KCNQ1 rs2237895 gene polymorphism increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian populations

BACKGROUND The association of single nucleotide polymorphism of KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is currently controversial.It is unknown whether this association can be gene realized across different populations.AIM To determine the association of KCNQ1 rs2237895 with T2DM and provide reliable evidence for genetic susceptibility to T2DM.METHODS We searched PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Medline,Baidu Academic,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,China Biomedical Literature Database,and Wanfang to investigate the association between KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 and the risk of T2DM up to January 12,2022.Review Manager 5.4 was used to analyze the association of the KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 polymorphism with T2DM and to evaluate the publication bias of the selected literature.RESULTS Twelve case–control studies(including 11273 cases and 11654 controls)met our inclusion criteria.In the full population,allelic model[odds ratio(OR):1.19;95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.09–1.29;P<0.0001],recessive model(OR:1.20;95%CI:1.11–1.29;P<0.0001),dominant model(OR:1.27.95%CI:1.14–1.42;P<0.0001),and codominant model(OR:1.36;95%CI:1.15–1.60;P=0.0003)(OR:1.22;95%CI:1.10–1.36;P=0.0002)indicated that the KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 polymorphism was significantly correlated with susceptibility to T2DM.In stratified analysis,this association was confirmed in Asian populations:allelic model(OR:1.25;95%CI:1.13–1.37;P<0.0001),recessive model(OR:1.29;95%CI:1.11–1.49;P=0.0007),dominant model(OR:1.35;95%CI:1.20–1.52;P<0.0001),codominant model(OR:1.49;95%CI:1.22–1.81;P<0.0001)(OR:1.26;95%CI:1.16–1.36;P<0.0001).In non-Asian populations,this association was not significant:Allelic model(OR:1.06,95%CI:0.98–1.14;P=0.12),recessive model(OR:1.04;95%CI:0.75–1.42;P=0.83),dominant model(OR:1.06;95%CI:0.98–1.15;P=0.15),codominant model(OR:1.08;95%CI:0.82–1.42;P=0.60.OR:1.15;95%CI:0.95–1.39;P=0.14).CONCLUSION KCNQ1 gene rs2237895 was significantly associated with susceptibility to T2DM in an Asian population.Carriers of the C allele had a higher risk of T2DM.This association was not significant in non-Asian populations.

Association of IL-17 polymorphisms with gastric cancer risk in Asian populations

AIM: To investigate associations between the IL-17 rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer in Asian populations. METHODS: We reviewed studies published up to 2014 on IL-17 polymorphisms with gastric cancer susceptibility systematically. Relevant articles were identified in the MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Library, Pub Med, EMBASE, CINAHL and Current Contents Index databases. We used version 12.0 STATA statistical software to evaluate the statistical data. Two reviewers abstracted the data independently. Odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(95%CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Seven independent, case-control studies were chosen for the meta-analysis, which included 3210 gastric cancer patients and 3889 healthy controls. The overall estimation showed a positive association between the IL-17 rs2275913 G>A polymorphism and the occurrence of gastric cancer for five genetic models(all P < 0.05) and similar results were observed for the IL-17 rs763780 T>C variation with four genetic models(all P < 0.05), but not for the dominant model(P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis by country revealed that the rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms may be the main risk factor for gastric cancer in Chinese and Japanese populations. CONCLUSION: The IL-17 gene may be significantly correlated with gastric cancer risk in Asian populations, especially those carrying the rs2275913 G>A and rs763780 T>C polymorphisms.

Population and Food in Asian Developing Countries

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The Use of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in a Chinese Population to Predict Cardiovascular Events

