Decipher hydrocarbon generation and accumulation based on fluid inclusion and chronology:A case study from the Upper Paleozoic buried-hills in Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Deciphering hydrocarbon generation and accumulation stage is of significance to understand oil and gas evolution and seek exploration targets.Taking the Upper Paleozoic buried-hills in the Huanghua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,as a case study,hydrocarbon generation environment and detailed accumulation process are revealed by fluid inclusions observations,Laser Raman spectroscopy,Fourier Infrared spectroscopy,and K-Ar isotope measurements.The results show that both oil and gas inclusion were captured in the quartz overgrowth,dissolved feldspar and calcite microfractures,showing blue to dark brown fluoresce.The grains containing oil inclusions index(GOI)of oil,oil&gas and gas being 25%,65%,and 10%and the inclusions with abundant methyl groups and short chains,both indicate high thermal maturity.One series of fluids inclusion is generally observed,evidenced by the concentrated homogenization temperature of 135-145℃ and salinity of 3%-15 w.t.%NaCl equiv,indicating one primary charging stage.The gas and gas&liquid inclusions mainly contain CH_(4),with also peaks indicating CO_(2) and N_(2.)The Carboniferous and Permian biomarkers show reducing environment with brackish water,with organic matter sources both from marine and continental.The relative content ofααα20RC_(27),ααα20RC_(28),andααα20RC_(29) exhibit source contributions both from algae and higher plants,and mainly of II2 to III kerogen.Both coal derived gas and oil associated hydrocarbons are identified from most of the buried-hills.Combining the fluid homogenization temperature and salinity,as well as the thermal evolution history,the hydrocarbon generated from the Upper Paleozoic was concentrated at the end of the Eocene(40 Ma±),while the beginning of charging is 60 Ma±.The Wumaying Buried-hill is of only coal derived gas and has potential for inner coal measure natural gas exploration.The results provide a detailed understanding of hydrocarbon accumulations in the study area,which can also be reference for improving petroleum exploration efficiency in similar basins.

Experimental Study on Phase Characteristics of CO2 Injection in BZ13-2 Strong Volatile Oil Reservoir in Bohai Sea Buried Hills

BZ13-2 oil field is a deep submerged strongly volatile reservoir in Bohai Sea. This oil reservoir has the characteristics of high gas oil ratio and small difference in formation pressure and saturation point pressure. It usually adopts gas injection development to avoid crude oil degassing and fast decreasing production capacity. However, the phase characteristics and miscibility mechanism of this high-temperature and high-pressure fluid after gas injection are not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the feasibility of CO2 injection to improve oil recovery in near critical volatile oil reservoirs through CO2 injection experiments. In the early stage of the depletion experiment, the content of heavy components in the remaining oil increased significantly, so the depletion method is not conducive to the development of such reservoirs. With the increase of CO2 injection, the volumetric expansion coefficient of formation crude oil increases significantly, while the saturation pressure and formation crude oil viscosity remain basically unchanged. The minimum miscible pressure experiment shows that CO2 injection under formation pressure conditions can achieve multiphase miscibility. Based on experimental research results, the BZ13-2 oilfield is suitable for early gas injection development and can significantly improve recovery.

Identification and evaluation of fault-fracture reservoirs in buried hills of the Lower Paleozoic, Chengdao area, China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic rifted basin where the Paleozoic buried hills with great hydrocarbon potentials are well developed. The reservoir space types are complex and diverse due to tectonic activities, making fracture distribution highly heterogeneous. Reservoir identification and mapping is challenging due to their large burial depth and poor resolution of seismic data. An integration of well-logging, seismic data interpretation and core observation is applied to identify three structural unit types in the study area, that is, fault breccia zone, fault cataclastic zone, and fault massive rock zone. A comprehensive well-logging identification template and a comprehensive discriminant function M for the reservoir are established based on the well-logging response characteristics. A M value greater than 0.12 indicates a fault breccia zone, that between 0.04 and 0.12 marks a fault cataclastic zone, and that in the range from 0.02 to 0.04 represents a fault massive rock zone. A seismic prediction method with multi-parameter fusion is proposed in the study. The large-scale fractures are mapped by coherence-clutter parameters, while small fractures are predicted via waveform indication inversion. The spatial distribution of “fault-fracture reservoirs” is precisely mapped by frequency fusion technology. It is found that the fault breccia zones usually occur close to the fault planes, while the fault cataclastic zones are slightly away from the fault planes. The hydrocarbon abundance of the breccia zones is greater than that of the fault cataclastic and fault massive rock zones.

