Ant Pupae from Myanmar Amber Reveal the Evolutionary Process of Cocoon-Spinning Behavior in Formicidae

Many extant species spin cocoons before their pupal stage,which can protect them from predators,pathogens,and fluctuant environmental factors in nests.However,owing to the scarcity of ant cocoon fossils,little is known about the origin and evolution of this behavior in Formicidae.Here,we describe two ant pupae specimens from Myanmar amber.The presence of cocoons in these Mesozoic fossils suggests the ancestral origin of spinning cocoon behavior;based on our phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction,this behavior was secondarily lost at least six times in Formicidae,which could be ascribed to the transition of nesting and feeding habits,as well as the development of eusociality.Moreover,the first specimen preserved worker ants with empty cocoons simultaneously,indicating garbage removal or brood care behavior,which improves our understanding of their eusociality in the Cretaceous.

Comparison of Protein Content among Non-diapause Pupae,Diapause Pupae and Eclosion-adult from Diapause Pupae of Papilio memnon

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to explore the diapause mechanism of Papilio memnon L. further. [ Method] The colorimetry method was used to detect protein content of non-diapause pupae, diapause pupae and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae at different developmental stages. [Result] It was showed that the protein content of non-diapause pupae was from 111.768 to 115.030 7 mg/g and the change of protein content during whole pupal stage, while diapause pupae were from 81.218 to 131.623 7 mg/g and the change of protein content was not big from last ten-day period of October to last ten-day pariod of November, however, the content increased from the last ten-day period of November. The protein content of emerging adult was 296.969 3 mg/g. [Conclusion] The change of protein content was related to Papilio memnon at different development stage.

Comparison of Nucleic Acid Content among Non-diapause Pupae, Diapause Pupae and Eclosion-adult from Diapause Pupae of Papilio memnon

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide basis for deeply understanding the diapause mechanism of Papilio memnon L. [Method] RNA and DNA content of non-diapause pupae, diapause pupae and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae at different development stages were detected by the colorimetry. [Result] RNA content of non-diapause pupae was 4.614 0-7.946 3 μg/mg, while diapause pupae was 4.326 0-5.885 3 μg/mg and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae was 20.779 3 μg/mg at initial stage. DNA content of non-diapause pupae was 0.448 7-0.535 0 μg/mg, while diapause pupae was 0.452 0-0.828 3 μg/mg and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae was 1.727 0 μg/mg at initial stage. [Conclusion] The nucleic acid content and change is related to the development stage.

Developmental Threshold Temperature and Effective Accumulative Tem- perature of Pupae and Eggs of Holcocerus hippophaecolus

In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative tem- perature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1 ± 0.2) °C and (295.2 ± 4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5 ± 0.4) °C and (202.4 ± 13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7 ± 0.8) °C and (101.5 ± 12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental durations of the carpenter- worm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures.

Antihypertensive Properties on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats of Peptide Hydrolysates from Silkworm Pupae Protein

Peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein with molecular weight of less than 5000 Da were prepared by ultrafiltration. The extracted peptide hydrolysates of silkworm pupae protein had inhibitory action on angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity in vitro. The hydrolysates were orally administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in one period and long-term (four weeks). The results showed that the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the treatment groups decreased in a dose-related manner. After one oral administration of silkworm protein hydrolysates with doses of 60, 20 and 5 mg/kg, the SBP of SHR decreased by 21.5, 13.8, and 9.0 mmHg in 1.5 h. After four weeks of the treatment in 80 mg/kg, the SBP decreased by 25 mmHg, with the antihypertensive activity close to 4 mg/kg of captopril;the SBP of the 40 mg/kg dose group also decreased by 17.5 mmHg. The peptide hydrolysate did not affect the SBP in normal, non-hypertensive rats in one period and long-term treatments. The acute toxicity research showed that the peptide hydrolysates were safe and without side effects. This research would be helpful in exploring the silkworm protein peptides as functional components for the antihypertension treatment.

