Middle Jurassic vertebrate assemblage of Berezovsk coal mine in western Siberia (Russia)

The Berezovsk coal mine in western Siberia has yielded the most diverse Middle Jurassic limnic and terrestrial vertebrate assemblage of Asia. The vertebrate remains were recovered by screen washing from floodplain deposits on top of a thick coal seam of the Bathonian Itat Formation. A total of 29 vertebrate taxa has been recorded so far,including hybodontiform sharks,acipenseriforms,palaeonisciforms,amiiforms,dipnoans,anurans,caudates,turtles,squamates,choristoderans,crocodyliforms,pterosaurs,dinosaurs,tritylodontids,and a diverse mammaliaform and mammalian assemblage( eleutherodontids,docodontans,? amphilestids,dryolestids,and zatherians). The caudates are among the oldest in the fossil record and the anurans represent the oldest Asian record of this group. Among the mammals,Anthracolestes is the oldest and most basal known member of Dryolestidae and so far the only record from Asia. The vertebrate assemblage from the Berezovsk coal mine is very similar to that from the British Forest Marble Formation( Bathonian) and suggests a limited provincialism in the Middle Jurassic Laurasian landmass.

Liberation characteristics of coal middlings comminuted by jaw crusher and ball mill

The associated minerals make coal middlings possess a relatively high ash content.Subsequent liberation through size reduction can cause recovery increase.However,effect of comminution facilities on mineral liberation of middlings was ignored.This paper studied the liberation characteristics of middlings crushed with different kinds of fragmentation forces.Middlings of 3 mm+0.5 mm sampled from a dense medium cyclone were comminuted by a jaw crusher and a ball mill to 0.5 mm with similar size distribution respectively.The generating mechanism of fnes was also analyzed.Full densimetric analyses indicate that mineral liberation of the product crushed by the jaw crusher is better than that by the ball mill at each fraction.For sizes of 0.125 mm+0.074 mm and 0.074 mm,yields of the product with ash content 11%comminuted by jaw crusher are nearly 20%higher than that by the ball mill.Sectional micrographs observed by the scanning electron microscopy(SEM)also show the same law for these two fractions and some intergrowth particles still exist in the fraction of 0.5 mm+0.25 mm.

Characteristics of high-rank coal structure parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane via NMR and X-ray CT

Pores and fractures and their connectivity play a significant role in coalbed methane production.To investigate the growth characteristics and connectivity of pores and fractures in coal parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,the pores and fractures of high-rank coal samples collected from the southern Qinshui Basin were measured by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,X-ray-computed tomography and field emission scanning electron microscopy.Then,the determinants of their connectivity were further discussed.The results show that the high-rank coal samples have similar pore size distributions both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane.They primarily contain mesopores(2-50 nm in width),followed by macrospores(> 50 nm in width).The research indicated that the high-rank coal connectivity parallel to the bedding plane is significantly better than that perpendicular to the bedding plane.The connectivity of high-rank coal is mainly determined by throats,and the orientation of the pores and fractures.The two connectivity modes in high-rank coal are "pore connectivity," in which the throats are mainly pores with a low coordination number,and "microfissure connectivity",in which the throats are mainly microfissures with a high coordination number.

Structure and production fluid flow pattern of post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir in Southern Qinshui Basin

Field geological work, field engineering monitoring, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation were used to study the development characteristics of pore-fracture system and hydraulic fracture of No.3 coal reservoir in Southern Qinshui Basin. Flow patterns of methane and water in pore-fracture system and hydraulic fracture were discussed by using limit method and average method. Based on the structure model and flow pattern of post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir, flow patterns of methane and water were established. Results show that seepage pattern of methane in pore-fracture system is linked with pore diameter, fracture width, coal bed pressure and flow velocity. While in hydraulic fracture, it is controlled by fracture height, pressure and flow velocity. Seepage pattern of water in pore-fracture system is linked with pore diameter, fracture width and flow velocity. While in hydraulic fracture, it is controlled by fracture height and flow velocity. Pores and fractures in different sizes are linked up by ultramicroscopic fissures, micro-fissures and hydraulic fracture. In post-fracturing high-rank coal reservoir, methane has level-three flow and gets through triple medium to the wellbore; and water passes mainly through double medium to the wellbore which is level-two flow.