Reservoir Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of the Mesozoic Granite Buried Hills in the Deep-water of the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Due to its structure,rock and mineral composition,fluid and other factors,the granite Buried Hill Reservoir is highly heterogeneous with a complex longitudinal structure and a reservoir space made up of a combination of dissolution pores and fractures.This paper is based on current understanding of tectonic evolution in the northern part of the South China Sea,in conjunction with the seismic phase characteristics.It is determined that the meshed fault system was formed by three stages of movement-tectonic compression orogeny during the Indochinese epoch,strike-slip compression-tension during the Yanshanian Period,early fracture extension activation during the Himalayan-which controlled the distribution of the Buried Hill Reservoir.Drilling revealed two types of buried hills,faulted anticline and fault horst,their longitudinal structure and the reservoir space type being significantly different.The mineral composition,reservoir space and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir rocks and minerals were analyzed by lithogeochemistry,micro section and logging etc.,it thus being determined that the Mesozoic rocks of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin are mainly composed of syenogranite,granodiorite,monzogranite,which is the material basis for the development of the Buried Hill Reservoir.The content of felsic and other brittle minerals is more than 70%,making it easy for it to be transformed into fractures.At the same time,the weathering resistance of granodiorite and monzogranite is weaker than that of syenogranite,which is easily weathered and destroyed,forming a thick sand gravel weathering zone.With increasing depth of burial,weathering and dissolution gradually weaken,the deep acidic fluid improving the reservoir property of internal fractures and expanding the vertical distribution range of the reservoirs.The research results lay a foundation for the exploration of Buried Hill in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin.

Division and identification of vertical reservoir units in Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hill of Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Based on the data associated with cores,sidewall cores,casting thin sections,reservoir physical properties,conventional logging and imaging logging,the classification schemes of vertical reservoir units are proposed for the two types of Archaeozoic buried hills(exposed and covered ones)in the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin.The geological characteristics and storage spaces of these reservoir units are described,and their identification markers in conventional and imaging log curves are established.The Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills can be vertically classified into two primary reservoir units:weathering crust and inner buried hill.The weathering crust contains four secondary units,i.e.,the clay zone,weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disaggregation zone;and the interiors contain two secondary units,i.e.,interior fracture zone and tight zone.In particular,the inner fracture zone was further divided into cataclasite belts and dense-fracture belts.It is proposed that the favorable reservoirs of exposed Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in four parts including weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disintegration zone superposed with the cataclasite belt and the cataclasite belt of inner fracture zone,and are controlled by both weathering and tectonic actions.Favorable reservoirs in covered Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in the weathering crust superposed with the cataclasite belts and the cataclasite belts of inner fracture zone,and are mainly controlled by tectonic actions.

3D Physical Simulation of Water Flooding Characteristics of Buried Hill Reservoir with Different Fracture Systems

In order to understand the water-flooding characteristics of different fracture systems in metamorphic rock buried hill reservoirs and the mechanism of improving water-flooding development effect, a three-dimensional physical model of fractured reservoirs is established according to the similarity criterion based on the prototype of metamorphic buried hill reservoirs in JZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with the fractured reservoir characteristics of JZ Oilfield, the water displacement characteristics of the top-bottom staggered injection-production well pattern in different fracture network mode and different fracture development degree of buried hill reservoir are studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the more serious the fracture system irregularity is, the shorter the water-free oil production period is and the lower the water-free oil recovery is. After water breakthrough of production wells, the water cut rises faster, and the effect of water flooding development is worse;2) under the condition of non-uniform fracture development, the development effect of the bottom fracture undeveloped is better than that of the middle fracture undeveloped. Water injection wells are deployed in areas with relatively few fractures, while oil wells are deployed in fractured areas with higher oil recovery and better development effect.

Formation of the primary petroleum reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill of Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Well Yinggu 1 drilled on the tectonic belt of the Wumaying buried-hill in Huanghua Depression obtained non-H2S high-yield oil and gas flow from the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation sandstone. The oil and gas are derived from the Upper Paleozoic coal source rock, the petroleum reservoir is an inner buried-hill primary oil and gas accumulation, showing a good prospect of the Paleozoic inner buried-hill primary reservoir exploration. The formation and accumulation of the primary petroleum reservoir in the Wumaying inner buried-hill are discussed by studying the primary source conditions, the inner buried-hill reservoir-cap combinations and the hydrocarbon accumulation period. The primary petroleum reservoir has three preponderant characteristics of accumulation: secondary large-scale gas generation of coal source rock, multi reservoir-cap combinations and mainly late hydrocarbon charging, which formed the compound hydrocarbon accumulation of the above-source sandstone and under-source carbonate rock in the Paleozoic inner buried-hill. Along with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic activities, the formation of the primary reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill is characterized by "mixed oil and gas charge in local parts in early stage, adjustment accumulation due to structural high migration in middle stage, and large-scale natural gas charge and compound accumulation in late stage".

