and utilization efficiency for mid-season hybrid rice.[Method] By using mid-season rice varieties II-you 7 and Yuxiangyou203 as the experimental materials,field experiment was conducted at seven ecological sites in four provinces or cities in Southwestern China in 2009.A total of four nitrogen application levels were set as follows：by using 75 kg/hm2 of P2O5 and 75 kg/hm2 of K2O as the base fertilizer,extra 0,90,150 and 210 kg/hm2 of nitrogen fertilizer（in which,base fertilizer,base-tillering fertilizer and base-earing fertilizer respectively accounted for 60%,20% and 20%.） was applied,respectively.In the split-plot design,fertilizer was considered as the main factor while rice variety was taken as the secondary factor.A total of eight treatments were set with three replications.[Result] Highly significant differences of grain yield were found among seven locations,two varieties,four nitrogen application levels,interactions of site × variety and site × nitrogen application level,but the interaction of variety ×nitrogen application level had no significant influence on rice yield.There were highly significant effects of site,varieties and nitrogen application level on dry matter production,nitrogen content,nitrogen utilization efficiency.Highly significant negative correlations between uptake efficiency and utilization efficiency for nitrogen were found;and multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that nitrogen uptake-utilization efficiency were significantly influenced by different ecological sites,chemical quality of soil and the levels of nitrogen application.[Conclusion] The research will provide theoretical and practical basis for the highly efficient application of nitrogen in mid-season hybrid rice cultivation.

Effects of SPAD Decline Value of Mid-season Hybrid Rice Leaves after Full-heading Stage on Productivity of Rice Fertilized with Nitrogen

[Objective] The aim was to research relationship between SPAD decline index after full-heading stage （SDIFHS） and productivity of rice. fertilized with nitro- gen in order to provide theoretical and practical references for selection and breed- ing of rice varieties. [Method] From 2008 to 2010, 18 mid-season hybrid rice vari- eties were researched every year to explore relationship＇ between SDIFHS and pro- ductivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen. [Result] The productivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen was of extremely significant positive corretation with SDIFHS, because the higher SPAD decline index is, the higher LAI decline index and the transformation ratio of dry matter to spikes in overground plant would be. [Conclusion] The re- search established a new method to predict productivity of rice fertilized with nitro- gen based on SPAD decline index.

Relationship between Living Rate of Bud and Emergence Rate of Ratoon Rice and Characteristics of the First Cropping Mid-season Hybrid Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the relationship of plant characters with bud living rate and mother stem emergence rate of ratoon rice before harvest. [Method] Eighteen mid-season hybrid rice cultivators approved recently were taken as materials and relationship of plant characters including bud living rate and moth- er stem emergence rate of ratoon rice before harvest was explored, based on relat- ed data. [Result] The shorter rice with lower harvesting index is the main character of high emergence rate for first cropping rice; decline of plant height and increase of ear-bearing percentage would improve emergence of regenerative seedlings. [Conclusion] The research provided scientific reference for breeding of rice cultivars with high regenerative capacity.

Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice.Apart from high yield,high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production.Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation.However,the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear.A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality,appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications.The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling.The mean grainfilling rate(G_(mean))and the maximum grain-filling rate(G_(max))of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate,chalkiness,and amylose content.The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate(T_(max)G)of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate,milled rice rate,and head milled rice rate.Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity.Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017.According to the correlation analysis,better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher G_(max)and G_(mean)of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application.These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality,appearance quality,and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.

Root morphological traits and their relations with yield components of dry-raised mid-season indica rice

Research on root morphological traits of dry-raised seedlings (D-RS) at different growth stages of rice have so far attracted less attention. In this study, using mid-season indica hy-

没收的正义——基于《监察法》没收违法所得条款之诠释

《监察法》中的违法所得没收条款,系任何人不得因自身的不法行为获得利益原理的具体体现,不让贪腐分子因腐败获益、补充常规监察手段不足以及加强国际反腐败合作是其价值基础。从属性上看,违法所得没收程序是让利益状态恢复到违法之前的保安处分,属于典型的对物程序和缺席审判程序。违法所得没收程序的适用须符合特定的罪名范围要求,被调查人的状态要求,案件重大、复杂且有必要继续调查,以及没收财产范围等要求。为确保没收程序的合法正当,应加强对监察机关提出没收违法所得申请、检察机关向人民法院提出没收违法所得申请、人民法院进行司法审查等三个阶段的程序控制。

