Different effects of mechanical embolus removal and intra-arterial thrombolysis on neural functional recovery in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion

Objective:To study the different effects of mechanical embolus removal and intra-arterial thrombolysis on neural functional recovery in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion.Methods: Patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion who were treated in the First Hospital of Yulin between September 2013 and October 2017 were selected and retrospectively studied, and the differences in reperfusion therapies in history data were referred to divide them into study group A and study group B who underwent mechanical embolus removal and intra-arterial thrombolysis respectively. The levels of neurocyte damage markers, apoptosis markers and stress markers in serum as well as the expression of Wnt pathway molecules in peripheral blood were determined before treatment and 24 h after treatment.Results: Compared with those of same group before treatment, serum NSE, S100B, VILIP1, sFas, sFasL, ET-1 and MDA levels as well as peripheral blood GSK3β, LC3-II and Beclin1 expression intensity of both groups were decreasing whereas serum BDNF, NTF, sLivin and SOD levels as well as peripheral bloodβ-catenin and mTOR expression intensity were increasing, and serum NSE, S100B, VILIP1, sFas, sFasL, ET-1 and MDA levels as well as peripheral blood GSK3β, LC3-II and Beclin1 expression intensity of study group A after treatment were lower than those of study group B whereas serum BDNF, NTF, sLivin and SOD levels as well as peripheral bloodβ-catenin and mTOR expression intensity were higher than those of study group B.Conclusion: Mechanical embolus removal for acute middle cerebral artery occlusion can be more effective than intra-arterial thrombolysis to reduce the nerve function damage as well as the corresponding oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Modified constraint-induced movement therapy alters synaptic plasticity of rat contralateral hippocampus following middle cerebral artery occlusion

Modified constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective treatment for neurological and motor impairments in patients with stroke by increasing the use of their affected limb and limiting the contralateral limb.However,the molecular mechanism underlying its efficacy remains unclear.In this study,a middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rat model was produced by the suture method.Rats received modified constraint-induced movement therapy 1 hour a day for 14 consecutive days,starting from the 7^th day after middle cerebral artery occlusion.Day 1 of treatment lasted for 10 minutes at 2r/min,day 2 for 20 minutes at 2 r/min,and from day 3 onward for 20 minutes at 4 r/min.CatWalk gait analysis,adhesive removal test,and Y-maze test were used to investigate motor function,sensory function as well as cognitive function in rodent animals from the 1st day before MCAO to the 21^st day after MCAO.On the 21^st day after MCAO,the neurotransmitter receptor-related genes from both contralateral and ipsilateral hippocampi were tested by micro-array and then verified by western blot assay.The glutamate related receptor was shown by transmission electron microscopy and the glutamate content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.The results of behavior tests showed that modified constraint-induced movement therapy promoted motor and sensory functional recovery in the middle cerebral artery-occluded rats,but had no effect on cognitive function.The modified constraint-induced movement therapy upregulated the expression of glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3(Gria3)in the hippocampus and downregulated the expression of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene Adrb3 and arginine vasopressin receptor 1 A,Avprla in the middle cerebral artery-occluded rats.In the ipsilateral hippocampus,only Adra2 a was downregulated,and there was no significant change in Gria3.Transmission electron microscopy revealed a denser distribution the more distribution of postsynaptic glutamate receptor 2/3,which is an a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor,within 240 nm of the postsynaptic density in the contralateral cornu ammonis 3 region.The size and distribution of the synaptic vesicles within 100 nm of the presynaptic active zone were unchanged.Western blot analysis showed that modified constraint-induced movement therapy also increased the expression of glutamate receptor 2/3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion,but had no effect on Synapsin I levels.Besides,we also found modified constraint-induced movement therapy effectively reduced glutamate content in the contralateral hippocampus.This study demonstrated that modified constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective rehabilitation therapy in middle cerebral artery-occluded rats,and suggests that these positive effects occur via the upregulation of the postsynaptic membrane a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor expression.This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University,China(approval No.201802173 S)on March 3,2018.