Influence of depressurization rate on gas production capacity of high-rank coal in the south of Qinshui Basin, China

A desorption simulation experiment with the condition of simulated strata was designed. The experiment, under different depressurizing rates and the same fluid saturation, was conducted on the sample from 3# coal of Daning coal mine in Jincheng, Shanxi Province. The gas production rate and pressure change at both ends of the sample were studied systematically, and the mechanisms of some phenomena in the experiment were discussed. The experimental results show that, whether at fast or slow depressurizing rate, the methane adsorbed to high-rank coal can effectively desorb and the desorption efficiency can reach above 90%. There is an obvious inflection point on the gas yield curve during the desorption process and it appears after the pressure on the lump of coal reduces below the desorption pressure. The desorption of methane from high-rank coal is mainly driven by differential pressure, and high pressure difference is conducive to fast desorption. In the scenario of fast depressurization, the desorption inflection appears earlier and the gas production rate in the stage of rapid desorption is higher. It is experimentally concluded that the originally recognized strategy of long-term slow CBM production is doubtful and the economic benefit of CBM exploitation from high-rank coal can be effectively improved by rapid drainage and pressure reduction. The field experiment results in pilot blocks of Fanzhuang and Zhengzhuang show that by increasing the drainage depressurization rate, the peak production of gas well would increase greatly, the time of gas well to reach the economic production shortened, the average time for a gas well to reach expected production reduced by half, and the peak gas production is higher.

Whole petroleum system in Jurassic coal measures of Taibei Sag in Tuha Basin,NW China

Based on the latest results of near-source exploration in the Middle and Lower Jurassic of the Tuha Basin,a new understanding of the source rocks,reservoir conditions,and source-reservoir-cap rock combinations of the Jurassic Shuixigou Group in the Taibei Sag is established using the concept of the whole petroleum system,and the coal-measure whole petroleum system is analyzed thoroughly.The results are obtained in three aspects.First,the coal-measure source rocks of the Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation and the argillaceous source rocks of the Sangonghe Formation in the Shuixigou Group exhibit the characteristics of long-term hydrocarbon generation,multiple hydrocarbon generation peaks,and simultaneous oil and gas generation,providing sufficient oil and gas sources for the whole petroleum system in the Jurassic coal-bearing basin.Second,multi-phase shallow braided river delta–shallow lacustrine deposits contribute multiple types of reservoirs,e.g.sandstone,tight sandstone,shale and coal rock,in slope and depression areas,providing effective storage space for the petroleum reservoir formation in coal-measure strata.Third,three phases of hydrocarbon charging and structural evolution,as well as effective configuration of multiple types of reservoirs,result in the sequential accumulation of conventional-unconventional hydrocarbons.From high structural positions to depression,there are conventional structural and structural-lithological reservoirs far from the source,low-saturation structural-lithological reservoirs near the source,and tight sandstone gas,coal rock gas and shale oil accumulations within the source.Typically,the tight sandstone gas and coal rock gas are the key options for further exploration,and the shale oil and gas in the depression area is worth of more attention.The new understanding of the whole petroleum system in the coal measures could further enrich and improve the geological theory of the whole petroleum system,and provide new ideas for the overall exploration of oil and gas resources in the Tuha Basin.

榆家梁薄煤层超长运距刮板输送技术研究

为解决神东榆家梁煤矿1.4 m煤层、350 m宽工作面煤炭开采的运输问题,制定了薄煤层超长工作面成套设备总体配套方案,在对装机功率及链条安全系数进行验算的基础上,确定了刮板输送设备主要技术参数;开发了φ38/86×137宽带链及链传动系统、薄煤层极矮中部槽、下沉式可伸缩机尾、定距端卸一体式机头推移部,满足了薄煤层大功率设备对配套空间的需求;优化了伸缩机尾自动张紧控制流程,配置了刮板输送机智能控制系统,为工作面运输设备无人化管理提供了技术保障。经过井下工业性实践证明,设备使用良好,该工作面已成为薄煤层智能开采的示范工程。

Structure of different types of coal metamorphism by HTEM

In order to discuss the effect of tectonic stress on the structural evolution of coal, given the importance attached to High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HTEM), we investigated several aspects of material structures of high-rank Carboniferous period coal, located in the northern foreland basin of the Dabie orogenic belt in eastern China. High powered crystal lattice images of Bright Fields (BF) and Selected Area Diffraction patterns (SAD) of different types of metamorphism in coal were obtained. The results show that the Basic Structural Units (BSU) become increasingly more compact as a function of rising tem-perature and pressure. Under pressure, the local orientation of molecules is strengthened, the arrangement of BSU speeds up and the degree of order is clearly enhanced.

