Size and proportion of urban and rural middle-income group in China: A comparative analysis based on CHNS and CHIP data

To enlarge the middle-income group and construct the "olivary" income distribution becomes one of the important issues of the economic development and income distribution reform in China. The income distribution function is estimated with kernel density, and the income distribution M-curve is constructed with CHNS and CHIP data to calculate the middle-income group. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is carried out for the changing trend of the size and proportion of middle-income group. Research conclusion: it is discovered according to the income distribution M-curve that the key to the enlargement of urban middle-income group lies in the lower middle-income group, while the key to the enlargement of rural middle-income group lies in the improvement of the upper middle-income group. The range of middle-income group is expanding, but due to the small scale, low proportion, and poor stability, it has not developed the "olivary" income distribution structure yet, and income inequality tends to be deepened.

Effects of Group Size on Vigilance Behavior of Wintering Common Cranes Grus grus

From January to March 2005, the effects of group size on the vigilance behavior of wintering Common Cranes Grus grus were studied at Lashihai Lake, Yunnan Province, China. We used scan sampling to record the group sizes and the number of vigilant individuals in each group, and focal sampling to record the frequency and duration of individual vigilance behavior. Both the vigilance efforts of groups and individuals significantly decreased as group size increased, but when the group size exceeded 30 individuals, the decrease of group vigilance became not significant （P 〉 0. 05）, and the vigilance duration of adult cranes increased （P 〈 0.01 ）. The vigilance frequency of adults increased （P 〈 0.05） when the size exceeded 50 individuals. Presumably, the maximal group size allowing the lowest vigilance for juvenile cranes was larger than that for adults, and the flocks composed of 20 to 30 individuals represented the optimal group size of wintering Common Cranes by considering only the vigilance behavior. Further research should focus on the synthesized effects of various factors.

Group Size and Composition of Black-and-White Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) Estimated by Faecesof Sleeping Sites at Baima Snow Mountain

This study was designed to introduce a new method of estimating group size and composition of black-andwhite snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus bieti ） on the basis of faecal amount at sleeping sites at Mt. Baima Nature Reserve. The monkeys spend nights in the form of one-male, multi-female units （OMUs） and all-male units （AMU）, and their faecal pellets can be classified into three categories： adult males （the largest）, adult females （moderate） and immatures （the smallest） based on their size. Total pellets were counted under sleeping trees used for two nights at Nanren village （99°04′E, 28°34′N, northwest of Yunnan Province, China） in each of four seasons in 2000- 2001. Moreover, data on group composition were collected when the monkeys were passing through an open gully in November 2001. Since the number of adults in OMUs shows a positive significant correlation with the amount of pellets amount in each season, the mean number of feces produced per night per individual is the slope of the regression lines. Thus, group size and composition can be relatively reliably and accurately estimated by the faeces under trees compared with the previous methods of estimation, including the use of monkeys＇ activities and tracks such as broken branches on steep slopes, in deep gorges and under lower visibility. The use of pellets for population estimates displayed 9.4% deviation in regards to population size of adult females. Some causes of the bias were also discussed. The method might be applicable to other monkey groups of this species if their habitats and main foods are similar to those of the study group.

Response of environmental sensitive grain size group in Core FJ04 from mud area in the north of East China Sea to East Asian winter monsoon evolvement

AMS14C dating and grain-size analysis for Core FJ04, located at mud area in the North of East China Sea provide us a high-resolution grain-size distribution curve varying with depth and time. This paper got environmental sensitive grain-size group by using standard deviation method, and proved that the selected sensitive grain-size group is an important proxy which can be used to reconstruct intensity of East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM）. Then we got reconstruction of EAWM evolvement since 3 ka B.P., which revealed two main phases： （1） 3 - 1.15ka B.P., relative weak EAWM with middle frequency fluctuation; （2） 1.15 - 0ka B.P., really strong EAWM with high frequency fluctuation. And 1.15 ka B.P. is a distinct turning point. During the whole period, 11 intense events of EAWM were recorded and correlated well with other climate records, but the response extent was different, which showed consistency of climate change and particularity of region response.