Substitution of Silkworm Pupae （Bombyx mori） for Fish Meal in Broodstock Diets for Snakeskin Gourami （ Trichogaster pectoralis）

Substitution of silkworm pupae （Bombyx mori） for fish meal in broodstock diets for snakeskin gourami （Trichogaster pectoralis） was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of silkworm pupae on feed digestibility and broodstock performance. Snakeskin gourami broodfish were fed with isocaloric diets （DE 3,000 a： 50 Kcal/kg） contained 32% crude protein. The levels of substitution were 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% of protein from fish meal （equal to 0%, 14.57%, 21.75% and 29.03% silk worm by weight）. The study was assigned in CRD with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Six hundred of snakeskin gourami with five-month old and average weight of 78.67 ± 2.15 g in female and average weight of 73.00 ± 2.49 g in male were stocked in 12 cages. Fifty fishes of 25 females and 25 males were reared in each cage and fed experimental diet for five months. The result indicated that protein digestibility of test diets were significantly decrease （P 〈 0.05） according to the level of silkworm pupae in diets where as the dry matter digestibility showed no significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. The growth performance and egg fecundity were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） according to the levels of silkworm pupae. In contrast, egg quality in term of fry number on first spawned, fingering number on first spawned were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. The survival rate of one month nursing fish on first spawned were significantly different （P 〈 0.05）. Hence, silkworm pupae could substitution for 50% of protein from fish meal （14.57% by weight） in snakeskin gourami broodstock diets without any adverse effect on egg quality.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of silkworm pupa and its allergenicity evaluation by animal model with different immunization routes

Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.

Productive Performance of Giant Freshwater Prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergi） Fed Diet Containing Silkworm Pupae （Bombyx mon~ Replacing for Fish Meal

The productive performance of giant freshwater prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man） fed diet containing silkworm pupae （Bombyx mori） replacing for fish meal was conducted by focusing on digestibility, growth performance and feed utilization. Five diets of an isonitrogenous of 35 ：e 1% crude protein and isocaloric of digestible energy of 3,200 ±100 kcal/kg were formulated by using silkworm pupae, 0%, 8.6%, 17.2%, 25.8% and 34.7% by weight, replaced for fish meal. Giant freshwater prawn of 19 ± 2.0 g were stocked at 5 ind./m3 in concrete tank of 2.25 ton for three months. The protein digestibility by pepsin enzyme was evaluated in fish meal, silkworm pupae, soybean meal and shrimp meal. The digestibility was significantly difference （P 〈 0.05）. The protein digestibility of fishmeal and soybean meal was higher than silkworm pupae and shrimp meal. The productive performance of prawn in terms of growth rate and feed utilization were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05）. Therefore, silkworm pupae can be replaced for fishmeal in giant freshwater prawn （Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man） without any adverse effects on productive performance.

Comprehensive Investigation to Analyze the Amino Acid Constituents of the Spent Silk Worm Pupae of Anthereaea assama

Spent silk worm pupae ofAntheraea assama were analyzed for its amino acid constituents and compared with the amino acid composition of fiber from A. assama, A. pyrni, and Bombyx mori. Amino acid percent was determined by UV Spectrophotometer at 570 nm. Infra Red spectra recorded the presence of different amino acids in the spent silk worm pupae powder which corroborate with the amino acids present in the fiber of different silk species.

4种灭幼剂对广州市白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果

目的 了解常用灭蚊幼剂对广州市白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果,为登革热等蚊媒传染病媒介控制中合理使用杀虫剂提供参考依据。方法 采用《卫生杀虫剂现场药效测定与评价杀蚊幼剂》(GB/T 31711—2015)中容器实验法,分别测试4种灭蚊幼剂对白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果。结果 4种常用灭蚊幼剂对白纹伊蚊幼虫均有良好杀灭效果,96 h死亡率为95.00%~100.00%;对蚊蛹的杀灭效果差别较大,其中倍硫磷、高效氟氯氰菊酯对蚊蛹杀灭效果显著,72 h死亡率为88.33%~100.00%,吡虫啉对蚊蛹杀灭效果较差,72 h死亡率为16.67%,苏云金杆菌对蚊蛹几乎无效。结论 灭蚊工作中处置难以清除的孳生水体时,应当根据孳生蚊虫的生活史不同阶段合理投药。

