Factors associated with financial support in old age for young and middle-aged rural residents in China

This study examined the factors associated with financial support in old age from three primary mechanisms-personal savings,family support,and social insurance-to explore the implications for the future development of China's rural social welfare system.Cross-sectional surveys of 1392 young and middle-aged rural residents were conducted in July and August2012.The results showed that while social insurance was increasingly acceptable,personal savings and family support still had fundamental value.Combining the three mechanisms,the rural old-age welfare system presented nontraditional features.China's new rural endowment insurance is discussed as a means to address the need for financial support among the rural aging population.

Survey for late-onset hypogonadism among old anti middle-aged males in Shanghai communities

This study sought to investigate late-onset hypogonadism （LOH） in old and middle-aged males in Shanghai communities, using symptom score evaluation systems and measurements of sex hormone levels. One thousand cases of males aged 40-70 years were investigated. The aging male symptoms （AMS） scale and androgen deficiency in aging males （ADAM） questionnaire were used at the beginning of the investigation, followed by measurement of the sex hormone-related factors （total testosterone （TT）, free testosterone （fT）, sex hormone-binding globulin （SHBG） and bioavailability of testosterone （Bio-T））. There were 977 valid questionnaires. The LOH-positive rates shown by AMS and ADAM were 59.88% and 84.65%, respectively; values increased with the age of the patients. There were 946 results related to sex hormone measurements, which showed the following results： TT was not related to aging （P〉O.05）; levels of SHBG increased with age; and fT and Bio-T decreased with age. There was a significant difference in fT between LOH-positive and LOH-negative patients, as shown by the ADAM. In summary, TT levels were not related to aging, even though SHBG did increase while fT and Bio-T decreased with aging. Clinically, the diagnosis of LOH cannot be based on serum TT level.

Relationship between Waist Circumference, Waist-Height Ratio, Body Fat Percentage, Visceral Fat and Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Elderly Zhuang of China

Objective: To understand the correlation between different degrees of obesity and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: 772 cases (300 men and 472 females) of Zhuang over 40 years old were randomly selected. The BMD and T score were calculated by measuring the right heel bone using a quantitative-ultrasound densitometer. Body composition index of body weight, waist circumference (WC), waist height ratio (WtHR), body fat percentage (BFP) and visceral fat (VF) were measured using a bioelectrical impedance method. Results: The BMI, WC, and WtHR of the male osteoporosis group were lower than those of the normal bone mass (NBM) group (P Conclusion: BMI is positively correlated with BMD in Zhuang. BFP has a greater correlation with female BMD, and a small reduction in BFP can result in a significant decrease in BMD. BMD of male was positively correlated with abdominal obesity indicators (WC, WtHR, VF). However, abdominal obesity has no obvious effect on the promotion of BMD in women, and increased WtHR can lead to a decrease in BMD. Zhuang can appropriately increase the amount of fat within the normal weight range. At the same time, reasonable exercise and balanced nutrition to avoid excessive obesity or low body weight can reduce the incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporosis fractures.

Residents’ Satisfaction Assessment of Outdoor Residential Spaces;A Local Study in an Urban Compact Form in Sana’a, Yemen—Winter Period

This paper studies the thermal performance of outdoor residential spaces in the old part—historical part—of Sana’a city in the winter period and its impact on the residents’ satisfaction who occupied the buildings which overlook these spaces and use them on a pedestrian comfort basis. The analysis was carried out through the results of field measurements which study the temperature, relative humidity, and the air movement inside the selected outdoor spaces in the period of winter (2 months) data recorded through the devices used and compared with those obtained from the General Authority of Meteorology and Aviation—Meteorology Sector. Despite the passage of years, the author remained occupied with the opinion of the people whose homes overlook those outdoors spaces and what is their opinion of their performance. Therefore, an assessment was conducted in November 2020 to know the opinion of the people about the performance of these outdoor spaces and to compare the results of the field measurements with the results of the assessment. The measurements were conducted by using data-loggers that spread in some outdoor spaces in 7 spaces in old city of Sana’a and in its modern extension during the winter period which is the time of concern of this work. The measurements showed that the outdoor residential spaces in the old city of Sana’a are represented an advantage for winter climate over that of the modern city, so the focus in this paper was on that outdoors with the question of the users of the outdoor spaces in the old city only to clarify their satisfaction with it and whether it has succeeded as well from their point of view. Results presented in this paper are important to consider the relationship between the climatical performance of outdoor spaces and the comfort of the residents in the urban environment and give implications for urban planners and architects to improve the climate-based design methodology towards sustainable developments.