Coal petrology and genesis of Jurassic coal in the Ordos Basin,China

Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin, northwestern China. The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value. We studied the coal＇s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral＇s contribution to generation of oil and gas. The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special petrological features because of the Basin＇s unique depo- sitional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system. These petro- graphic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers. After burial, the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions, this process generated extensive higher inertinite contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite. The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal, dull coal, semilustrous and lustrous coal. The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins, especially in the area near the northern margin. The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin. This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components. Another observation is that in the Ordos＇ coal sequences, especially in the lower part, some sandstone beds are thick, up to 20 m with a coarse grain size. The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure. The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved. After burial, the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology. The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation, circulation and connection to the coal. So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time. Conversely, in the basin center, lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment. As a result, abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased. E^inite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed. Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole, it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated, especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here. The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity, or flows into some fissures, where it is commonly neglected.

Volume and Surface Distribution Heterogeneity of Nano-pore in Coal Samples by CO2 and N2 Adsorption Experiments

In this paper,the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory.The following results were achieved.1)According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension,meso-pores can be classified into Mep-1,Mep-2,and Mep-3,respectively.Micro-pore can be classified into Mip-1,Mip-2,and Mip-3,respectively.2)Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso-pores.The volume heterogeneity(VHY)of Mep-1 is simpler than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 in type A samples.However,the VHY of Mep-1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 from type A to type B and C.The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi-open or closed pore.Meanwhile,the surface heterogeneity(SHY)of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C,the SHY of semi-open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores.3)Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro-pores.The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C.The VHY of Mip-1 is more complicated than that of Mip-2 and Mip-3 in the same samples,and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip-3.Meanwhile,the SHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 is simpler than that of Mip-3 in the same sample,the SHY of micro-pores remains stable as the pore size decreases,and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter.Full-scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.

中低温煤焦油转化利用技术研究进展

随着煤焦油深加工技术的发展,中低温煤焦油的综合利用受到关注。介绍了国内外中低温煤焦油利用的研究现状,对中低温煤焦油的分离、加氢改质利用,制燃料油、特种油品和高值化学品,煤焦油掺混加氢以及煤沥青利用的研发进行了综述和分析。基于中低温煤焦油馏分的构成特性,提出了中低温煤焦油“分质分级转化利用”技术路线,充分利用其分子特征结构,研究高效催化剂使煤焦油定向转化为目标产品。这为煤焦油高效清洁利用提供了多元化、高值化和精细化的途径。

黄河上中游采煤沉陷区水土流失效应的探索与思考

破解煤炭开采与水土保持之间的矛盾是黄河上中游生态保护与高质量发展的重大科学问题和战略需求。在系统梳理相关研究进展的基础上,指出了“对采煤沉陷区的区域特性认识不充分”、“对采煤沉陷过程中土壤侵蚀关键因子的认识不全面”、“缺少采煤沉陷区不同采动损害类型的土壤侵蚀效应研究”是目前我国煤炭开采区水土流失效应与防控研究存在的主要问题。剖析了黄河上中游7大国家级煤炭基地面临的煤炭开采与水土保持之间的尖锐矛盾及发展趋势。矛盾的焦点主要表现在:第一,煤炭开采集中区与水土流失重点治理区高度重叠导致“能源安全保供”与“水土流失防治”的双重压力;第二,区域自然土壤侵蚀本底导致解决煤炭开采与水土保持矛盾的余地小且难度大;第三,十四五期间持续扩大的采煤沉陷区将成为水土保持攻坚克难的主战场。提出了“地下采动+地下覆岩+地表微地形”耦合下的土壤侵蚀时空演化规律与机理、不同损害类型的土壤侵蚀效应及时空演化规律与机理、构建“地下联合地表”策略下水土流失全生命周期精准防控关键技术体系等是今后黄河上中游采煤沉陷区水土流失效应防控的重点研究方向。希望为破解黄河上中游煤炭开采与水土保持的矛盾,支撑黄河上中游的生态保护与高质量发展提供有益参考。

