A PREDICTION ABOUT THE EFFECT OF THE BUILDING OF SHUIKOU HYDROPOWER STATION ON THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE-LOWER REACHES OF THE MINJIANG RIVER

The building of Shuikou Hydropower Station in the Minjiang River is the largest one in the region of east China. Its install capacity is 1.4 million kw., and its generated energy of planning is 4.95 billion kwh each year. In accordance with a comprehensive survey of the valley of the middle-lower reaches of the Minjiang River and the characteristic of hydrography and in association with the specific type of the hydrography station, we can be sure that no harm will be done to the ecological environment when a hydropower station is built at Shuikou. Not only the deposition of silt within the reservoir must not be very serious, it is also more favorable than before for the irrigation of farmland on plains in the lower reaches of the Minjiang River and inland navigation.In addition, after the completion of the power station, the ecological environment will be the same as before both at the Minjiang River estuary and beyond it.

Tectonodynamic Adjustment of Crustal Materials in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

Under the tectonodynamic process, crustal materials tend to experience two modes of adjustment: (1) structural (physical) adjustment, manifested by folding, faulting, uplifting, downwarping, etc.: (2) compositional adjustment, represented by element migration, concentration and dispersion, crystalline and dynamic differentiation of crystals, metamorphism, etc. (Yang Kaiqing. 1986; Yang Kaiqing et al., 1986). The dynamic adjustment of crustal materials in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze mainly occurred in the Mesozoic under the conditions of intense collision between the North China (Dabie) massif and the Yangtze massif. The structural adjustment refers to various types of deformation within the two massifs and the intensive shortening of the stratigraphic coyer of the Yangtze massif, whereas the compositional adjustment implies the structural remelting of the basement and the ore. and rock- forming processes in the two massifs.

Flood and Waterlogging Disaster Damage Evaluation in Middle-Lower Yangtze River by 3S technology

The evaluation method, model and process for the flood and waterlogging disaster condition by GIS,RS and GPS technology and the method for setting up disaster condition database, dyke database and historical disaster damage database are presented. An index of flood damage degree(FDD) used to evaluate the relative degree of disaster loss and divide flood and waterlogging area is suggested. The value of flood damage degree can be calculated as follows :taking the various disaster losses of sample area in a base year as standard value and computing the ratios of various disaster loss values in different areas and years to the standard flood disaster loss values, then summing up the weighted ratios. The computed results are the value of flood damage degree in the every year. The macroscopic flood disaster distribution can be evaluated by the values of flood loss degree.

生态调度控制汉江中游入侵沉水植物过度生长效果研究

针对汉江中游江段入侵沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)过度生长的问题,以2019年调查监测为基础,采用生物量、分布面积、流速、流量等指标,于2020-2021年在汉江丹江口水库联合王甫洲水利枢纽开展了控制伊乐藻过度生长的生态调度试验并评估其生态效果。结果表明:(1)丹江口−王甫洲区间适宜入侵沉水植物伊乐藻生长的水域面积达16.8 km^(2),主要分布在坝前两岸浅水区、泄水闸上游洲滩、水岸新城、中洲岛、木排港、羊皮滩等区域;(2)生态调度的控制效果显著,伊乐藻生物量和分布面积呈逐年减少趋势,其年度峰值生物量变化与春季萌发期1-3月流量极值比(r=-0.997)和生长旺盛期4−8月平均流量(r=-0.963)的相关系数均大于0.9,与全年平均流量(r=-0.748)和4−8月平均水温(r=0.732)的相关系数大于0.7,流量(流速)和水温是影响伊乐藻生物量的关键因子;(3)根据王甫洲坝前漂浮伊乐藻日打捞量与入库流量统计,可以对伊乐藻成熟团聚体产生明显冲刷影响的王甫洲入库流量(即丹江口水库下泄流量)条件为不小于1500m^(3)/s;丹江口水库峰值流量为3500m^(3)/s的单次汛期调度过程,可减少研究区间内约40%的伊乐藻生物量。

Observational and Modeling Studies of Impacts of the South China Sea Monsoon on the Monsoon Rainfall in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River During Summer