Study of the Law about Water-Cut Variation for the Fractured Metamorphic Reservoir of Buried Hill with Bottom Water

Aiming at the complex flowing environment including the buried hill of Metamorphite, the active bottom water and the fracture at Budate Reservoir within Beir Depression of the Hailar Basin, combining the laboratory studies and based on analysis of its drive mechanism, field wells’ parameters were used to analyze the effects of different conditions of the fractured metamorphic reservoir with bottom water on its law of wa-ter-cut variation and the waterflooding efficiency. The results show that for the Budate buried hill reservoir with bottom water, the gravity should be taken into consideration to determine reasonable perforation ratio and production pressure difference. And because of the acid sensitivity of the buried hill reservoir, application of proper clay stabilizer will enhance the field oil recovery to a satisfactory extent.

Seismic Acquisition on the Buried-Hill Faulted Zone of the Jiyang Sag

The pattern of the subtle traps, in which oil and gas accumulated, in the buried-hill faulted zone in the Jiyang sag is very complicated, and very hard to prospect. The paper analyses the main difficulties in exploring the complicated buried-hill faulted zone of the area from a point of geology.The typical pattern of the buried-hill zone in the Jiyang sag is studied using the forward modeling.Target-orient layout design and full 3-D seismic technology, which are useful for oil and gas exploration on the zone, are put forward. Taking the exploration for oil and gas traps on the zone as an example, certain technologies and the effect of their applications about the design for target acquisition,acquisition on a wide-azimuth, point sources and point receivers are discussed.

The fracture network model of Shen 229 block buried hill:A case study from Liaohe Basin,China

High oil production from the Proterozoic formation of Shen 229 block in Damingtun Depression, Liaohe Basin, China, indicates the presence of natural fractured reservoir whose production potential is dominated by the structural fracture. A con- sistent structural model and good knowledge of the fracture systems are therefore of key importance in reducing risk in the de- velopment strategies. So data from cores and image logs have been collected to account for the basic characteristics of fracture, and then the analyzed results were integrated with the structural model in order to restrict the fracture network development during the structural evolvement. The structural evolution of the Proterozoic reservoir with time forms the basis for understanding the de- velopment of the 3D fracture system. Seismic interpretation and formation correlation were used to build a 3D geological model. The fault blocks that compose the Proterozoic formation reservoir were subsequently restored to their pre-deformation. From here, the structures were kinematically modeled to simulate the structural evolution of the reservoirs. At each time step, the dilatational and cumulative strain was calculated throughout the modelling history. The total strain which records the total spatial variation in the reservoir due to its structural history, together with core data, well data and the lithology distribution, was used to simulate geologically realistic discrete fracture networks. The benefit of this technique over traditional curvature analysis is that the structural evolution is taken into account, a factor that mostly dominates fracture formation.

Research and Application of Water Flooding Timing and Method for Blocky Bottom Water Fractured Buried Hill Reservoir

Oilfield A is a fractured buried hill reservoir in Bohai bay of China. In order to solve the difficult problem of water flooding timing and method in oilfield. Considering the characteristics of the buried hill fractures with stress sensitivity and strong heterogeneity, the ECLIPSE software was used in the research, and a three-dimensional injection-production numerical model for horizontal wells in buried hill reservoirs is established. According to the main research factors in water flooding, a series of water flooding schemes are designed, and the optimization of water flooding timing, oil recovery rate and water flooding mode in buried hill reservoirs were carried out. The results show that the optimum pressure level of fractured reservoir is about 70% of the original reservoir pressure. The optimal water flooding method is the conventional water flooding in the initial stage, when the water cut reaches 80%, it is converted into periodic water flooding. The oil recovery is the highest when the water injection period is 4 months. Field tests show that conventional water flooding is carried out in the initial stage of the oilfield A when the pressure is reduced to 70% of the original. Periodic water flooding is carried out when water cut is 80%. Good development results had been achieved in the 10 years since oilfield A was put into production. The average productivity of single well reached 300 m3/d in the initial stage, at present, the water cut is 60%, and the recovery degree is 18.5%, which is better than that of similar oilfields. This technology improves the water flooding effect of blocky bottom water fractured dual media reservoirs in metamorphic buried hills, and provides a reference for the development of similar reservoirs.