隋张盛及夫人王氏墓志考

隋张盛及夫人王氏墓志出土于河南省安阳市,该墓志纪年明确,志文记录了张盛的家族世系及其仕宦北朝的经历。根据志文推测,张盛曾祖等三代皆在南朝任官。其家族于北魏景明年间自南朝入北,家族成员定居北朝并担任官职。张盛所授官职皆早于隋,甚至早于北齐官品颁布之前。据墓志及相关资料可知,王氏卒地相州灵泉县至迟于隋开皇十年被裁撤并入相县,而非新旧《唐书》所载唐代武德年间,可勘史误。

本科生专业逃离行为研究——以人文社科专业为例

专业逃离作为一考定终身人才选拔模式的补充,缓解了本科生专业兴趣错配的问题。为探究专业逃离后的发展状况,本文以专业逃离的本科生为研究对象,采用质化研究方法,对专业逃离行为进行分析后发现:专业逃离分为逃离前期望、实施逃离、逃离后发展三个阶段;本科生希望通过专业逃离满足家庭的期望、实现个体与专业的匹配、获得更好的发展前景;而专业逃离后现实与期望之间产生冲突,出现专业竞争异化带来的自我落差、社交场域转变呈现相安的疏离、学业压力骤增带来反噬自身的困境。基于此,本文提出实施大类招生、提升专业认知、设置专业冷静期等完善措施,促进专业逃离的本科生更好地发展。

西南地区氮肥后移对杂交中稻产量及构成因素的影响

2011、2012年，以杂交中稻高产组合川香优9838为材料，在西南稻区的5～6个生态点，采用相同的氮肥管理方式，研究了氮肥施用量与氮后移比例对稻谷产量及其穗粒结构的影响。结果表明，氮肥施用量与氮后移比例对稻谷产量的影响试验点间表现各异，取决于试验地点的土壤肥力。氮后移的增产效果及高效施氮量分别与地力、产量呈显著负相关，当空白试验产量超过7000kg／hm^2时，氮后移没有增产作用。氮后移增产的处理表现为施氮量不高、氮后移比例小，并在保持一定有效穗数基础上，通过提高穗粒数和千粒重而增产。提出了西南区杂交中稻氮肥的高效管理途径。

杂交中稻再生芽生长的影响因素研究

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,研究了杂交中稻地上部植株性状和施氮对再生芽生长的影响。结果表明,头季稻齐穗期单茎干物质积累量越大、成熟期满足头季籽粒灌浆后茎鞘中剩余光合物质量越多,其再生芽活芽率与出苗率越高。高再生芽活芽率和出苗率的头季稻植株重要性状表现为株高偏矮、成穗率较高。在保持较高活芽率的基础上,提高后期根系活力是进一步提高再生稻产量的重要途径。

杂交中稻小穗型组合适宜强化栽培的因素分析

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,分别进行强化栽培和传统栽培两组试验,研究了组合类型与强化栽培增产作用的关系。结果表明:强化栽培比传统栽培的稻谷增产量与组合间着粒数呈极显著负相关关系。其原因在于,小穗型组合在强化栽培条件下,虽然有效穗数仍有所下降,但因着粒数大幅度提高,以致总颖花量增加,结实率较稳定,最终表现为比传统栽培增产。与此相反,大穗型组合在强化栽培条件下,因分蘖力较小穗型组合弱,有效穗较传统栽培明显下降,结实率因库源矛盾加剧较传统栽培大幅度下降,尽管着粒数增加较多,也不能弥补因有效穗和结实率显著下降所致的减产。传统栽培条件下的着粒数不超过170粒的小穗型组合可作为强化栽培选择品种的参考指标。

鸭稻共作对水稻生理特性的影响

为探讨鸭稻共作对水稻某些生理特性的影响,本研究设计了不同的鸭稻共作处理区,研究了鸭子活动对水稻植株的某些生理学特性的影响.结果表明,鸭稻共作能降低叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛含量和脯氨酸含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性及可溶性糖含量.说明鸭稻共作方式对提高水稻植株的抗性、延缓叶片衰老以及对水稻的生长发育均具有积极作用.