Based on the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the NOAA Climate Prediction Center＇s merged analysis of precipitation（CMAP）,and the fifth-generation PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 3（MM5v3）,we defined a monsoon intensity index over the East Asian tropical region and analyzed the impacts of summer（June-July） South China Sea（SCS） monsoon anomaly on monsoon precipitation over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River（MLRYR） using both observational data analysis and numerical simulation methods.The results from the data analysis show that the interannual variations of the tropical monsoon over the SCS are negatively correlated with the southwesterly winds and precipitation over the MLRYR during June-July.Corresponding to stronger（weaker） tropical monsoon and precipitation,the southwesterly winds are weaker（stronger） over the MLRYR,with less（more） local precipitation.The simulation results further exhibit that when changing the SCS monsoon intensity,there are significant variations of monsoon and precipitation over the MLRYR.The simulated anomalies generally consist with the observations,which verifies the impact of the tropical monsoon on the monsoon precipitation over the MLRYR.This impact might be supported by certain physical processes.Moreover,when the tropical summer monsoon is stronger,the tropical anomalous westerly winds and positive precipitation anomalies usually maintain in the tropics and do not move northward into the MLRYR,hence the transport of water vapor toward southern China is weakened and the southwest flow and precipitation over southern China are also attenuated.On the other hand,the strengthened tropical monsoon may result in the weakening and southward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high through self-adjustment of the atmospheric circulation,leading to the weakening of the monsoon flows and precipitation over the MLRYR.

2022年夏季汉江中下游水华生消驱动因子及其贡献率量化研究

为探究2022年夏季长江流域“汛期反枯”极端水文条件下汉江中下游首次出现的蓝藻水华成因,选取叶绿素浓度为水华表征指标,考虑各环境因子间的多重共线性关系,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)量化了不同环境因子对汉江中下游仙桃、宗关断面蓝藻水华生消的贡献率。结果表明:(1)仙桃断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧和总磷均呈显著正相关关系,与氮磷比呈显著负相关关系;宗关断面叶绿素a浓度与水温、pH、溶解氧均呈显著正相关关系,与日均水位、水位日变幅、流量、总磷和氨氮均呈显著负相关关系;(2)溶解氧、pH和水温对水华生消的贡献程度较高,对仙桃断面的贡献率分别为15.18%、13.68%和14.50%,对宗关断面的贡献率分别为18.06%、15.93%和15.65%;(3)基于偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)的环境因子解析显示,气象因子是2022年夏季汉江中下游蓝藻水华暴发的诱导因子,水华“萌发”时段可能与汉江中下游涝旱急转时段重叠。建议后续研究结合准确的中长期气象预报信息,在涝旱急转时段优化汉江中下游水华防控调度的下泄流量与下泄时机,提高水华防控效果。

THE EXCESSIVE RAIN OVER THE MIDDLE-LOWER REACHES OF CHANGJIANG RIVER AND ITS RELATION TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN HISTORY

Based on the historical data of the excessivc rains ovcr the middle-lower reaches of Changjiang River in two hundred and fifty years (1651--1900) and the data of 'Very Large' volcanic eruptions (VEI≥5) in the period of 1650--1900, which are selected from the table of volcanic eruption year complied by Sim- kin et al. (198l). This paper analyses the interannual variation of various kinds of continuous rains in the historical period, as well as the relation between plum-continuous rains and waterlogging along Chang- jiang-Huaihe reaches, and between 'Very Large' volcanic cruption and continuous rains over the middle- lower reaches of Changjiang Rivex.