Home range variation of two different-sized groups of golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, China: implications for feeding competition

Knowledge on the home range size of a species or population is important for understanding its behavioral and social ecology and improving the effectiveness of conservation strategies. We studied the home range size of two different-sized groups of golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia, China. The larger group(236 individuals)had a home range of 22.5 km2 from September2007 to July 2008, whereas the smaller group(62 individuals) occupied a home range of 12.4 km2 from November 2008 to July 2009. Both groups exhibited considerable seasonal variation in their home range size, which was likely due to seasonal changes in food availability and distribution. The home range in any given season(winter, spring, summer, or winter+spring+summer) of the larger group was larger than that of the smaller group. As the two groups were studied in the same area, with the confounding effects of food availability thus minimized, the positive relationship between home range size and group size suggested that scramble feeding competition increased within the larger group.

Effect of group size and regrouping on physiological stress and behavior of dairy calves

Mixing or regrouping of calves from different pens is a common animal management practice on the farm, which frequently occurs after weaning and has a negative effect on calve welfare. Social integration before regrouping may relieve stresses, but more evidences are needed to verify this hypothesis. The present study aimed to investigate acute physiological and behavioral variations of individually-or group-housed calves after being introduced into a mixed group. A total of 132 postnatal calves were randomly divided into groups of 1, 3, 6 and 12 animals(S, G3, G6, and G12;6 replicates in each group) until 59 days of age. At 60 days of age, every two replicates from different groups(S, G3, G6 and G12)were introduced in a larger pen which containing 44 of the aboved experimental calves. Before and after regrouping,physiological parameters of stress, including heart rate(HR), saliva cortisol(S-CORT), saliva secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA), interleukin-2(IL-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) levels, and behavioral responses were recorded. After regrouping, HR and S-CORT increased immediately(P<0.05), and higher(P<0.05) levels of such molecules were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves. Levels of SIgA and IL-2 were decreased(P<0.05), and the lowest(P<0.05) IL-2 values were found in S calves compared to those in group-housed calves. In addition, the introduced calves displayed a distinct behavior, including altered active and rest time, which was associated with negative emotions triggered by the novel surroundings. Allogrooming, play, exploration behaviors and lying time were increased significantly(P<0.05) in group-housed calves than those in S calves. Conversely, self-grooming, aggressive behaviors, standing and walking time were increased(P<0.05) in S calves than those in group-housed calves. These findings suggest that individually-housed calves may be more susceptible to stressors arising from regrouping than grouphoused calves, which consequently negatively affected behavioral and neuroendocrine responses. Furthermore, moving calves with previous social experience may help mitigate regrouping stress.

Peers Small-sized Group Work-A Beneficial Form of Classroom Interaction

Classroom interaction plays a critical role in language teaching and learning process.It involves both the teacher-students,and students-students.This article is intended to explore the vital significance of classroom interaction in language learning process with the emphasis placed on the students' involvement in the classroom activities,furthermore,to discover whether the peers small-sized group work is a beneficial and irreplaceable form of classroom interaction.

Analysis of the Effect of Subgroup Size on the X-Bar Control Chart Using Forensic Science Laboratory Sample Influx Data

This paper analyzes the effect of subgroup size on the x-bar chart characteristics using sample influx (SIF) into forensic science laboratory (FSL). The characteristics studied include changes in out-or-control points (OCP), upper control limit UCLx, and zonal demarcations. Multi-rules were used to identify the number of out-of-control-points, Nocp as violations using five control chart rules applied separately. A sensitivity analysis on the Nocp was applied for subgroup size, k, and number of sigma above the mean value to determine the upper control limit, UCLx. A computer code was implemented using a FORTRAN code to create x-bar control-charts and capture OCP and other control-chart characteristics with increasing k from 2 to 25. For each value of k, a complete series of average values, Q(p), of specific length, Nsg, was created from which statistical analysis was conducted and compared to the original SIF data, S(t). The variation of number of out-of-control points or violations, Nocp, for different control-charts rules with increasing k was determined to follow a decaying exponential function, Nocp = Ae–α, for which, the goodness of fit was established, and the R2 value approached unity for Rule #4 and #5 only. The goodness of fit was established to be the new criteria for rational subgroup-size range, for Rules #5 and #4 only, which involve a count of 6 consecutive points decreasing and 8 consecutive points above the selected control limit (σ/3 above the grand mean), respectively. Using this criterion, the rational subgroup range was established to be 4 ≤ k ≤ 20 for the two x-bar control chart rules.