An enriched environment promotes synaptic plasticity and cognitive recovery after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Cerebral ischemia activates an endogenous repair program that induces plastic changes in neurons. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory as well as on synaptic remodeling in a mouse model of chronic cerebral ischemia, produced by subjecting adult male C57 BL/6 mice to permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Three days postoperatively, mice were randomly assigned to the environmental enrichment and standard housing groups. Mice in the standard housing group were housed and fed a standard diet. Mice in the environmental enrichment group were housed in a cage with various toys and fed a standard diet. Then, 28 days postoperatively, spatial learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze. The expression levels of growth-associated protein 43, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the hippocampus were analyzed by western blot assay. The number of synapses was evaluated by electron microscopy. In the water maze test, mice in the environmental enrichment group had a shorter escape latency, traveled markedly longer distances, spent more time in the correct quadrant(northeast zone), and had a higher frequency of crossings compared with the standard housing group. The expression levels of growth-associated protein 43, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were substantially upregulated in the hippocampus in the environmental enrichment group compared with the standard housing group. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed that environmental enrichment increased the number of synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. Collectively, these findings suggest that environmental enrichment ameliorates the spatial learning and memory impairment induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Environmental enrichment in mice with cerebral ischemia likely promotes cognitive recovery by inducing plastic changes in synapses.

Predictors of short-term outcome in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: unsuitability of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vascular hyperintensity scores

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR) vascular hyperintensity(FVH) is used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation, but clinical outcomes of patients with FVH can be very different. The aim of the present study was to assess a FVH score and explore its relationship with clinical outcomes. Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were followed up at 10 days(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and 90 days(modified Rankin Scale) to determine short-term clinical outcomes. Effective collateral circulation indirectly improved recovery of neurological function and short-term clinical outcome by extending the size of the pial penumbra and reducing infarct lesions. FVH score showed no correlation with 90-day functional clinical outcome and was not sufficient as an independent predictor of short-term clinical outcome.

Screen-imaging guidance using a modified portable video macroscope for middle cerebral artery occlusion

The use of operating microscopes is limited by the focal length.Surgeons using these instruments cannot simultaneously view and access the surgical field and must choose one or the other.The longer focal length (more than 1 000 mm) of an operating telescope permits a position away from the operating field,above the surgeon and out of the field of view.This gives the telescope an advantage over an operating microscope.We developed a telescopic system using screen-imaging guidance and a modified portable video macroscope constructed from a Computar MLH-10 × macro lens,a DFK-21AU04 USB CCD Camera and a Dell laptop computer as monitor screen.This system was used to establish a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats.Results showed that magnification of the modified portable video macroscope was appropriate (5-20 ×) even though the Computar MLH-10 × macro lens was placed 800 mm away from the operating field rather than at the specified working distance of 152.4 mm with a zoom of 1-40 ×.The screen-imaging telescopic technique was clear,life-like,stereoscopic and matched the actual operation.Screen-imaging guidance led to an accurate,smooth,minimally invasive and comparatively easy surgical procedure.Success rate of the model establishment evaluated by neurological function using the modified neurological score system was 74.07%.There was no significant difference in model establishment time,sensorimotor deficit and infarct volume percentage.Our findings indicate that the telescopic lens is effective in the screen surgical operation mode referred to as "long distance observation and short distance operation" and that screen-imaging guidance using an modified portable video macroscope can be utilized for the establishment of a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and micro-neurosurgery.

Is decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction of any worth?