城乡居民基本养老保险的制度优化研究

目前,我国城乡居民养老保险制度进入“从有到好”的新阶段,制度的优化成为关键问题。城乡居民养老保险制度作为“保基本”的社会保险制度,当前面临的主要问题表现在:城乡居民养老保险的待遇水平低、农村老龄人口基数大、管理层级低,公平性和可持续性发展问题凸显。为此,从保险待遇、保险结构和经办服务三个方面提出六条优化措施:提高城乡居民参保的最低缴费档次标准;设立城乡居民基本养老保险待遇的增长机制;引入集体补助促进保险缴费结构优化;引导灵活就业人员、失地农民等劳动年龄段城乡居民参加企业职工基本养老保险;探索城乡居民基本养老保险参保者转为企业职工基本养老保险参保者的分流途径和方法;探索提高城乡居民养老保险的管理层级。

城市更新背景下危旧住宅“原拆原建”改造模式研究——以北京市丰台区马家堡68号院2号楼危房改造为例

城市更新有助于推动实现人居环境和城市品质“双提升”。基于政策环境和现实需求,探索提出危旧住宅“原拆原建”改造模式,阐释其内涵、适用范围及实施策略,并结合实践案例总结其实施成效,为城市更新背景下危旧住宅改造模式的探索和实践提供参考。

城镇老旧小区改造自主更新模式研究——以杭州市浙工新村危旧小区更新项目为例

浙工新村是浙江省首个采取居民自主更新模式进行重建的危旧小区,也是杭州老旧小区改造中危旧房有机更新试点样板。本文从浙工新村自主更新的改造缘起切入,从立项申请、方案设计、政策研究、居民出资等方面详细介绍了浙工新村自主更新模式的实施内容,并基于浙工新村项目实践,总结了“政府引导+居民主体”的自主更新模式的经验探索,以期为我国全面实施城市更新行动下的危旧小区改造提供一种全新的思路。

城市老旧住区户外空间更新对策初探

当前,我国城市发展逐渐由“保量”向“提质”转型,存量老旧住区的更新改造随之成为备受关注的议题。本研究聚焦于老旧住区的户外空间更新,发现老旧住区改造中存在老旧住区类型多样、空间资源极其有限、常规旧改方法失利等诸多难点。通过实地考察与文献梳理,文章提出一种自下而上、以居民为导向的认知方法,即“需求-功能”转译路径及“行为-空间”生成路径,用以协调空间资源不足与居民需求多样之间的矛盾,寻求最高效的老旧住区户外空间更新策略与方法。

老旧小区更新改造中居民参与机制探讨

居民参与是近年来我国城镇老旧小区改造普遍关注的问题。居民参与在老旧小区改造中发挥重要作用,是保证改造成效的关键。文章以公民参与阶梯理论为理论依据,以杭州市18个老旧小区综合改造案例为研究对象,运用实地调研、文本分析等研究方法,综合分析老旧小区更新改造中居民参与的5种类型,以及其协作机制的建立过程、成效及优缺点,以推进城市更新行动,提升居民获得感、幸福感、安全感。

面向失地居民的城中村包容性更新路径探讨——以苏州陆慕老街为例

城中村是我国城市化进程中的特殊产物,其拆迁后的更新不仅关系到城市品质的提升,也涉及失地居民的生计问题。以往传统的“大拆大建”模式,往往会忽视城中村居民的生理和心理需求,使其普遍面临空间福利失配、持续生计乏力、互动机会欠缺等不包容困境。因此,如何在城市更新的背景下,实现城中村拆迁后的包容性更新,满足失地居民的可持续生计需求,是一个亟待解决的社会问题。通过梳理国内外失地居民包容性研究及实践进展,分析城中村失地居民的包容性困境与需求,基于可持续生计视角,建构了包容性的城中村拆迁后更新的理论基础和设计框架,并以苏州陆慕老街为实践案例,结合设计框架从“情感-自然、实质-经济、交往-社会”3个维度,提出“功能聚焦、空间营造、交通建构、绿色均等、设施共享”的技术路线,旨在为构建包容性的城中村拆迁后更新模式提供理论依据和策略建议。