铃斑翅夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的快速鉴定

本文通过观察比较铃斑翅夜蛾Serrodes campana Guenée蛹及成虫雌雄个体之间外部形态差异,总结出其蛹及成虫个体雌雄鉴别特征与区分方法,结果表明:雌蛹腹部末端第8腹节有生殖孔和产卵孔连接形成的纵裂缝,形成“人”字形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起;雄蛹第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节靠近第10腹节中央有1纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有1个半圆形瘤状突起。雌成虫前翅亚中褶内侧的黑斑外侧半圆形,前翅基线至外线间与前胸背板同色,腹部末端圆锥状;雄成虫前翅亚中褶内侧的黑斑外侧直线形,前翅基线至外线间浅黄色,颜色较前胸背板浅,腹部末端圆筒状。此方法简易有效,能极大提升野外区分蛹和成虫性别的效率,对研究其生殖生物学和后续提取性信息素意义重大。

蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置设计与优化

针对当前蚕蛹雌雄鉴别环节人工劳动强度大、蚕蛹雌雄识别分选装置准确率和效率不高、适用品种范围小等问题,根据雌雄蚕蛹性腺特征差异是区别不同品种蚕蛹雌雄的可靠依据,该研究设计了一种蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置。首先,在对蚕蛹基本物理特性参数大量统计的基础上,对振动排序上料机、蚕蛹输送滑轨和蚕蛹翻转拍照装置进行了结构设计与理论分析。在识别方法和计算机硬件条件不变基础上,对装置中蚕蛹排序输送螺旋倾角、滑轨倾角和转动棒带动蚕蛹旋转转速进行了优化设计,以提高装置的识别分选速度。并设计了以SIEMENS-S7-200SMART-ST30为控制器,基于激光、光电传感器检测的信息融合控制系统。分选装置工作性能优化结果为:螺旋倾角为15.62°,滑轨倾角为31.77°,转速为21.09 r/min,单粒蚕蛹平均分选时间为5.13 s,准确率为95.97%,破损率为0.07%。样机试验结果表明,在最优参数下,利用卷积神经网络的全新轻量级雌雄识别分类模型,单粒蚕蛹平均分选时间为5.03 s,分选准确率为96.47%,破损率为0.09%,满足蚕蛹雌雄识别分选实际应用要求。该蚕蛹性腺图像在线采集与雌雄自动识别分选装置能够实现蚕蛹自动排序上料、蚕蛹带性腺图像在线采集、自动识别与雌雄自动分选的一体化,提高了蚕蛹雌雄自动识别分选的效率和准确率。研究结果可为雌雄蚕蛹自动识别分选装置的研发提供理论依据和技术支持。

蛹期高温对稻纵卷叶螟种群的抑制作用

【目的】本研究旨在明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis蛹对高温的敏感性,为利用蛹期高温预测种群发展趋势提供生物学指标和模型。【方法】对稻纵卷叶螟1-5日龄蛹分别在37,39和41℃下进行1次性1-7 h的热击,对1日龄蛹在37,39和41℃进行1-7 h/d持续2和3 d的多次热击,并以一直饲养在27℃下的蛹为对照组,测定热击处理组和对照组蛹羽化率、蛹历期、每雌产卵量及卵孵化率;采用线性回归方法建立蛹羽化率、蛹历期、每雌产卵量及卵孵化率与热击时长的关系模型。【结果】与对照组相比,1-5日龄稻纵卷叶螟蛹分别受37,39和41℃高温1次性热击1-7 h后,随着热击温度的升高蛹历期延长,蛹羽化率、每雌产卵量和卵孵化率降低;在相同的高温下,随着热击时间的增长蛹历期呈线性延长,蛹羽化率、每雌产卵量和卵孵化率呈线性下降,并且变化率在各日龄处理间基本相同;37或39℃热击后,1日龄蛹组的蛹历期长于3-5日龄蛹组的,但前者的蛹羽化率低于后者。1日龄蛹在37和39℃下多次热击后蛹历期随日热击时间的增长而缩短,在41℃下仅2 d内的热击有该趋势,3 d内7 h/d的热击延长了蛹历期;蛹羽化率、每雌产卵量及卵孵化率均随日热击时长的延长而线性降低,并且降低幅度随温度的升高而增大,但在热击2和3 d间无显著差异。37,39和41℃下2和3 d,日热击时长每延长1 h蛹羽化率将分别降低3.25%,4.95%和7.49%,每雌产卵量分别减少5.02%,7.80%和10.82%,卵孵化率分别降低2.20%,3.31%和5.05%,说明热击显著抑制了种群的发展。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟蛹对高温较为敏感,热击影响其发育、存活和繁殖力,可根据蛹期高温及持续时长预测稻纵卷叶螟种群的数量。