Objective To explore associations between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2)and the risk of cardiovascular events in a Chinese population,with a long-term follow-up.Methods A random sample of 2,031 participants(73.6%males,mean age=60.4 years)was derived from the Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study(APAC)from 2010 to 2011.Serum Lp-PLA2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The composite endpoint was a combination of first-ever stroke,myocardial infarction(MI)or all-cause death.Lp-PLA2 associations with outcomes were assessed using Cox models.Results The median Lp-PLA2 level was 141.0 ng/m L.Over a median follow-up of 9.1 years,we identified 389 events(19.2%),including 137 stroke incidents,43 MIs,and 244 all-cause deaths.Using multivariate Cox regression,when compared with the lowest Lp-PLA2 quartile,the hazard ratios with95%confidence intervals for developing composite endpoints,stroke,major adverse cardiovascular events,and all-cause death were 1.77(1.24–2.54),1.92(1.03–3.60),1.69(1.003–2.84),and 1.94(1.18–3.18)in the highest quartile,respectively.Composite endpoints in 145(28.6%)patients occurred in the highest quartile where Lp-PLA2(159.0 ng/m L)was much lower than the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommended cut-off point,200 ng/m L.Conclusion Higher Lp-PLA2 levels were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular event/death in a middle-aged Chinese population.The Lp-PLA2 cut-off point may be lower in the Chinese population when predicting cardiovascular events.

A harmonisation approach to traditional Chinese medicine registration in Asian countries

The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industry is critical to not only for public health but also for economic growth.According to the European Union(EU)directives,under the EU framework for(traditional)herbal medicinal products,herbal medicines with long history of use can be registered in EU.However,there is a condition in this directive in which only those that have at least 10e15 years in the EU market are accepted for registration and/or marketing authorization.In author opinion,the condition of 10-15 years of use in EU countries set within the EU regulatory framework is with consideration of the genetic differences which can result in variation in adverse drug responses among different world populations.With this concept in mind,it is reasonable to project the principal of the EU directive to the Asian countries where TCM is originated.Countries like China,Singapore,Japan and South Korea that have well established drug registration framework are in best position in executing the best practice and facilitate harmonization of registration for TCM within the region.Furthermore,the registration process itself allows more safety and efficacy data to be collected systemically before and after product registration/marketing authorization.These are valuable information for future drug development.The therapeutic value of TCM is limitless,it has been left out in the EU regulatory framework,and the opportunity for it to be expanded and carried forward in modern medicines is shadowed by the limited number of TCM that are qualified to be registered under the EU regulatory framework.An early establishment of a harmonized risk-based registration process for TCM in Asian countries is important.This will strengthen the database to substantiate the history of safe use and further preserving and expanding the therapeutic values of TCM within and beyond the Asian region.

Choledochal cysts: Similarities and differences between Asian and Western countries

Choledochal cysts(CCs)are rare bile duct dilatations,intra-and/or extrahepatic,and have higher prevalence in the Asian population compared to Western populations.Most of the current literature on CC disease originates from Asia where these entities are most prevalent.They are thought to arise from an anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction,which are congenital anomalies between pancreatic and bile ducts.Some similarities in presentation between Eastern and Western patients exist such as female predominance,however,contemporary studies suggest that Asian patients may be more symptomatic on presentation.Even though CC disease presents with an increased malignant risk reported to be more than 10%after the second decade of life in Asian patients,this risk may be overstated in Western populations.Despite this difference in cancer risk,management guidelines for all patients with CC are based predominantly on observations reported from Asia where it is recommended that all CCs should be excised out of concern for the presence or development of biliary tract cancer.

Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease in Asians:A meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) in an Asian population.METHODS: The Pub Med, EMBASE, and CochraneLibrary databases were searched for observational studies published up until June 2014, without language restrictions. Additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. RESULTS: Ten studies involving 1299 IBD patients and 1817 controls were included in the meta-analysis(24.9% of IBD patients had H. pylori infection vs 48.3% of the controls). The pooled risk ratio for H. pylori infection in IBD patients compared with controls was 0.48(95%CI: 0.43-0.54; P < 0.001). There was no significant heterogeneity in the included studies(I2= 21%). Egger's linear regression indicated that there was no significant publication bias(P = 0.203).CONCLUSION: The H. pylori infection rate in Asian IBD patients is significantly lower than in non-IBD patients, indicating that infection protects against the development of IBD.