Objective: Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction is characterized by mortality rate of up to 80%. The aim of this study was to determine the value of decompressive craniectomy in patients presenting malignant MCA infarction compared with those receiving medical treatment alone. Methods: Patients with malignant MCA infarction treated in our hospital between January 1996 and March 2004 were included in this retrospective analysis. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)was used to assess neurological status on admission and at one week after surgery. All patients were followed up for assessment of functional outcome by the Barthel index (BI) and modified Rankin Scale (RS) at 3 months after infarction. Results: Ten out of 24patients underwent decompressive craniectomy. The mean interval between stroke onset and surgery was 62.10 h. The mortality was 10.0% compared with 64.2% in patients who received medical treatment alone (P<0.001). The mean NIHSS score before surgery was 26.0 and 15.4 after surgery (P<0.001). At follow up, patients who underwent surgery had significantly better outcome with mean BI of 53.3, RS of 3.3 as compared to only 16.0 and 4.60 in medically treated patients. Speech function also improved in patients with dominant hemispherical infarction. Conclusion: Decompressive craniectomy in patients with malignant MCA infarction improves both survival rates and functional outcomes compared with medical treatment alone. A randomized controlled trial is required to substantiate those findings.

Neuroprotective effect of Longshengzhi capsule following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

Objective:Longshengzhi capsule(LSZC)is an optimized preparation based on the traditional Chinese Medicine formula Buyanghuanwu Decoction(BYHWD),and is approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for treating stroke-induced disability and vascular diseases.Herein,we examined the pharmacodynamics,anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant actions,and potential mechanisms of action of LSZC following stroke in rats.Methods:Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)was used as an ischemic stroke model.LSZC was administered intragastrically.We examined the survival rate,bodyweight,and neurological deficits in stroke rats.Brain infarct size was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.Brain pathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining,Nissl staining,and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling staining.Malondialdehyde,catalase,superoxide dismutase,and glutathione levels were examined by commercial kits.Expression of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1,Bax,Bcl-2,cleaved caspase-3,and caspase-3 proteins in brain tissue was measured by Western blot.Results:LSZC markedly improved the survival rate and bodyweight,and reduced infarct volume and neurological deficit scores,in MCAO stroke rats.LSZC also significantly attenuated oxidative stress,as indicated by decreased expression of malondialdehyde,and upregulation of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1,catalase,superoxide dismutase,and glutathione.Moreover,LSZC significantly decreased apoptosis,including a decrease in Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression,and an increase in Bcl-2,as well as a reduction in numbers of apoptotic neurons.Conclusion:LSZC treatment is neuroprotective against ischemic stroke,potentially via reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.The Nrf2 and apoptotic signaling pathways may play important roles in the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic actions of LSZC.

Effect of Fujian tablet on the expression of Nogo-A mRNA in the cervical spinal cord of middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats

BACKGROUND: Inhibiting the expression of Nogo-A in cervical spinal cord by use of interaction of antigen and antibody can help the remodeling of corticospinal projection of focal cerebral ischemia model rats to facilitate neurological recovery,which provides a new possible mechanism for drugs to promote neurological recovery. However,the effects of drugs on the expression of Nogo-A in cervical spinal cord are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Fujian tablet on the expression of Nogo-A mRNA in cervical spinal cords of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats,and to investigate the possible regulatory effect of Fujian tablet on the regenerated microenvironment of spinal conduction bundle. DESIGN: A randomized and controlled trial taking Wistar rats as experimental animals. SETTING: Department of Neurology,Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Shandong Academy of Medical Science between June 2005 and July 2006. A total of 40 healthy male Wistar rats,aged 12 weeks,weighing 250– 300 g,were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Shandong University. Fujian tablets (main components: Heshouwu,Yinyanghuo,etc) were provided by office of Pharmaceutics of Shandong University of traditional Chinese medicine. Nogo-A detection kit was provided by Wuhan Boster Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,and batch number was 040309009. This experiment was approved by Local Animal Ethics Committee. METHODS: Forty male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 10 in each: normal group,sham-operation group,model group and administration group. Rats in the administration group and model group were subjected to MCAO. Rats in the sham-operation group underwent the same craniotomy,and their middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were not occluded. Rats in the normal group were untouched. Rats in administration group were intragastrically administrated with the solution of Fujian tablet at a dose of 9 g/kg and others were given equal dosage of normal saline two days later. The treatments were done once a day and the course totaled 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression of Nogo-A mRNA in slices of cervical spinal cords. RESULTS: Forty rats were involved in the final analysis. The expression of Nogo-A mRNA in the cervical spinal cord of rats in the administration group and model group was significantly decreased as compared with that in the normal group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05,respectively). The expression of Nogo-A mRNA in the administration group was also significantly weaker than that in the model group(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fujian tablet can inhibit the expression of Nogo-A mRNA in cervical spinal cords of MCAO rats,which facilitates regeneration and remodeling of cervical spinal cords.