海孜煤矿深部勘查区中组煤层气储层物性特征分析

【目的】煤层气储层的物性特征是进行煤层气开发研究的关键因子。【方法】重点对海孜煤矿深部勘探区域中组煤储层的物性参数进行调查,以对井田内中组煤储层物性特征进行研究。【结果】研究表明,煤层的物性特征适宜开采,其中有机显微组分占优,无机显微组分次之。该煤层含气量多,虽然煤层渗透率相对较小,但符合煤层气开采条件。煤层开采时的吸附作用一般,但有利于煤层气储集和缩短煤层气的开发周期。【结论】研究结果可为该研究区煤层气抽采提供可靠的技术参考。

陶瓷介质搅拌磨对炼焦中煤解离特性与分选潜势的影响

为研究炼焦中煤在搅拌磨机中的选择性解离特性,以涡北选煤厂的炼焦中煤为对象,进行了样品性质、磨矿条件优化、磨矿产品解离特性及颗粒形状特性等研究,对比了相同磨矿细度下搅拌磨机和棒磨机磨矿产品的浮选效果。研究结果表明:在搅拌磨机磨矿时间4min、陶瓷球直径6mm、介质填充率60%、磨矿浓度55%的最优磨矿条件下,-0.074mm含量79.39%的磨矿产品经过浮选,可得到产率61.49%的精煤(A_(d)=11.50%)产品;在相同的磨矿细度下,搅拌磨机所需的磨矿时间更短,产生的高灰细泥产率低,磨矿产品浮选精煤(A_(d)=11.50%)产率较棒磨机高9.82个百分点,说明搅拌磨机解离效果更好;SEM分析进一步证实,搅拌磨机磨矿产品表面微细粒脉石矿物较少,颗粒球形度(R0)低,伸长率(EW)高,有利于颗粒与气泡的黏附;研究结果可为炼焦中煤选择性解离提供工艺思路。

脱气时间对中煤级煤低温氮吸附实验的影响

低温氮吸附法是目前用于评估直径在0.35 nm~300 nm之间煤的孔隙结构广泛使用的实验方法,通过实验得到的数据可以表征出煤的孔隙结构特征。在低温氮吸附实验中,样品的粒径、脱气温度和脱气时间等因素对实验结果影响较大。为研究脱气时间对低温氮吸附实验结果的影响,进行了一系列其他条件不变,只改变脱气时间的实验,选择的脱气时间分别为2 h,3 h,4 h,5 h,6 h,9 h,12 h,24 h。选取三种中煤级煤岩样品为实验材料,分别为济宁三号井气煤、张北矿气煤以及临涣矿焦煤。研究不同脱气时间下中煤级煤样在低温氮吸附实验中孔隙结构的变化,以确定最佳的脱气时间。通过分析煤样的吸附曲线、吸附-脱附曲线“滞后环”、阶段孔容曲线、平均孔径等参数,发现煤样在脱气时间发生变化时,煤样孔隙结构也发生相应的变化。研究发现,煤样在脱气时间为2 h和3 h时吸附-脱附曲线的类型以H3为主,其孔隙结构简单。煤样测定的平均孔径在脱气时间为3 h达到最大值,平均孔径在脱气时间为5 h达到最小值。在脱气3 h时,水分对煤样孔隙结构的影响可以忽略不计,挥发分对煤样孔隙结构的影响较低,此时煤样的孔隙结构更佳。三种中煤级煤样最佳脱气时间为3 h。

稀缺炼焦中煤精准分选-深度脱灰提质试验研究

针对我国炼焦中煤的资源现状,总结了炼焦洗中煤的破碎再选方法和研究现状;以某稀缺炼焦洗中煤为研究对象,根据洗中煤灰分含量、灰分矿物赋存等特性,进行精准分选-深度降灰试验研究。研究结果表明:“细碎-重选联合细磨-深度浮选”为最佳流程方案,浮选采用“一粗-二扫-三精”的闭路试验流程,最终得到了粗粒级重选精煤产品、细粒级浮选精煤产品和高灰尾泥(细粒级浮选尾矿)3种产品,2种精煤产品灰分在11.5%以内,尾泥灰分在74%以上,获得了较大的精煤回收率,经济效益显著,研究结果为稀缺中煤的提质再利用提供了参考和技术支持。