汉江下游流域生态流量区域特征指标的优选

在评价河流水文情势变化特征时,传统水文改变指标法(indicators of hydrologic alteration,IHA)存在的指标间相关性高和数据冗余问题会造成整体评价偏差。对汉江下游流域的河流水文情势评价时,考虑到汉江流域干支流日均流量及取水调水工程等的影响,分别选择汉江干流上的3个水文站及支流流域的3个水文站点,采用主成分分析法对6个水文站IHA指标进行优选,再利用相关性分析结果进一步筛选,优选出适用于评价汉江下游流域水文情势的13个代表性指标,分别为2月流量、4月流量、7月流量、10月流量、12月流量、基流指数、最低流量出现日期、最高流量出现日期、低流量脉冲次数、高流量持续时间、日均流量增加率、日平均流量减少率和日均流量反转数。结果表明:6个水文站的代表性指标间相关性均大幅降低,13个代表性指标间的相关系数不超过0.3的占比约70%;经变化范围评价法(range of variability approach,RVA)验证,IHA指标与优选出的代表性指标对汉江下游流域整体水文改变度评价结果的差值均小于7.5个百分点,表明其能够对汉江下游流域提供较为全面合理的水文情势变化评价。

汉江中下游重要支流目标生态流量分期控制研究

为有效推进河湖生态流量保障体系建设,采用Qp法、Tennant法、近10 a最枯月法、频率曲线法等方法计算分析确定了汉江中下游重要支流控制断面基本生态流量,采用适配法确定各断面生态流量分月泄放目标。研究表明:(1)汉江中下游重要支流控制断面的基本生态流量为1.16~7.50 m^(3)/s,占年均流量的5%~15%。除南河谷城断面受金盆沟电站发电引水导致满足度偏低外,其他断面满足度均高于90%,可作为生态流量管控依据。(2)各断面生存流量分月控制目标为1.16~55.00 m^(3)/s,年泄放量占年均径流量的20%,月均满足度可达80%以上。研究成果可为健全法规体系、强化工程生态调度、汉江流域水资源保护及监督管理提供参考依据。

南水北调中线供水区水域面积变化遥感分析

为更好地研究调水对供水区域水域面积的影响,利用遥感技术研究了南水北调中线工程调水前后供水区及其下游四季的水域面积变化情况及其动因。研究表明:在调水工程实施之后,汉江中下游区域出现了水域面积大幅度下降的情况,汉江流域水域面积从2011年到2015年整体减少,尤其是春夏季水域面积减少最多,春季减少52.6km^(2),夏季减少65.8km^(2),减少比例达到17.3%,秋季和冬季水域面积减少幅度较小,秋季水域面积减少23.4km^(2),冬季水域面积减少最少,为4.2km^(2)。

汉江中下游皇庄站年最低水位变化及成因分析

近年来汉江中下游多次出现特枯低水位,为探究其原因,分析了1950~2022年汉江中下游干流皇庄站年最低水位变化趋势,并分析了断面、流量、含沙量等引起年最低水位变化的影响因素。结果表明:1950~2022年,皇庄站年最低水位呈明显波动下降趋势。皇庄站历年年最低水位的最高值出现在1954年的1月,为43.59 m;最低值出现在2022年的10月,为38.47 m;多年平均值为41.29 m。最高值与最低值之间变幅为5.12 m。河段的持续冲刷下切是影响皇庄站年最低水位变化的最显著因素;受上游水库群的调蓄及河段内丁坝等航道整治工程影响,皇庄站过水断面持续冲刷下切,导致皇庄站年最低水位变化。

Reconstructing the extraordinary palaeoflood events during 3200-2800 a BP in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River Valley, China

Palaeoflood hydrology study is a leading subject in global change study. Through field investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, palaeoflood slackwater deposits （SWD） were found in the bedrock gorges of the Yunxi reach. The results of field observation, laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility, and com- parison with modern flood deposits, the SWD were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits of the Hanjiang River. By using stratig;aphic correlation and OSL dating method, the palaeoflood event was dated to be 3200-2800 a BP at the turn from the middle to late Holocene. According to the palaeoflood peak stage and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges of the palaeoflood were reconstructed as 48,830-51,710 m3/s by using the slope-area method. At same time, the flood peak discharges of 1983, 2005 and 2010 severe floods were reconstructed with the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross section. The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%-4.21%. This showed that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge-frequency relationship at 10,000-year time scale was established by a com- bination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data. These results are very important for hydraulic engineering and flood mitigation on the Hanjiang River.