家蚕雌蛹及其卵巢脂肪酸丰度分析

研究使用气相色谱分析了家蚕雌蛹蛹体和卵巢中的脂肪酸丰度.结果显示,蛹化后的第1 d至第6 d,蛹体脂肪酸丰度的变化幅度小,第6 d至第9 d,蛹体脂肪酸丰度的变化幅度大.蛹化期间,主要脂肪酸丰度总体呈下降趋势,微量脂肪酸丰度呈上升趋势.卵巢脂肪酸丰度的变化幅度随发育递减.不同主要脂肪酸的变化幅度和方向各异,其中不饱和脂肪酸丰度增加,饱和脂肪酸丰度下降.微量脂肪酸丰度随发育明显下降,这表明微量脂肪酸与雌性生殖关联较小.蛹体和卵巢脂肪酸丰度的差异随发育逐渐缩小,至蛹化第6 d,卵巢中绝大部分的脂肪酸丰度与刚蛹化时有很大差异,但整体上与蛹体丰度相似,说明卵巢脂肪酸的积累依赖蛹体脂肪酸.蛹化后期,卵巢中丰度最高的α-亚麻酸出现下降,丰度次高的油酸明显增加,这可能与卵壳生成和卵子成熟有关;亚油酸在蛹化第6 d丰度差异最大,其在卵巢中的丰度显著增加并明显高过蛹体,表明卵巢具有为其发育以及卵子发生积累脂肪酸的特性.研究结果可为深入研究脂肪酸在家蚕和其他昆虫雌性生殖中的作用机制提供重要线索.

米缟螟蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法

为建立一种快速鉴别米缟螟Aglossa dimidiata蛹及成虫雌雄的方法,分别利用超景深数码显微系统及扫描电镜对米缟螟蛹和成虫的外部特征进行观察并统计。结果表明:雌蛹第8腹节腹面上有一扁平的纵裂缝为生殖孔,生殖孔离肛门的距离较远,分节不明显;而雄蛹的生殖孔在第9腹节,生殖孔两侧各有一个半瘤状突起,且生殖孔离肛门的距离较近,分节较明显。雌性成虫腹部较为粗壮,腹部末端呈圆筒状且有圆形环毛,雄性成虫腹部至末端较为瘦小,呈倒三角状且有味刷。利用该方法共鉴定雌雄蛹200头,成虫200头,准确率达100%。这些结果将为米缟螟的性行为学、化学生态学以及资源昆虫开发利用等方面的研究奠定基础。

叉角厉蝽对冷冻饲料黄粉虫蛹的适应性研究

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata是农林业重要的天敌昆虫,其替代饲料黄粉虫蛹在饲养中常出现蛹期较短、蛹量过剩的问题。为提升黄粉虫蛹的利用效率,本文探究了-18℃冷冻蛹作为叉角厉蝽饲料可行性,测定了不同冷冻时间处理(1~180 d)后其营养成分的变化,通过计算营养摄入量与种群生命表构建,评价冷冻蛹作为替代饲料与黄粉虫幼虫和活蛹的繁育效果。结果发现,-18℃冷冻30 d以上会显著降低黄粉虫蛹的蛋白质和脂肪含量。取食冷冻蛹的叉角厉蝽种群,除成虫前期显著延长外,其余生物学指标与取食活蛹条件下无显著差异;与取食幼虫的种群相比,其净生殖率R0(94.60头)、周限增长率λ(1.1111 d^(-1))和内禀增长率r(0.1053 d^(-1))更高。研究表明经-18℃冷冻7~14 d的黄粉虫蛹仍具有较高的营养价值,叉角厉蝽对其有较好的摄食和繁殖适应性,适度冷冻储存黄粉虫蛹可以用于叉角厉蝽的替代猎物。研究结果为叉角厉蝽的规模化和标准化繁育提供理论依据。