氮磷减施对水稻剑叶光合特性、产量及氮素利用率的影响

【目的】研究氮磷减施对水稻生长、产量及氮素利用的影响,为江苏太湖地区水稻生产合理减肥提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以江苏省大面积生产应用的迟熟中粳水稻品种南粳9108为试材,采用野外田间小区试验的方法,研究了氮磷减施对水稻剑叶色素含量、光合作用主要参数、稻谷产量及氮素利用率的影响。【结果】氮肥减施对水稻叶片色素含量及净光合速率(P_n)影响较大。较常规施肥处理(T1)而言,减施15%氮肥处理(T2)条件下,灌浆前期水稻叶片Chla、Chla+b含量及叶片净光合速率均未显著降低。随氮肥减施幅度的增大和处理时间的延长,叶片色素含量及P_n显著下降。减施30%氮肥处理(T3)条件下,灌浆后期Chla、Chlb、Chla+b含量及P_n显著下降15.61%、22.28%、16.97%和18.47%(P﹤0.05)。然而,减磷处理(T4~T5)对水稻叶片色素含量未有显著影响,且P_n仅在减施30%磷肥处理(T5)条件下于灌浆后期呈现显著下降趋势,下降幅度达14.15%(P﹤0.05)。氮肥减施(T2~T3)降低水稻产量达6.27%~12.91%,总穗数的显著降低是减产的主要原因,磷肥减施(T4~T5)对水稻产量无显著影响。然而,氮肥减施处理(T2~T3)可显著提高水稻氮肥偏生产力、氮素农学利用率及氮肥生理利用率分别达15.04%~31.88%、10.74%~13.84%和8.16%~9.57%。同时,氮磷减施(T2~T5)各处理对水稻氮素表观利用率的影响也未达显著水平。【结论】从水稻叶片光合特性、稻谷产量及氮素利用率等综合考虑,氮磷适度减施在江苏太湖地区水稻生产上是可行的。

水稻秸秆水浸提液对小麦的化感作用研究

本文采用室内培养实验,通过测定水稻秸秆水浸提液对小麦发芽率、幼苗高度和根长的影响,研究了不同浸提液浓度对小麦幼苗的化感作用。结果表明:水稻秸秆水浸提液对小麦发芽和幼苗生长的影响总体上表现为低促、高抑,即低浓度的浸提液对小麦发芽有促进作用,较高浓度的浸提液对小麦发芽产生抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强。在浸提液质量浓度为0.01 g/mL(低)时,浸提液对小麦发芽有微弱的影响,对幼苗生长有显著的促进作用。在浸提液质量浓度为0.02 g/mL(中)时,浸提液对小麦发芽和幼苗生长产生抑制作用,且在小麦幼苗生长阶段的抑制作用强于发芽阶段。在此浸提液浓度下,加入外源激素赤霉素或黄腐酸的处理,不但能够消除浸提液对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,还能对小麦幼苗的生长产生明显的促进作用。赤霉素的效果优于黄腐酸。在浸提液质量浓度为0.04 g/mL(高)时,小麦发芽和幼苗生长受到严重抑制。在此情况下,外源激素对此抑制作用失去作用。

水稻叶片形态因子的遗传力分析

为探索水稻叶片形态因子在F1代的遗传规律,以4个光温敏核不育系和10个常规水稻品种(品系)为亲本,采用NCⅡ设计,杂交获得40个杂种F1,于乳熟期测定了剑叶的7个叶片形态因子,分析了F1剑叶叶片形态因子的基因型方差来源及其对性状的贡献率。结果表明:7个叶片形态因子的广义遗传力大小依次为:宽度>面积>比叶重>长度>叶面曲率>着生角>披垂角。其中叶片长度、宽度、面积、比叶重和叶面曲率的广义遗传力大于0.5,在F1代呈现较高遗传力;叶宽和比叶重的基因作用主要表现为加性效应;叶长、叶面积和叶面曲率的基因作用则主要表现为显性效应;着生角加性效应显性效应相当;披垂角的广义遗传力最低(0.277),环境效应则最高(0.723),表明F1叶片披垂角主要受栽培条件等环境因子的影响。根据叶片形态因子在F1代的遗传规律和超级杂交稻的高产株型要求,提出了杂交稻育种中有关叶片形态因子的双亲选择策略。