Study of Controll over Karstification of Buried Carbonate Hill Reservoir in Renqiu Oilfield

Based on boreholes and dynamic development data, the control over karstification of buried carbonate hill reservoir in Renqiu oil field was studied. The result shows that 1) Karstific caves, fissures, and pores in dolomite of Wumishan Formation are the most important reservoir voids, 2) the barrier of argillaceous dolomite can result in the existence of residual oil areas under oil-water interface, and 3) the mosores located on the surface of buried hill are also potential areas of residual oil.

THE MECHANICAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEBURIED HILLS AND THE DEEP-SEATED FRACTURAL ZONE IN THE DIWA-TYPE FAULTED BASIN IN CENTRAL HEBEI PROVINCE,CHINA

The author proves the existence and movement of a deep-seated fraetural Zone located in the eenter zone of the diwa-type faulted basin in central Hebei Province. This deep-seated fraeturai zone tending in NNE direction is a structural effect of the mtodle East Asin Grustobody in the Mexozoic-Cenozoic. This paper will diseuss the formation, evolution and the meehanism of the deep-seated fraetural zone, faulted basin and the buried hills as well as their relationships. The uthor expounds that the deep geological process is the major factor of the structural effect.

Characteristics of Fluid Inclusions and Determination of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Period of Caofeidian 18-1/2Buried Hill Reservoirs in Bozhong Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

The study area Caofeidian 18-1/2 structure is located in the Shadongnan structural belt at the southeast subduction end of the Shaleitian salient in the western Bohai Sea. The characteristics of reservoirs and fluid inclusions from 13 core samples near the buried hills in the study area are studied,and regional geology and conditions for reservoir formation are analyzed to reveal the characteristics and the processes of reservoir formation. Phase I oil and gas inclusions are mainly developed,and the abundance of oil and gas inclusions in this period is high( GOI is about 15%). The homogenization temperature of the hydrocarbon-containing brine inclusions accompanying them is mainly 90-120 ℃ . The simulation results of burial history and thermal history show that the main charging period of oil and gas is the present Himalayan tectonic movement period since 8 Ma,and mainly through unconformities,faults,and drainage systems,they are migrated and accumulated into fault anticline traps of Dongying Formation mudstone( E_d).

Structural Characteristics and Evolution Process of the Metamorphic Buried Hill: A Case of BZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay, China

Bozhong oilfield which is abbreviated as BZ oilfield is the first oilfield with deep metamorphic buried hill that is discovered reserves of billion-ton in Bohai Bay. Affected by multi-stage tectonic movements, the distribution of fractures is very complex in this area, therefore it is significant to study the evolution of structures for understanding the distribution of fractures. In view of the complexity on the tectonic evolution of the buried hill region in the study area, the influence of tectonic movements on the formation of fractured reservoir is analyzed, and the research results lay the foundation for the efficient development in this type of the oilfield. The results show that main faults, which is formed during early Indosinian and Yanshanian period, are mainly developed in the BZ oilfield area, and the fracture strike has mainly east-west and north-east-east trend. Based on the analysis of the relationship among tectonic evolution, regional stress field and fracture development, it is considered that Indosinian extrusion is the main reason for the formation of main direction faults in the study area. Yanshanian strike-slip transformation and Himalayan reactivation further controlled the development of the fractured reservoirs in the later stage, and formed the present fracture network system. Well block 5 is located in passive plate system during Indosinian period, it is affected by Himalayan stretching and long-term activation of large faults in the later stage, so that the effective fractures are relatively developed. The result plays an important role in guiding the overall plan deployment of the BZ oilfield.

基于综合物探的济阳坳陷潜山型干热岩靶区优选

济阳坳陷蕴藏着丰富的地热资源,开展深层干热岩的系统评价对于坳陷地热资源综合利用具有重要意义。本文利用收集的1∶20万重力数据38870 km^(2)、1∶5万航磁数据26630 km^(2)和胜利油田以往实施的钻井、地震勘探资料,采用Parker-Oldenburg反演迭代算法、重力-地震联合剥层方法、重磁正反演等方法,开展莫霍面、居里面、壳断裂-岩石圈断裂、基底构造和基底岩性等地热地球物理研究。通过实施大地电磁测深剖面116 km,验证了壳幔过渡带熔融体发育特征。从居里面深度、莫霍面深度、地温梯度、热储层岩性、盖层厚度、潜山规模6个方面评价优选了5处干热岩靶区。济阳坳陷具“壳幔生热、构造控热、潜山储热、盖层保温”四位一体地热成因特征,是以“传导型干热-水热共存、对流型水热补充”为主要特征的盆地复合型地热系统,潜山型干热岩靶区具有进一步勘探和开发的前景。