基于纹理特征和改进VGG的家蚕蛹雌雄识别方法

【目的】针对蚕种培育中人工分蛹效率低且易受到主观因素影响的问题,提出一种基于纹理特征和改进VGG的家蚕Bombyx mori蛹雌雄识别方法。【方法】利用透射变换矫正蚕蛹方向,截取家蚕蛹头尾图,以B通道图作为轮廓提取的基础,通过道格拉斯-普克(Douglas-Peucker, DP)算法,分析轮廓复杂性从而识别并获取家蚕蛹尾部图;采取掩膜消除背景干扰,通过多通道的特征融合图加强纹理信息;对Inception模块进行改进,将残差网络与改进后的Inception模块加入VGG模型中;利用数据增强技术扩充数据集;以精确率(precision)、召回率(recall)、精确率和召回率的调和平均F1分值以及准确率(accuracy)作为评价指标,分别对3种输入图片以及4种识别模型进行评估对比。【结果】结果表明,特征融合图在改进VGG模型上的家蚕雌蛹的精确率、召回率和F1分值分别为98.017%, 94.794%和96.375%,雄蛹的精确率、召回率和F1分值分别为95.342%, 98.231%和96.762%,识别家蚕雌雄蛹的准确率为96.580%。特征融合图识别家蚕雌雄蛹的准确率比原始灰度图的提升了18.093%,改进VGG识别家蚕雌雄蛹的准确率比原始VGG的提升了2.257%。【结论】基于纹理特征和改进VGG的家蚕蛹雌雄识别方法能降低人工劳动时间,为实现家蚕蛹雌雄自动分拣提供基础。

响应面法优化柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽提取工艺研究

为优化柞蚕蛹虫草多肽提取工艺,本试验分别研究了pH、酶解时间、反应温度和加酶量对多肽得率的影响,并采用响应面法对提取条件进行了优化。结果表明:四种因素对柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率的影响顺序为pH>酶解时间>反应温度>加酶量,最佳酶解条件为:酶解时间2.8 h、加酶量2%、pH 9.7、反应温度56℃。在此酶解条件下进行验证试验,测得柞蚕蛹虫草多肽得率平均值为86.1%,与预测值87.52%接近,表明该模型能较好地预测辅助提取柞蚕蛹虫草活性肽,可为柞蚕蛹虫草的产业性开发应用提供依据。

Study on Pupa Changes and Emergence Behaviors of Dacne picta Crotch

[ Objective ] The research aimed to study the pupa changes and emergence behaviors of Dacne picta Crotch. [ Method ] The D. p/cta reared in the labo- ratory were observed and recorded. [ Result ] Before the emergence, the color of compound eyes, maxillae, tarsi and wing pads d pupae was gradually deepened. The 14^th- 16^th d after pupation were the peak time for emergence, and the ratio of female to male was close to 1： 0.77. During the emergence, the puparium of D. picta dehisced from pronotum, and the hind wing had extension phenomenon before contraction and folding. [ Conclusion] The research confirmed the pupa changes and the emergence behaviors of D. picta.

雄蜂蛹的机械化生产及对狄斯瓦螨的防治效果

狄斯瓦螨是侵害西方蜜蜂的最重要病虫害之一。近年来,由于狄斯瓦螨泛滥,尽管各种治螨方法层出不穷(例如烟熏杀螨、刷脾杀螨、选育抗螨虫的蜜蜂品种、超声波杀螨等),但是治螨效果仍不甚理想,本研究通过在大流蜜季节探索利用整张雄蜂巢础规模化生产雄蜂蛹,并利用发明的蜂蛹收割机集中收割雄蜂蛹,同时诱捕狄斯瓦螨。结果证明,该方法不仅能够大幅度降低瓦螨的寄生水平,为药物治螨赢得缓冲时间,同时也能减少蜂产品中的药物残留,为蜂农对狄斯瓦螨的防治提供参考。