汉江上游气象-水文干旱特征变量响应概率研究

为揭示汉江上游气象水文干旱特征变量响应关系,分别选用标准化降水指数、标准化径流指数表征气象干旱和水文干旱,采用线性、非线性函数模型构建气象水文干旱特征变量响应模型,进而构建了基于Copula函数耦合贝叶斯网络概率模型的气象水文干旱特征变量响应概率曲线。结果表明:气象水文干旱历时和烈度的最优响应模型分别为线性函数模型和基于Gumbel Copula函数的非线性模型;干旱历时和烈度的最优联合分布函数分别为Frank Copula函数和Gumbel Copula函数;水文干旱历时、烈度的响应概率随对应的气象干旱特征变量的增加而增加,水文干旱历时响应概率变化速率逐渐减小,最后趋于平缓,水文干旱烈度响应概率变化速率较小。

汉江上游水体沉积物污染状况分析与评价

为研究汉江上游水体沉积物污染状况及其来源,以汉江上游水体17个样点沉积物为对象,测定了沉积物中有机氯化合物(α-666;β-666;γ-666;δ-666;4,4’-DDE;4,4’-DDD;2,4’-DDT;4,4’-DDT)和重金属元素(V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)的含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数评价了重金属污染状况,并结合冗余分析和多元统计分析探讨沉积物理化性质与重金属的关系以及重金属的来源。结果表明,所有样点沉积物中有机氯化合物的含量水平均较低,未对生态环境产生影响,但仍需注意预防此类污染;所有样点重金属除Cd为偏强度污染程度外,其余元素均显示为无污染—轻度污染程度。潜在生态风险分析显示,重金属元素总体处于极重潜在风险,对环境造成污染的样点中贡献最大的是Cd,是研究区域环境生态风险的主要影响因子;冗余分析表明该研究区域沉积物的理化性质和重金属含量没有显著性关系;多元统计分析表明,Cd、Pb可能与农业生产资料(化肥、农药等)的施用和工业“三废”的排放有关,属于人为源;V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As的含量主要与岩石的自然风化有关,部分样点与工业废水和农业活动有关,污染源主要是自然源。综合研究表明,由Cd污染为主的汉江上游沉积物重金属潜在生态危害应引起重视。

汉江中下游水华发展新形势及治理对策分析

随着汉江沿岸经济社会的快速发展以及梯级水利枢纽的相继建成运行,汉江水环境和水动力条件也发生了较大变化,汉江中下游“水华”暴发频率不断增加,给区域水安全保障带来严峻挑战。2022年夏季,在长江流域“汛期反枯”的极端水文条件下,汉江中下游首次发现了蓝藻水华。依托长江流域水质监测中心现有监测站网及时开展了水华应急监测,对监测资料进行了综合分析,结合以往研究成果,初步分析2022年夏季水华成因,提出相应对策及建议。结果表明:①流域水体高营养盐水平仍是本次夏季水华发生的前提条件,高温、强辐射、高pH值是诱发因子,河道水量偏少是外部驱动条件。②汉江水华的时空分布和影响范围有扩大趋势,水体富营养化程度有加重趋势;加强水工程联合运用,改善水动力条件,调节环境容量,是缓减汉江中下游水华问题的最直接途径。③提出了优化综合站网布局、强化全要素动态监测、加强水华基础研究、建立水华防控协同机制等对策建议。

汉江兴隆枢纽坝下枯水位下降成因浅析

汉江兴隆水利枢纽运行后,500~800 m^(3)/s流量下,2021年较运行前坝下水位累计下降2.47~2.55 m,对工程安全及效益发挥带来不利影响。深入研究枯水位下降成因,发现南水北调中线调水及补偿工程实施后,汉江中下游水沙条件变异,“清水下泄”导致河床冲刷;枢纽建设致使坝下局部河势调整,深泓摆动频繁、主流线坐弯延长、过水面积及河槽容积增大;局部航道整治工程的实施促使原滩体萎缩、新主槽刷深;引江济汉补水工程增强了中枯期水流冲刷动力等,上述因素综合导致兴隆坝下枯水位显著降低。