基于Zeta电位和FTIR的中高阶煤与天然焦表面电性研究

通过对中高阶煤与天然焦表面电性的研究,可为揭示煤与天然焦电磁辐射机理,判断矿物可浮性和实现不同矿物分离提供基础。为深入了解中高阶煤与天然焦表面电性的差异,分析煤与天然焦表面官能团组成的差异,采用Zeta电位与FTIR分析方法对样品的表面特性进行综合分析,研究其表面电性与主要官能团的耦合关系。结果表明:①煤样的Zeta电位总体为负,天然焦样品的Zeta电位为正,同时随着变质程度的升高,样品表面负电官能团减少,Zeta电位增大;②脱灰后,样品表面负电官能团被破坏,煤与天然焦的Zeta电位均为正,且随着煤变质程度的增加,Zeta电位值减小;③羟基、COOH、C=O是影响Zeta电位的主要官能团,其中,C=O对Zeta电位的影响大于COOH;羟基-π是羟基结构中影响Zeta电位的主要官能团。研究成果为进一步探究煤与天然焦电磁辐射机理与浮选性提供基础。

吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系煤系全油气系统特征

基于吐哈盆地中下侏罗统近源勘探最新成果,以全油气系统理念和思路重新认识台北凹陷侏罗系水西沟群烃源岩、储层条件和生储盖组合,深入解析煤系全油气系统。结果表明:(1)水西沟群八道湾组、西山窑组煤系烃源岩和三工河组泥质烃源岩表现为长时间生烃、具有多个生烃高峰和油气兼生的特点,为侏罗系煤系全油气系统提供充足的油气来源;(2)多期浅水辫状河三角洲—浅湖沉积为斜坡区、洼陷区发育常规砂岩、致密砂岩、煤岩、泥页岩等多类型储层,为油气成藏聚集提供多种储集空间;(3)3期油气充注与构造演化、多类型储层有效配置,形成常规-非常规油气序次成藏聚集的特点,从构造高部位到洼陷区发育远源常规构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏,近源低饱和度构造-岩性油气藏和源内致密砂岩气聚集、煤岩储层气、页岩油等类型油气聚集。其中,源内致密砂岩气、煤岩气是当前勘探拓展的重点领域,洼陷区页岩油气值得未来探索研究。煤系全油气系统新认识将进一步丰富完善全油气系统地质理论,为吐哈盆地油气资源的整体勘探部署提供新思路。

刮板输送机中部槽的设计及优化研究

刮板输送机中部槽运行质量直接关系到刮板输送机的整体工作质效。从刮板输送机中部槽的使用情况来看,中部槽的刚度、强度等因素直接对刮板输送机的工作效率、使用寿命及运量等产生直接的影响。全面对中部槽构成、受力情况等进行对比分析,实现对中部槽的整体优化和提升,能够较好提升刮板输送机的运行质效。本文从刮板输送机运行原理分析入手,研究了刮板输送机中部槽结构组成,并针对性提出了刮板输送机中部槽的设计及优化主要技术措施,结合具体案例,对刮板输送机中部槽的设计进行优化后的效果进行了剖析。

炼焦中煤再磨与原生煤泥混合浮选实验研究

采用显微镜下观察统计法,研究了洗中煤在不同破碎程度下的解离规律,确定了洗中煤深度浮选最佳解离粒度;根据洗中煤灰分和矿物赋存形式等特性,提出了洗中煤与原生煤泥混合浮选的分选方案,进行了两者不同配比的混合浮选试验。结果表明:当洗中煤破碎至-0.5 mm,单体解离度为27.95%;当煤样经破碎至-0.125 mm,单体解离度达到75.72%,即随着破碎程度的增加,洗中煤的单体解离效果逐渐趋好;当入选煤泥掺混配比由25%增到75%时,浮选精煤的灰分由9.95%降至8.61%,尾煤灰分由76.52%增大至78.02%,两者混合浮选能同时实现原生煤泥与洗中煤的较好分选。