水稻结实期剑叶叶绿素含量和组成对FACE的动态响应

利用农田开放式空气CO_2浓度增高(FACE,free-air carbon dioxide enrichment)系统,以武香粳14为试验材料,CO_2浓度设正常CO_2(AMB)和高CO2(FACE,AMB+200μL·L^(-1))2个水平,施氮量设低氮(LN,150kg·hm^(-2))和高氮(HN,350kg·hm^(-2))2个水平,研究CO_2与N的互作对水稻结实期剑叶叶绿素a、b、a+b含量以及叶绿素a/b值的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量平均,水稻抽穗后5d和10d,FACE处理剑叶叶绿素a、b以及a+b含量平均较AMB增加2.8%￣3.9%、2.8%￣5.7%和2.9%￣4.3%,而抽穗后15￣25d,FACE处理剑叶叶绿素含量分别较AMB下降2.2%￣3.3%、4.6%￣10.9%、3.7%￣4.7%;对剑叶叶绿素a/b值而言,抽穗后5￣10dFACE处理较ABM下降了1.6%￣3.3%,但使抽穗后15￣25d增加了2.5%￣7.8%;与LN相比,HN处理提高了FACE水稻结实前期剑叶叶绿素a、b及a+b含量的增幅,但使结实中后期的降幅变小;与此同时,HN处理使结实前期FACE水稻剑叶叶绿素a/b值的下降幅度增加,但使结实中、后期的增加幅度下降。上述结果说明,未来大气高CO2浓度情形下,水稻灌浆前期叶片的光合能力增强,但灌浆中后期稻叶的衰老加快;增施氮肥,可以促进水稻灌浆初期稻叶叶绿素含量的提高,延缓灌浆中、后期稻叶叶绿素含量的下降。

一次性施用控释肥对水稻植株生长及产量的影响

连续两年(2002—2003年)共4季的盆栽试验,研究了几种国产控释肥一次性施用对水稻植株生长和产量的影响。结果表明,国产控释肥1一次施用(BNCRF)、国产控释肥2一次施用(BLCRF)和国产聚合物包膜尿素复混肥一次施用(BRCU)处理的水稻分蘖动态与水稻专用肥一次施用(BNRSF)和分次施用(SNRSF,对照)处理间非常接近。等养分比例的控释肥与专用肥处理间水稻株高也无明显差异。施用控释肥明显影响地上部生物量变化,在水稻生长前期BNCRF处理显著增加,BLCRF处理早稻增加,晚稻降低,而BRCU处理早、晚稻均明显降低;收获期3种控释肥处理较对照SNRSF处理均显著提高。一次性施用控释肥处理均显著增加了水稻成穗数,每穗粒数亦有增加趋势,但对粒重无明显影响;BNCRF、BLCRF和BRCU处理稻谷产量比SNRSF处理早稻分别增产10.75%、15.81%和15.91%,晚稻分别增产7.66%、4.76%和14.05%,而专用肥BNRSF处理稻谷产量与SNRSF处理无明显差异。

叶面喷施硅硒联合水分管理对水稻镉吸收转运特征的影响

为研究水稻叶面喷施硅硒溶液联合稻田不同水分管理对中轻度镉污染农田水稻镉吸收转运特征的影响,在田间设置4种叶面喷施处理和2种水分管理交互的裂区试验,共8个处理:稻田常规水分管理下,叶面喷施去离子水(W1CK)、硅溶胶(W1Si)、亚硒酸钠溶液(W1Se)、硅硒等体积混合液(W1SS);孕穗后期稻田持续淹水管理下,叶面喷施去离子水(W2CK)、硅溶胶(W2Si)、亚硒酸钠溶液(W2Se)、硅硒等体积混合液(W2SS)。结果表明,叶面喷施硅硒溶液处理和孕穗后期淹水处理对水稻生长和产量性状均没有显著影响。常规水分管理下,与对照W1CK处理相比,W1Si和W1Se处理分别降低水稻糙米中镉含量的71.7%和61.9%(P<0.01),同时镉从水稻根到茎的转运系数分别降低27.4%和34.5%,从茎到叶的转运系数分别增加46.5%和55.3%。孕穗后期持续淹水管理下,W2CK处理与W1CK处理相比糙米镉含量降低57.5%(P<0.05),而叶面喷施硅硒溶液处理组与W2CK相比,糙米中镉的含量没有显著差异(P>0.05)。水稻叶面喷施硅硒溶液和孕穗后期稻田持续淹水,可以有效阻止镉在水稻体内的迁移,显著降低水稻糙米对镉的积累。叶面喷施硅硒联合稻田孕穗后期淹水管理对水稻糙米降镉效果未见协同效应。

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150 kg/hm2的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗—成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。