Dabigatran,rivaroxaban,and apixaban are superior to warfarin in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation:An updated metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Most of the randomized clinical trials that led to the wide use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation(AF)originated from western countries.AIM To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the real-world data regarding the efficacy and safety of dabigatran,rivaroxaban,and apixaban compared to warfarin for stroke prevention in Asian patients with non-valvular AF.METHODS Medline,Cochrane,and ClinicalTrial.gov databases were reviewed.A randomeffect model meta-analysis was used and I-square was utilized to assess the heterogeneity.The primary outcome was ischemic stroke.The secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality,major bleeding,intracranial hemorrhage,and gastrointestinal bleeding.RESULTS Twelve studies from East Asia or Southeast Asia and 441450 patients were included.Dabigatran,rivaroxaban,and apixaban were associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of ischemic stroke[hazard ratio(HR)=0.78,95%confidence interval(CI):0.65-0.94;HR=0.79,95%CI:0.74-0.85,HR=0.70,95%CI:0.62-0.78;respectively],all-cause mortality(HR=0.68,95%CI:0.56-0.83;HR=0.66,95%CI:0.52-0.84;HR=0.66,95%CI:0.49-0.90;respectively),and major bleeding(HR=0.61,95%CI:0.54-0.69;HR=0.70,95%CI:0.54-0.90;HR=0.58,95%CI:0.43-0.78;respectively)compared to warfarin.CONCLUSION Dabigatran,rivaroxaban,and apixaban appear to be superior to warfarin in both efficacy and safety in Asians with non-valvular AF.

Population viability analysis of small population:a case study for Asian elephant in China

Small populations are at risk of extinction from deterministic and stochastic factors.Less than 250 Asian elephants(Elephas maximus)remain in China,and are distributed in a few isolated areas;yet,population viability analyses of this endangered population have not been conducted.Here,the current genetic status of the Pu’Er-Mengyang Asian elephant populations in China was analyzed,and the risk of extinction was predicted over the next 500 years.Factors affecting the viability of this population were determined through simulations.The genetic diversity of the population was very low(mean allele number:3.1;expected heterozygosity:0.463),even though a recent population bottleneck was not detected.The effective population size was approximately 24.1 adult elephants.Enough adult breeding individuals exist to maintain population viability.VORTEX simulation model showed that this population would not go extinct in the next 500 years.However,illegal poaching and harvesting could negatively affect population size.A sensitivity analysis showed that the mean stochastic growth rate of the study population is sensitive to sex ratio,number of breeding females,mortality of females of different age classes,carrying capacity,and lethal equivalents.Based on our results,we suggest that action should be taken to alleviate inbreeding and any further loss of genetic diversity,by connecting fragmented elephant habitat or by translocating individual elephants.In addition,human–elephant conflict should be mitigated using various modern approaches,including crop guarding techniques,and by encouraging farmers to switch to crops and income sources not vulnerable to elephant raids.

Population-based carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis of fragile X syndrome in East Asian populations

Identification of carriers of fragile X syndrome(FXS) with the subsequent prenatal diagnosis and knowledge of FXS-associated genetic profiles are essential for intervention in specific populations. We report the results of carrier screening of 39,458 East Asian adult women and prenatal diagnosis from 87 FXS carriers.The prevalence of FXS carriers and full mutation fetuses was estimated to be 1/581 and 1/3124 in East Asian populations, respectively. We confirmed the validity of the current threshold of CGG trinucleotide repeats for FMR1 categorization;the integral risks of full mutation expansion were approximately 6.0%,43.8%, and 100% for premutation alleles with 55—74, 75—89, and ≥ 90 CGG repeats, respectively. The protective effect of AGG(adenine-guanine-guanine nucleotides) interruption in East Asian populations was validated, which is important in protecting premutation alleles with 75—89 CGG repeats from full mutation expansion. Finally, family history was shown not an effective indicator for FXS carrier screening in East Asian populations, and population-based screening was more cost-effective. This study provides an insight into the largest carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis for FXS in East Asian populations to date. The FXSassociated genetic profiles of East Asian populations are delineated, and population-based carrier screening is shown to be promising for FXS intervention.

西双版纳野象谷亚洲象个体识别及种群数量特征

以西双版纳勐养地区野象谷出现的野生亚洲象(Elephas maximus)为研究对象,利用2002—2023年拍摄积累的影像资料,对亚洲象开展基于形态特征的个体识别,共识别出个体152头,并分析了种群的数量特征。研究发现:该地活动的亚洲象种群数量由2002年的36头增长到2023年的112头,且主要增长来源于出生而非迁入,平均年出生率为8.29%,平均种群年增长率为5.78%。该种群大部分个体为未成年,为增长型种群。2023年的种群,在低龄阶段雄性比例略高于雌性,但随着年龄增加,雄性比例降低,最终成年雌性多于成年雄性,同时还对野生雌性亚洲象的部分繁殖参数进行了分析,结果显示该野生种群繁殖状况较好。研究表明,在全球亚洲象种群呈下降趋势的大背景下,中国云南西双版纳勐养地区的亚洲象得到了有效保护。