Recent progress in CO oxidation over Pt-group-metal catalysts at low temperatures

CO oxidation is probably the most studied reaction in heterogeneous catalysis.This reaction has become a hot topic with the discovery of nanogold catalysts,which are active at low temperatures（at or below room temperature）.Au catalysts are the benchmark for judging the activities of other metals in CO oxidation.Pt-group metals（PGMs） that give comparable performances are of particular interest.In this mini-review,we summarize the advances in various PGM（Pt,Pd,Ir,Rh,Ru）catalysts that have high catalytic activities in low-temperature CO oxidation arising from reducible supports or the presence of OH species.The effects of the size of the metal species and the importance of the interface between the metal and the reducible support are covered and discussed in terms of their promotional role in CO oxidation at low temperatures.

Utility of Adaptive Sample Size Designs and A Review Example

Sample size can be a key design feature that not only affects the probability of a trial＇s success but also determines the duration and feasibility of a trial. If an investigational drug is expected to be effective and address unmet medical needs of an orphan disease, where the accrual period may require many years with a large sample size to detect a minimal clinically relevant treatment effect, a minimum sample size may be set to maintain nominal power. In limited situations such as this, there may be a need for flexibility in the initial and final sample sizes; thus, it is useful to consider the utility of adaptive sample size designs that use sample size re-estimation or group sequential design. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive performance measure to consider the utility of an adaptive sample size design in a trial simulation. Considering that previously proposed sample size re-estimation methods do not take into account errors in estimation based on interim results, we propose Bayesian sample size re-estimation criteria that take into account prior information on treatment effect, and then, we assess its operating characteristics in a simulation study. We also present a review example of sample size re-estimation mainly based on published paper and review report in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency （PMDA）.

Unveiling Organic Electrode Materials in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries:From Structural Design to Electrochemical Performance

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are one of the most compelling alternatives of lithium-ion batteries due to their inherent safety and economics viability.In response to the growing demand for green and sustainable energy storage solutions,organic electrodes with the scalability from inexpensive starting materials and potential for biodegradation after use have become a prominent choice for AZIBs.Despite gratifying progresses of organic molecules with electrochemical performance in AZIBs,the research is still in infancy and hampered by certain issues due to the underlying complex electrochemistry.Strategies for designing organic electrode materials for AZIBs with high specific capacity and long cycling life are discussed in detail in this review.Specifically,we put emphasis on the unique electrochemistry of different redox-active structures to provide in-depth understanding of their working mechanisms.In addition,we highlight the importance of molecular size/dimension regarding their profound impact on electrochemical performances.Finally,challenges and perspectives are discussed from the developing point of view for future AZIBs.We hope to provide a valuable evaluation on organic electrode materials for AZIBs in our context and give inspiration for the rational design of high-performance AZIBs.