社会资本对社区不同居住时长老年人生命质量的影响研究

目的:从个体、家庭和社区角度,分析社会资本对社区不同居住时长老年人生命质量的影响,为提升老年人健康水平提供科学依据。方法:采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,纳入成都市社区居住时长多于10年的原居老年人1205名和居住时间不超过10年的新迁老年人766名,采用生命质量SF-12量表和自编社会资本量表进行问卷调查。通过描述性统计分析、单因素检验和二分类Logistic回归模型分析社会资本、社区居住时间及各混杂因素对老年人生命质量的影响。结果:新迁老年人的生理健康得分高于原居老年人(χ^(2)=88.684,P<0.05),心理健康得分低于原居老年人(χ^(2)=39.722,P<0.05);新迁老年人总体社会资本(χ^(2)=14.685,P<0.05)、社区社会资本(χ^(2)=8.097,P<0.05)低于原居老年人,而家庭资本高于原居老年人(χ^(2)=48.737,P<0.05),二者个体资本差距无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.790,P>0.05);社区原居和新迁两类老年人的个体(ORPCS=1.320,95%CI:1.080~1.613;ORMCS=1.319,95%CI:1.088~1.600)、家庭(ORMCS=1.696,95%CI:1.402~2.052)、社区社会资本越高(ORPCS=1.310,95%CI:1.077~1.594;ORMCS=1.363,95%CI:1.128~1.647),其生命质量也越好。结论:社会资本对社区老年人的生命质量具有正向影响,可以通过组织家庭建设活动、介入老年教育力量、发展志愿者群体为社区原居老年人充实家庭资本,借助社群平台活动开展、社区事务处理公共空间搭建提升社区新迁老人社区资本,从而促进积极老龄化的实现。

老旧小区居民厨余垃圾资源化利用的价值共创逻辑与优化策略——以青岛市Z社区为例

提升老旧小区居民的厨余垃圾资源化利用能力,既是深入推进老旧小区生活垃圾源头分类减量、打通厨余垃圾处理“最后一公里”的关键之举,也是创建绿色社区的必然要求。基于价值共创理论视角和青岛市Z社区的个案研究,老旧小区居民厨余垃圾资源化利用的价值共创逻辑包括社会价值共创、知识价值共创和文化价值共创三个方面,同时因尚未形成稳固的治理共同体、常态化的知识更新机制和系统化的制度体系而面临价值共创的可持续性挑战。提升老旧小区厨余垃圾资源化利用的实践效能,还需加快构建治理共同体、提升绿色活动认同感并强化制度和技术的驱动效应,进而提升老旧小区居民厨余垃圾资源化利用的社会价值共创活力、知识价值共创能力和文化价值共创效力。

新形势下旧改类城市更新的多重困境与突破路径——杭州旧改试点项目的实践与启示

地方债、房地产转型、城市社区异质性、存量发展等新的形势对旧改类城市更新提出新的要求,凸显已有的困难,特别是更新需求最为强烈的危旧小区,难点尤为突出。针对旧改类城市更新中更新主体、出资主体、资金平衡、政策供给、统筹协调、居民利益诉求六个方面的问题,以杭州旧改试点项目为例,阐述其实践过程和主要做法,并提炼出旧改类城市更新的经验启示,从统筹机制、审批制度、融资渠道等方面提出进一步完善的政策建议。

原生、提升、再生——装配式内装修助力老旧住宅品质提升实践探索

我国住宅开发已进入转型期,老旧住宅改造成为当前解决住房问题的重要抓手。传统的装修建造模式存在工期长、污染重等弊端,无法满足现代需求。结合2LDK文兴东街项目改造案例,遵循“原生、提升、再生”的改造理念,采用装配式内装修技术,实现支撑体(S)和填充体(I)的分离,提升居住品质,为其他老旧住宅改造提供参考。