Identification of novel loci influencing refractive error in East Asian populations using an extreme phenotype design

The global "myopia boom" has raised significant international concerns. Despite a higher myopia prevalence in Asia, previous large-scale genome-wide association studies(GWASs) were mostly based on European descendants. Here, we report a GWAS of spherical equivalent(SE) in 1852 Chinese Han individuals with extreme SE from Guangzhou(631 <-6.00 D and 574 > 0.00 D) and Wenzhou(593 <-6.00 D and54 >-1.75 D), followed by a replication study in two independent cohorts with totaling 3538 East Asian individuals. The discovery GWAS and meta-analysis identify three novel loci, which show genome-wide significant associations with SE, including 1 q25.2 FAM163 A, 10 p11.22 NRP1/PRAD3, and 10 p11.21 ANKRD30 A/MTRNR2 L7, together explaining 3.34% of SE variance. 10 p11.21 is successfully replicated.The allele frequencies of all three loci show significant differences between major continental groups(P < 0.001). The SE reducing(more myopic) allele of rs10913877(1 q25.2 FAM163 A) demonstrates the highest frequency in East Asians and much lower frequencies in Europeans and Africans(EAS = 0.60,EUR = 0.20, and AFR = 0.18). The gene-based analysis additionally identifies three novel genes associated with SE, including EI24, LHX5, and ARPP19. These results provide new insights into myopia pathogenesis and indicate the role of genetic heterogeneity in myopia epidemiology among different ethnicities.

西双版纳国家级自然保护区勐腊子保护区亚洲象种群和栖息地评价

通过社区村寨访问、监测网络、痕迹追踪和生态位因子分析(ENFA)等方法对西双版纳国家级自然保护区勐腊子保护区内亚洲象的种群和栖息地状况进行研究。结果显示:2007年勐腊子保护区的亚洲象种群数量约为25—32头,2009年其数量增至35—42头;2006—2007年期间,亚洲象的分布区包含保护区东南部和东部的两片区域,面积共221 km2,占保护区总面积的19.2%;象群在分布区内开辟了固定的活动路线,总长约65 km,它们利用这些路线巡回取食天然植物和农作物并导致严重的人象冲突;栖息地评价研究表明亚洲象对栖息地具有一定的选择偏好性,保护区内亚洲象喜好的栖息地面积为328.5 km2,仅占保护区总面积的28.5%,且主要被分为两大斑块1和2,分别位于保护区的东南部和西北部。

尚勇保护区亚洲象种群数量动态、种群结构及季节分布格局

在2006年6月至2007年9月,通过种群个体识别、社区监测网络、样线调查和村寨访问等方法对尚勇保护区亚洲象的种群动态和季节性分布格局进行研究。结果显示:目前在尚勇保护区的亚洲象种群数量约为68头;拍摄到亚洲象共计347头次,通过个体识别方法识别出亚洲象53头,其中幼体、青少年体、亚成体和成体数量及所占比例分别为:3(5.66%)、11(20.75%)、15(28.30%)、24(45.28%),在成体中雄性只有两头,成年象的雌雄性比为11:1,高于已知国内外的其他区域。从1992年至2007年10月,至少有32头亚洲象死亡,其中确认死于猎杀的有7头,保护区的核心区野牛河、金宝河一带是盗猎亚洲象最严重的地区。严重的盗猎和不断减少的栖息地对当地的亚洲象种群产生了巨大的威胁,也加剧了当地的人象冲突。在雨季和旱季,亚洲象各有五个核心活动区域,食物是导致雨季和旱季分布格局不同的主要因素。