新型三嗪基Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表面活性研究

本文以三聚氯氰、十二胺、乙二胺、1,4-丁二胺、1,6-己二胺、N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、溴乙烷为原料,合成了3种不同连接基长度的三嗪基Gemini表面活性剂C_(12)-m-C_(12)(m=2,4,6)。通过FT-IR、1H NMR、ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征。利用表面张力法、稳态荧光法、动态光散射法测定了所合成的三嗪基Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性。表面张力测试结果表明,随着连接基亚甲基数从2增加到6,C_(12)-m-C_(12)的临界胶束浓度(CMC)从0.013 mmol/L增加到0.050 mmol/L;动态光散射法测试结果表明,C_(12)-m-C_(12)的粒径随着连接基长度的增加而增加;稳态荧光法研究结果表明,随着连接基长度的增加,表面活性剂越容易形成较大的胶束,C_(12)-2-C_(12),C_(12)-4-C_(12),C_(12)-6-C_(12)在水溶液中的临界胶束聚集数分别为105,76和68。

同步动作对社会联结的影响: 集体欢腾的中介作用和团队规模的调节作用

作为集体仪式的核心要素和社会生活的组成部分,同步动作对社会联结的影响及其作用机制尚不明确。基于情绪理论和涂尔干的观点,本文提出同步动作能够促进社会联结,集体欢腾是同步动作促进社会联结的中介机制,并且这种机制的作用与群体规模有关。3个实验均采用无声迪斯科范式考察同步动作、集体欢腾和团队规模对社会联结的影响。实验1表明,同步动作(vs.无动作)的社会联结效应更强,集体欢腾起到中介作用。实验2、3分别在高中生及建筑员工中开展。结果表明,同步动作增强了社会联结,且在大团队规模中的集体欢腾更高,进而产生更强的社会联结。本文揭示了同步动作通过集体欢腾机制来促进和维持大规模陌生群体之间的社会联结,对群体生存和社会发展具有重要意义。

结构定量分析揭示熊耳群大斑玄武安山岩岩浆房存续时间与岩浆喷发速率

熊耳群火山岩是华北克拉通形成后首期大规模岩浆事件的产物,它代表了华北克拉通裂谷系发育和演化的开始,其形成时代与构造背景备受关注。前人研究集中于年代学与地球化学分析,但受限于年代学测试精度,对熊耳群岩浆活动的持续时间尚无法精确限定;同时,熊耳群岩浆岩的地球化学数据并不能很好地解释其成因:地幔柱模型往往伴随着短期内巨量岩浆喷发的特征,通过传统地球化学方法很难识别,所以制约熊耳群形成的构造背景尚需更多的证据来支撑。岩石结构定量分析方法为解析岩浆活动的过程提供了全新的视角,该方法依靠分析岩石中晶体的分布特征,还原晶体结晶过程,从而揭示岩浆房存储状态,并估计岩浆存留时间。许山组玄武质安山岩具有典型的斑状结构,且代表熊耳群熔岩最早期的岩浆活动,记录了早期的岩浆房热状态。本文针对其中的斜长石斑晶开展结构定量分析,探讨熊耳群火山岩早期岩浆房的存储状态与存留时间。数据结果表明,许山组玄武质安山岩深部岩浆房长期处于低过冷度、半开放状态,存续时间为2400~24000yr。结合斜长石结晶实验和许山组斑晶晶体形态研究,估算斑晶斜长石生长速率为10^(-11)~10^(-10)mm/s;结合最大特征长度、剖面特征长度差值与熔岩厚度,计算得到许山组体积喷发速率0.28~13km^(3)/yr,二维喷发速率0.04~1.85m/yr,与大火成岩省的活动特征相似。综上所述,熊耳群许山组形成于一次强烈的热事件中,具有较大的岩浆通量与极高的喷发速率,符合地幔柱背景下的大火成岩省岩浆活动特征。

群体服务失败中群体极化对顾客抱怨倾向的影响研究

近年来,群体服务失败事件在世界范围内频繁发生,但以往的研究主要关注个体服务失败,针对群体服务失败的相关研究仍处于探索阶段。本文基于群体极化理论,采用情景模拟实验法,探讨了群体服务失败中群体极化对顾客抱怨倾向的影响。研究发现:在群体服务失败下,消费者在群体互动后抱怨意向会产生极化效应,即相较于互动前消费者个体抱怨倾向,具有同质高抱怨(或同质低抱怨)倾向的消费者经过群体互动后会产生更高(或更低)的群体抱怨倾向,并且随着群体规模的扩大,这种群体极化效应会得到放大。本研究在一定程度上可以丰富群体情境下服务失败的相关理论,同时也为服务企业处理群体服务失败事件提供参考价值。