Therapeutic effects of different durations of acupuncture on rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion

Acupuncture is regarded as an effective therapy for cerebral ischemia. Different acupuncture manipulations and durations may result in different therapeutic effects. In the present study, the Neig uan(PC6) acupoint of rats with occluded middle cerebral arteries was needled at a fixed frequency(3 Hz) with different durations, i.e., 5, 60 and 180 seconds under a twisting-rotating acupuncture method. Results showed that different durations of acupuncture had different therapeutic effects, with 60 seconds yielding a better therapeutic effect than the other two groups. This duration of treatment demonstrated rapid cerebral blood flow, encouraging recovery of neurological function, and small cerebral infarct volume. Experimental findings indicated that under 3 Hz frequency, the treatment of needling Neiguan for 60 seconds is effective for ischemic stroke.

Bilateral cerebral infarction in diabetic ketoacidosis and bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).Very rarely does DKA lead to cerebral edema,and it is even rarer for it to result in cerebral infarction.Bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion(BICAO)is also rare and can cause fatal stroke.Moreover,case reports about acute cerebral infarction throughout both internal carotid arteries with simultaneous BICAO are very scarce.In this study,we present a patient with BICAO,T1DM,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia,who had a catastrophic bilateral cerebral infarction after a DKA episode.We briefly introduce BICAO and the mechanisms by which DKA results in cerebral infarction.CASE SUMMARY A 41-year-old woman presented with ischemic stroke that took place 3 mo prior over the left corona radiata,bilateral frontal lobe,and parietal lobe with right hemiplegia and Broca’s aphasia.She had a history of hypertension for 5 years,hyperlipidemia for 4 years,hyperthyroidism for 3 years,and T1DM for 31 years.The first brain magnetic resonance imaging not only revealed the aforementioned ischemic lesions but also bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion.She was admitted to our ward for rehabilitation due to prior stroke sequalae.DKA took place on hospital day 2.On hospital day 6,she had a new massive infarction over the bilateral anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery territory.After weeks of aggressive treatment,she remained in a coma and on mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure.After discussion with her family,compassionate extubation was performed on hospital day 29 and she died.CONCLUSION DKA can lead to cerebral infarction due to several mechanisms.In people with existing BICAO and several stroke risk factors such as hypertension, T1DM,hyperlipidemia, DKA has the potential to cause more serious ischemic strokes.

Apparent diffusion coefficient evaluation for secondary changes in the cerebellum of rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion

Supratentorial cerebral infarction can cause functional inhibition of remote regions such as the cerebellum,which may be relevant to diaschisis.This phenomenon is often analyzed using positron emission tomography and single photon emission CT.However,these methods are expensive and radioactive.Thus,the present study quantified the changes of infarction core and remote regions after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion using apparent diffusion coefficient values.Diffusion-weighted imaging showed that the area of infarction core gradually increased to involve the cerebral cortex with increasing infarction time.Diffusion weighted imaging signals were initially increased and then stabilized by 24 hours.With increasing infarction time,the apparent diffusion coefficient value in the infarction core and remote bilateral cerebellum both gradually decreased,and then slightly increased 3–24 hours after infarction.Apparent diffusion coefficient values at remote regions(cerebellum)varied along with the change of supratentorial infarction core,suggesting that the phenomenon of diaschisis existed at the remote regions.Thus,apparent diffusion coefficient values and diffusion weighted imaging can be used to detect early diaschisis.

Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery Guidance by screen imaging using an EDA-H portable medium-soft electronic endoscope

The present study aimed to verify the practicability of performing screen-based surgical operations under the guidance of a real-time viewing and recording system (RTVRS) using a portable medium-soft electronic endoscope (pmsEE).The middle cerebral artery in rats was occluded under screen-imaging guidance using a pmsEE RTVRS to reproduce an animal model of human cerebral infarction.The screen imaging of the pmsEE RTVRS was clear,life-like,stereoscopic and synchronous with the actual operation.Screen-imaging guidance led to an accurate,smooth,minimally invasive and comparatively easy surgical procedure.The surgical success rate,time of model establishment,neurological function scores,and infarct volume were similar to those using an operating microscope.These results indicate that the self-designed pmsEE RTVRS could be utilized for portable endoscopic screen-based surgical operations.

Establishment of a rhesus monkey model of middle cerebral artery ischemia and reperfusion using a microcatheter embolization method

Nonhuman primates are closest to humans in terms of lineage,and middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion responses of nonhuman primates are most similar to ischemic stroke in humans.Therefore,nonhuman primates could be utilized to simulate the process of ischemic stroke in the human.Few studies,however,have reported the use of endovascular technology to establish a rhesus monkey stroke model.In the present study,seven adult,male,rhesus monkeys were selected and,following anesthesia,a microcatheter was inserted into one side of the middle cerebral artery via the femoral artery to block blood flow,thereby resulting in middle cerebral artery occlusion.After 2 hours,the microcatheter was withdrawn to restore the middle cerebral artery blood flow and to establish ischemia/reperfusion.Results from angiography and magnetic resonance angiography confirmed occlusion and reopening of the middle cerebral artery.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the existence of ischemic brain lesions,and neurological examination showed sustained functional deficits following surgery.The rhesus monkey middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion models established by microcatheter embolization had the advantage of non-craniotomy invasion and reproducibility.The scope and degree of ischemic damage using this model was controllable.Therefore,this nonhuman primate model is an ideal model for cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.

Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass and Endovascular Parent Artery Occlusion in the Treatment of Giant Intracranial Aneurysms

The authors are reporting on a study drawn from unpublished dissertation done by the corresponding author when he completed his neurosurgical training in Paris, France in 2004, few years before the advent of flow diverters. The study was a retrospective review of giant intracranial aneurysms treated by superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass combined with endovascular occlusion of the parent artery. From 1990 to 2003, 29 consecutive cases of giant cerebral aneurysms, not suitable to selective treatment were managed in that way. Twenty-one medical records had enough data to allow objective evaluation. Sixteen female and five male patients bearing 21 giant aneurysms were involved. Their mean age was 46 years. The aneurysm was revealed by mass effect in 13 cases and subarachnoid hemorrhage in one case. On admission 19 patients presented with unruptured aneurysms and two have sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The balloon occlusion test before the bypass operation was not tolerated in 18 patients. The treatment was completed in 19 patients and 17 of them had parent artery occlusion with latex detachable balloons. The only death of the series occurred before the endovascular treatment. The mean follow-up period was 30 months. After completion of the treatment, 16 (84%) patients had no symptom. Aneurysm recanalization or rupture was not observed after the parent artery occlusion. With the combination of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass + endovascular parent artery occlusion, 90% of giant intracranial aneurysms untreatable selectively were permanently excluded with a good outcome in 95%.