自然条件下柑桔木虱种群扩散规律调查

柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri为害是柑桔黄龙病的主要传播途径,明确了桔园中柑桔木虱扩散规律,就掌握了柑桔黄龙病传播蔓延趋势。2016年3月至2017年5月在广西金秀县桐木镇一个具有特殊条件的新建沙糖桔园,开展柑桔木虱种群自然扩散规律调查。结果表明,柑桔木虱传入新果园,先形成"中心虫株",再向外扩散;风是自然条件下影响柑桔木虱种群扩散的主要因子,柑桔木虱扩散与风具有明显正相关性,扩散趋势与风向基本吻合,呈现以"中心虫株"为头部的慧星状扩散;在无台风异常天气影响下,柑桔木虱种群一年的扩散距离约为105m。

不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究

[目的]为了研究不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率。[方法]采用直线最优法对采自我国北方不同地区的亚洲玉米螟一化性、二化性、三化性种群的有效积温和存活率进行了研究。[结果]一化性种群有效积温最高,二化性种群次之,三化性种群最低;除成虫外,其它虫态(卵、幼虫和蛹)的发育起点温度均为三化性的最高,二化性居中,一化性最低,成虫则刚好相反。在每一个供试温度(152、02、53、03、5℃)下一化性的存活率最高,二化性次之,三化性最低。[结论]在供试的5个温度梯度中,25℃是亚洲玉米螟发育的最适温度,不同地理种群和不同化性的亚洲玉米螟的生物学特性存在差异。

亚洲出生性别比失衡对人口转变理论的扩展

亚洲在人口转变的过程中,伴随着生育率的下降,出生性别比出现了持续升高的现象,这与西欧人口转变中出生性别比一直处于正常范围内有显著区别。出生性别比在维持高位一段时间后,出现了反转的现象,典型的表现是韩国,已经完成了从高出生性别比水平恢复到正常范围内。鉴于亚洲部分国家的这一特殊现象,本文试图探讨亚洲出生性别比变动模式以及在经典人口转变理论基础上进行扩展,尝试构建更为具体和全面的亚洲人口转变模型。

山东临淄周-汉代人骨种族属性的讨论

本文指出植田信太郎等用同样比较方法先后发表的山东临淄周汉代人骨遗传学研究文章结果的不一致 ,提示这种遗传学研究结果可能受到一些未知的因素影响。同时认为他们文章中提出的 2 5 0 0年以前山东人、2 0 0 0年以前山东人、现代山东人分别具有与现代欧洲人、现代中西亚人。

西双版纳三岔河地区野生亚洲象的个体识别、种群数量和活动特点

2004年10月至2005年10月,在云南西双版纳三岔河野象谷用直接观察、拍照、摄像等方法直接记录野生亚洲象的形态学特征,通过耳、门齿、背、尾、疤痕、面部骨骼等特征对经过本地区的象群和独象进行个体识别并建立个体信息库。直接观测记录野象524头次,通过照片资料和访问间接记录289头次,识别为46头个体,由7个家族(庭)群共38头和8头单独活动的雄象组成;发现象群和独象的活动具有季节性;不同象群在野象谷的活动频次差异显著;象群大小和其在本地区的活动频率之间呈明显的正相关。

亚洲人群CYP2D6~*10基因多态性与乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬治疗效果的Meta分析

目的系统评价亚洲人群CYP2D6*10基因多态性与乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬治疗效果的关系。方法计算机检索Medline、EMBase、The Cochrane Library(2018年2期)、CBM、CNKI、VIP和Wan Fang数据库。搜集亚洲人群CYP2D6*10基因多态性与乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬治疗效果的研究,检索自建库截止至2018年2月。由两位研究人员独立进行文献筛选、数据提取和质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入9个研究,包括1878例患者,Meta分析结果显示:弱代谢者(PM)使用他莫昔芬后无复发生存期(RFS)[HR=3.88,95%CI(2.08,7.24),P <0.0001]、DFS [HR=4.69,95%CI(1.10,20.00),P=0.04]均低于强代谢者(EM);PM使用他莫昔芬后DFS [HR=2.75,95%CI(1.23,6.17),P=0.01]低于中间代谢者(IM)和EM;IM使用他莫昔芬后无病生存期(DFS)[HR=6.53,95%CI(2.20,19.41),P=0.0007]低于EM,差异具有统计学意义。结论当前证据表明,亚洲人群CYP2D6*10基因多态性与乳腺癌患者他莫昔芬治疗效果有关,CYP2D6*10基因型PM相对IM、EM治疗效果较差。受纳入研究数量和质量的影响,上述结论尚需大样本高质量临床研究予以证实。