Exploring the size of Andean condor foraging groups along an altitudinal and latitudinal gradient in the Tropical Andes: Ecological and conservation implications

Patterns of variation in the size of vulture foraging groups,and their ecological causes and consequences,remain litle explored despite strong links with the carrion recycling service that this key functional group provides.We documented the group size-frequency pattern of Andean con-dors Vultur gryphus gathered to feed on 42 equine carcasses experimentally placed in Bolivia,between 2012 and 2019,along an elevation range of 1,300-4,500 m asl.Based on the location(altitude and latitude)of the foraging groups,we examined the relationship between their size and species'population parameters(size and trend),habitat conditions,and livestock carcass availability and predictability.Condors utilized a high frequency(93%)of carcasses forming groups that ranged from 1 to 80 individuals(mean=25,median=18)and shaped a"lazy-J curve"typical pattern of size-frequency distribution whereby few groups(5,12%)were large(>55 individuals)and most(21,50%)were relatively small(<19 individuals).Group size related to altitude in that most larger groups formed at lower sites(below c.3,000 m asl),likely following an altitudinal gradient whereby larger groups are more likely to form around larger carcasses(i.e.,cattle),which are more likely to occur at lower elevations.Regardless of population size,group size could be an adaptive response of condors via local enhancement for improving individual scavenging efficiency.Many information gaps on this topic still exist,thus we provide a set of questions to address them,especially amidst the unrestricted impacts of human activities that condition vulture survival globally.

十里镇三叠系沉积岩粒度特征与沉积环境分析

沉积岩粒度特征可以反应其沉积环境。经过野外调查取样,在室内分析直沟隆务河群地层岩石粒度组成,计算样品平均粒径、峰度、偏度和分选系数,借助粒度标准偏差与偏度离散图、C-M图等粒度分析图件,综合分析样品粒度分布特征。样品粒度频率曲线峰值一半大于2Φ小于4Φ,另一半大于4Φ,峰值特点显示样品主要为细砂和粉砂;频率曲线均为单峰态,峰值范围变化较小;平均粒径范围在2.9Φ~4.5Φ,主要集中在3.5Φ~4.5Φ,主要为细砂和粉砂,分选程度主要为分选中等—较好;峰态值主要表现为中等峰态,其次是宽峰态特点;偏度主要呈近对称,其次是负偏态;样品的相关粒度参数离散图中均显示为海滩环境。综合分析结果表明:甘肃岷县十里镇直沟地区三叠系地层的沉积环境属无障壁海岸沉积环境。

黔中不同发育阶段马尾松人工林土壤团聚体及碳氮含量特征

【目的】探讨不同发育阶段对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体及养分含量的影响,为马尾松人工林合理利用土壤提供参考依据。【方法】采用时空替代法,以黔中不同发育阶段(幼龄林→中龄林→近熟林→成熟林→过熟林)的马尾松人工林为研究对象,基于团聚体粒径分组对0~80 cm土层内团聚体的质量分数、稳定性(平均质量直径MWD、平均几何直径GMD)、C、N含量以及相互间的关系进行分析。【结果】1)不同发育阶段0~80 cm土层内团聚体质量分数均表现为大团聚体(45.57%~91.20%)>微团聚体(7.24%~32.87%)>粉黏团聚体(1.09%~21.56%),大团聚体质量分数整体随土层加深而降低,微团聚体和粉黏团聚体则升高,在发育的后期大团聚质量分数较低,而微团聚体和粉黏团聚体则相反;2)不同发育阶段0~80 cm土层内MWD和GMD的范围分别为0.57~1.04和0.30~0.92 mm,团聚体稳定性随土层加深而降低,在幼龄林至近熟林阶段无显著差异,在成熟林阶段显著降低,在过熟林阶段有一定升高;3)不同发育阶段大团聚体、微团聚体、粉黏团聚体C、N的平均含量分别为18.47~32.61、1.20~1.98、21.99~38.42、1.12~1.80、14.49~29.39和0.94~2.45 g·kg^(-1),各团聚体C、N基本随土层的加深而降低,大团聚体和微团聚体C、N随正向发育先升高后降低,粉黏粒团聚体C降低,N则呈现波动的趋势;4)大团聚体质量分数、各团聚体C、N分别与MWD和GMD之间呈极显著正相关,同一团聚体C与N之间、不同团聚体C与C、C与N、N与N之间也呈极显著正相关。【结论】在黔中马尾松人工林发育的后期,土壤团聚体的稳定性及对养分的固持能力降低。