Effects of Echinacoside on Histio-central Levels of Active Mass in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats

Objective To investigate the effects of echinacoside on the extracellular striatal levels of norepinephrine(NE),dopamine(DA),homovanillic acid(HVA),3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanoid acid(DOPAC),5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(HIAA),and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO rats.Methods The middle cerebral artery was occluded in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Three days later microdialysis probes were placed into the right striatum of MCAO rat brains and the brains were perfused with Ringer's solution at a rate of 1.5 μL/min.Cerebral microdialysates were collected every 30 minutes from awake and freely moving rats before assaying for NE,DA,HVA,DOPAC,HIAA,and 5-HT levels by reverse phase HPLC with electrochemistry.Results Three days after MCAO,the extracellular striatal levels of NE,DA,DOPAC,HIAA,HVA,and 5-HT of the MCAO rats increased significantly(at least P<0.05 vs.control).However,simultaneous treatment with echinacoside(30.0 or 15.0 mg/kg) attenuated these increases(at least P<0.05 vs.non-treated model rats).Conclusion These results imply that echinacoside may protect striatal dopa minergic neurons from the injury induced by MCAO and may help prevent and treat cerebral ischemic diseases.

In vivo tracking of human adipose-derived stem cells labeled with ferumoxytol in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion by magnetic resonance imaging

Ferumoxytol, an iron replacement product, is a new type of superparamagnetic iron oxide approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we assessed the feasibility of tracking transplanted human adipose-derived stem cells labeled with ferumoxytol in middle cerebral artery occlusion-injured rats by 3.0 T MRI in vivo. 1 × 104 human adipose-derived stem cells labeled with ferumoxytol-heparin-protamine were transplanted into the brains of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurologic impairment was scored at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. T2-weighted imaging and enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography were used to observe transplanted cells. Results of imaging tests were compared with results of Prussian blue staining. The modified neurologic impairment scores were significantly lower in rats transplanted with cells at all time points except 1 day post-transplantation compared with rats without transplantation. Regions with hypointense signals on T2-weighted and enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography images corresponded with areas stained by Prussian blue, suggesting the presence of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles within the engrafted cells. Enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography image exhibited better sensitivity and contrast in tracing ferumoxytol-heparin-protamine-labeled human adipose-derived stem cells compared with T2-weighted imaging in routine MRI.

Tissue plasminogen activator via cross-collateralization for tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion

Tandem internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion after carotid dissection predicts poor outcome after systemic thrombolysis. Current treatments include the use of endovascular carotid stenting, which carries with it a high risk of propagating further embolic events and worsening the dissection. New strategies for avoiding the aforementioned side-effects include recanalization using cross-collaterals for delivery of intra-lesional tissue plasminogen activator(t PA). We present two cases that provide further support for this novel approach. Both patients presented with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 20, received intra-arterial t PA via cross-collateralization, and made full recoveries without the need for stenting.

An experimental study of the biomechanics of the middle cerebral artery in acute cerebral infarction

Local cerebrovascular paralysis was found in most cases of cerebral infaction. The extent and severity of vascular paralysis and its effect on contraction-relaxation function of vessels were dependent on the developmental rapidity and duration of vascular

Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging of Rat Brain Microstructural Changes due to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion at a 3T MRI

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging(NODDI)in characterizing the brain tissue microstructural changes of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)in rats at 3T MRI,and to validate NODDI metrics with histology.A multi-shell diffusion MRI protocol was performed on 11 MCAO rats and 10 control rats at different post-operation time points of 0.5,2,6,12,24 and 72 h.NODDI orientation dispersion index(ODI)and intracellular volume fraction(V_(ic))metrics were compared between MCAO group and control group.The evolution of NODDI metrics was characterized and validated by histology.Infarction was consistent with significantly increased ODI and V_(ic)in comparison to control tissues at all time points(P<0.001).Lesion ODI increased gradually from 0.5 to 72 h,while its V_(ic)showed a more complicated and fluctuated evolution.ODI and V_(ic)were significantly different between hyperacute and acute stroke periods(P<0.001).The NODDI metrics were found to be consistent with the histological findings.In conclusion,NODDI can reflect microstructural changes of brain tissues in MCAO rats at 3T MRI and the metrics are consistent with histology.This study helps to prepare NODDI for the diagnosis and management of ischemic stroke in translational research and clinical practice.