南水北调中线工程与汉江中下游地区可持续发展

汉江是长江最大的支流,汉江中下游地区是湖北省经济基础最强的地区。同时汉江流域也存在着洪涝灾害威胁大、水资源开发利用水平不高、环境建设和生态保护力度不够、传统的工农业生产方式和产业结构加重环境的恶化、管理体制不顺等问题。南水北调中线工程以及配套工程的实施,对汉江流域的经济发展将起推动作用,同时从汉江的丹江口水库调水,将改变汉江中下游的水资源分配,社会经济发展与生态环境的协调将会出现新的矛盾。要解决好流域经济发展问题,必须把握好建设南水北调中线工程的机遇,更新观念,加强前期研究和规划,注重生态环境的保护和示范工程的建设,建立相应的政策法规和流域管理体制,全面保证汉江中下游地区的可持续发展。

汉江中下游江段藻类现状调查及“水华”成因分析

汉江是长江的最大支流,全长1532km,年径流总量为591亿m3,流域面积15.1万km2。汉江既是湖北省主要航道之一,又是沿岸居民生活用水和工业用水的重要水源。早在70年代,汉江的水质一直符合地面水II级标准,但自90年代以来,汉江的水质逐年下降,并分别于1992年和1998年的初春先后两次发生硅藻大量繁殖,水色发褐并伴有异味。本文在调查汉江中、下游江段藻类现状的基础上,对硅藻猛增并出现水华征兆的成因进行了分析,结果显示,在汉江中、下游的纳污江段及河湾处,水质污染问题十分严峻,其中汉江下游江段的水质比中游江段的差,武汉江段的水质最差。水体中丰富的氮磷养分是硅藻大量繁殖的主要因素。控制高浓度污水排入汉江是防治藻类过量繁殖和保护汉江水质免遭进一步破坏的关键。

汉江中游鱼类资源现状

2003-2004年在汉江中游江段共监测654船次，统计渔获物6914．16 kg，生物学测定1682尾鱼，共采集鱼类78 种，隶属18科58属．目前汉江中游渔获物组成和结构与20世纪70年代相比发生了较大变化，翘嘴红鲌、瓦氏黄颡鱼、鲶、 鲢、黄尾鲴、大鳍蠖等在渔获物中比例已经很少；草鱼资源也明显下降；铜鱼、青鱼、蒙古红鲐、鳡、细鳞斜颌鲴、吻鮈 、长吻 鮠、拟尖头红鲌、鳙、鳜等在渔获物中已基本消失；而鲤、鲫、黄颡鱼、长春鳊、赤服鳟等中小型鱼类在渔获物中的比例却相 对上升；渔获物中个体大的鱼减少，低龄鱼及幼鱼个体比重增加．与70年代资料相比，汉江中游鱼类资源已呈衰退趋势．

汉江中游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的现状

于2004年5—8月对汉江中游江段产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场的现状进行了调查。结果表明：汉江中游现有产漂流性卵的鱼类16种，其中经济鱼类仅有草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus 、青鱼Mylopharyngodon plceus、鲢Hypophthalmichthys rnolitrix、鳙Aristichthys nobilis、长春鳊Parabramis pekinenzis、赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curdculus螂等8种；产漂流性卵鱼类产卵和产卵的规模与江水的温度、流量、流速、涨水持续的时间紧密相关；汉江中游干流和支流唐白河共有11个经济鱼类产卵场，20个小型鱼类产卵场；干流鱼类产漂流性卵1632651万粒，“四大家鱼”、其它经济鱼类和小型鱼类分别占0．57％、2．23％和97．20％；支流唐白河鱼类产漂流性卵52985万粒，“四大家鱼”、其它经济鱼类、小型鱼类分别占0、14．15％和85．85％。与20世纪70年代相比，产漂流性卵鱼类种类减少9种，全部为经济鱼类；汉江中游干流产卵量增加2．59倍，支流唐白河的产卵量减少76．17％；“四大家鱼”和其它经济鱼类分别减少89．97％和80．17％；干流王甫洲和襄樊的2个重要经济鱼类产卵场与支流唐白河12种经济鱼类的产卵场消失，而小型鱼类产卵量增加9．48倍。汉江中游经济鱼类资源呈衰退趋势。