中老年人人群骨关节炎的流行病学研究

目的了解西安市城乡中老年人人群骨关节炎的患病率,探讨其发病特点及骨关节炎的病因和防治依据。方法按照分层、多阶段、整群随机抽样的原则,从西安市8个城区、5个郊县中分别抽取3个居委会和2个村委会。对被抽到的居委会(村委会)的所有40岁以上男女人口1000人进行问卷调查、专科体检和拍摄X线片。结果骨关节炎总患病率27.8%,其中腰椎16.5%、颈椎10.8%、双膝9.5%、双手1.5%;城乡骨关节炎患病率城市24.7%、农村31.5%;性别患病率男性26.6%、女性29.1%。结论年龄、性别、体重、城乡差别及工作姿势等因素与骨关节炎的患病有关。各部位骨关节炎发病与局部过度活动、反复劳损密切相关。西安地区老年人骨关节病患病率较高,应引起足够的重视。

基于情景模拟的暴雨内涝危险性评价——以黄浦区为例

特殊的地理位置和气候条件使水灾成为上海市的心腹之患。危险性评价是灾害风险评价的第一步。以黄浦区为例,基于情景模拟,借助GIS空间分析方法、构造模型、利用危险性指数对暴雨内涝灾害的主要承灾体道路、旧式房屋进行危险性评价,得到了黄浦区各街道内涝灾害危险性分布图。结果显示:两种情景下,豫园街道的危险性指数都显示最低,20a一遇的情景中,危险性指数高值分布在半淞园路街道和小东门街道。50a一遇的情景中,危险性指数高值集中在老西门街道和小东门街道,其评价结果可为区域综合减灾提供依据。

经营者/居民参与屯溪老街保护与旅游开发意向分析

以安徽屯溪老街为案例,通过对实地调查所获数据的SPSS分析,从经营者及居民对当前老街经营现状、未来发展趋势以及旅游开发意向态度的差异等角度,揭示了历史文化街区保护与旅游开发中居民的真实愿望和存在问题,提出了屯溪老街保护与旅游开发过程中应注意加强与经营者及居民的沟通、加强历史文化街区的保护和整治、加强旅游环境的整治、加强徽文化旅游产品的深度开发和设计以及加大宣传力度、推动社区参与的必要性和紧迫性。

上海市中老年居民口腔健康知识、态度和行为的调查

目的 调查分析上海市中老年居民口腔健康知识、态度和行为 ,为社区牙病防治工作提供必要的信息。方法 采用随机抽样的现况调查方法对上海市闸北区和普陀区 992名中老年人进行问卷调查。结果 口腔健康知识知晓率较低 ,不同文化程度的居民对口腔健康知识的知晓及口腔保健态度和行为有显著差别 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 亟待进一步完善口腔保健服务体系 ,加大口腔健康知识教育力度 ,并针对不同文化程度的人群采用相应的方式施教。

北京市老年人居住安排的变化趋势

近年来,北京市老年人的居住安排方式发生了根本性的变化。2000-2010年北京市老年人与子女同住的比例在下降,而独居和只与配偶同住的比例在上升,由38.74%增至58.17%,老年人空巢居住的特征越来越明显。目前,老年人的主要居住安排方式已经由"三代同住""与儿子同住"转变为"只与配偶同住"。2010年将近三分之二的老年人不与成年子女同住。一些主要的人口学变量和社会经济变量可能会和老年人的居住安排有关。

基于TPB-TSP-TSA的老旧小区居民参与海绵化改造障碍及其突破——以江苏省镇江市为例

基于计划行为理论(TPB)、社会实践理论(TSP)和社会行动理论(TSA),构建老旧小区居民参与海绵化改造障碍的模型,并利用全国第一批海绵城市建设试点城市--江苏省镇江市的海绵化改造老旧小区居民调查数据,实证分析老旧小区海绵化改造中居民参与意愿与参与行为之间的差异及其阻碍因素。研究发现:老旧小区居民参与海绵化改造的意愿对参与行为有显著正向影响但居民参与意愿并没有完全转化为实际的参与行为;场域不完善、社会资本缺乏、社区认可度低是老旧小区海绵化改造居民参与意愿转化为行为的主要障碍因素。进而提出促进老旧小区海绵化改造中居民参与意愿向参与行为的转化的对策建议,包括完善社区场域、增加社会资本和提高社区认同等。