煤柱群回采沿空掘巷护巷煤柱尺寸研究

以赵庄煤矿五盘区煤柱回收工作面为研究背景,通过理论计算得到了沿空掘巷煤柱的留设尺寸应不小于4.1 m,并采用数值模拟对掘巷及回采期间不同宽度煤柱的围岩应力及塑性区进行了分析,数值模拟方案设计了4 m、5 m、6 m、17 m、18 m、19 m、20 m及25 m共8种煤柱尺寸留设方案,最终确定了煤柱的最优合理尺寸为19 m。现场矿压监测结果表明,留设宽度为19 m的护巷煤柱且进行合理支护后,沿空巷道围岩稳定性得以提高,可以满足工作面安全生产要求,实现五盘区残余煤柱的安全高效回收。

煤基泡沫炭制备及其电化学性能影响研究进展

泡沫炭具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、结构可控等特点,使其在超级电容器电极材料领域具有广阔的应用前景,而以煤、煤液化残渣、煤液化沥青、煤焦油沥青等煤系物为原料制备得到的煤基泡沫炭具有较高的导电性且制备工艺简单、原料来源广泛及产品价格低廉,因而可将煤基泡沫炭作为电极材料应用于超级电容器。基于不同的前驱体材料制备方法也有所区别、制备而得的泡沫炭性能及其应用场景也有差异,需对煤基泡沫炭制备及其电化学性能影响研究进展进行汇总分析。简介煤基泡沫炭的结构,剖析煤基泡沫炭制备方法中的分离焦化法、混合前驱法、高压渗氮法、限制膨胀法、超临界发泡法、自发泡法、模板法,阐述炭电极材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面化学基团、石墨化程度对电化学性能的影响机制,为合理调控各影响因素之间关系及得到最佳电化学性能提供一定的参考。研究表明:较高的有效比表面积有利于煤基泡沫炭的比电容和能量密度,但其超高比表面积主要由微孔贡献,孔径较小的微孔会导致电解质离子和溶剂化离子无法进入孔内且在微孔孔口堆积,影响双电层的有效形成;理想炭电极材料具有三维分层多孔结构,相互连通的微—介—大孔有助于离子扩散和电子转移,发达的孔隙结构有助于提高倍率性能、功率密度和循环寿命;导电性取决于石墨化程度,炭化温度越高则石墨化程度越高、导电性越强,但过高的炭化温度会造成孔泡完整度下降,破坏泡沫炭三维分层孔结构,且使材料表面杂原子、官能团析出,降低材料润湿性及法拉第赝电容,造成比电容大幅下降;杂原子掺杂有助于提高材料润湿性与总比电容、贡献赝电容、调控结构和提升材料循环稳定性及电容保持率,但同时对石墨化程度、比表面积等也会产生不利影响。炭电极材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面化学基团、石墨化程度4个因素相互影响与制约,找到合理的平衡点可有效调控其比电容、导电性、循环稳定性、倍率性能、能量密度、功率密度等,但在实际研究中难以兼顾炭电极材料比表面积、孔径分布等4个因素,因此需采用其他方法以实现煤基泡沫炭电化学性能的优化,未来需通过模板复制、物理化学活化、杂原子掺杂、二元/三元复合等手段以实现泡沫炭结构的设计和电化学性能的调控。