渤海湾盆地天然气勘探新进展、未来方向与挑战

渤海湾盆地石油和天然气资源丰富,总体呈现“油多气少”的特征,随着国家“双碳”目标提出,天然气作为低碳清洁的过渡能源,其勘探开发愈发重要和紧迫。为了进一步明确渤海湾盆地天然气资源潜力与未来勘探方向,基于区域构造演化和烃源岩发育特征,明确了渤海湾盆地天然气资源分布,创新形成了地质理论和勘探技术,综合分析与类比指出了天然气勘探有利领域及面临的挑战。研究结果表明:①渤海湾盆地发育上古生界石炭系—二叠系煤系和新生界古近系始新统湖相2套主力气源岩,基于烃源岩生排烃模拟分析,测算渤海湾盆地天然气总资源量约为6.60×10^(12)m^(3),其中渤海海域为2.92×10^(12)m^(3),占近“半壁江山”;②近年通过对渤海海域深层天然气成藏地质理论研究和勘探技术攻关,取得了重要创新认识,包括新生界始新统湖相烃源岩晚期爆发式生烃、潜山规模性成储机制、潜山压扭性断层封堵、潜山多通道输导、宽方位地震成像和裂缝预测技术等;③在新地质认识基础上,通过类比分析,指出发育1套或2套主力气源岩的深大凹陷是未来天然气勘探有利区域,主要包括渤中、辽中、辽河西部等共计10个凹陷;④从层系上看,古潜山、古近系“双古”领域是天然气勘探的主力层系,古近系主要勘探目标为沙河街组混积岩及东营组湖底扇等。结论认为,研究成果明确了渤海湾盆地未来天然气勘探的有利区带、有利层系及面临的挑战,为渤海湾盆地未来天然气规模增储上产坚定了信心,并指明了方向。

珠江口盆地潜山储层地质力学及压裂参数优化研究

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷惠州27-1井区作为潜山油气储层,压裂层段厚度大、层数多、非均质性强、压裂改造难度大,对于人工裂缝的在潜山储层中的拓展延伸规律认识困难。针对此问题,首先建立动态参数测井解释模型,并与静态岩石力学数据协同校正,建立一维岩石力学剖面;结合深部成岩理论,建立三维地质力学模型,真实模拟研究区块成岩环境;最后基于三维地质力学模型,研究排量、液量、砂比、前置液占比、射孔层位厚度等参数对裂缝纵向和平面延伸规律的影响,优化压裂设计。结果表明:惠州27-1区块,杨氏模量平均值为45.47 GPa,最大水平主应力平均值为100.91 MPa,最小水平主应力平均值为80.98 MPa,泊松比平均值为0.30。排量6~7 m^(3)/min、液量600~700 m^(3)、砂比10%~15%、前置液比例50%~60%、射孔厚度8~11 m为最优施工参数,为现场施工提供指导意见。

海拉尔盆地油气勘探新领域、新层系及资源潜力

海拉尔盆地是“十四五”(2016―2020年)大庆油田持续有效发展资源接替的重要领域,历经多年勘探,已在乌尔逊凹陷的苏仁诺尔构造带、乌东斜坡带和贝尔凹陷的贝中次凹、苏德尔特构造带、霍多莫尔构造带、呼和诺仁构造带及巴彦塔拉构造带等富油凹陷的主体构造提交了储量。面临剩余更加复杂的勘探对象,按照以往常规油气勘探思路已不能满足勘探发现的需要。为了搞清楚海拉尔盆地的剩余资源类型、成藏特征、潜力,基于盆内钻井岩心岩屑、测井、地震等资料,总结全层系、全盆地主力源岩分布、不同类型储层特征及源储组合特征,指出潜在资源类型、控制要素、分布模式、增储潜力。结果表明:富油凹陷的深凹区致密油、侏罗系塔木兰沟组、基岩潜山还具备较大勘探潜力,剩余资源总量达9.08×10^(8)t;已经在构造带提交的常规油藏储量1.5×10^(8)t只占总资源量的14.2%,其中致密油资源依托南屯组一段为主要源岩,源上、源下致密类型在深凹区叠置连片分布,剩余资源潜力为3.84×10^(8)t;侏罗系塔木兰沟组自生自储,近源成藏,剩余资源潜力为2.37×10^(8)t;潜山油藏通过通源断层、生油层不整合覆盖,源储侧接,内幕及表层一体化成藏,剩余资源潜力为2.87×10^(8)t。研究成果可推动海拉尔盆地及其类似断陷盆地全油气资源的高效勘探,并提供技术和勘探实践参考。

琼东南盆地松南低凸起YA区花岗岩潜山风化壳储层特征及发育控制因素

为揭示琼东南盆地松南低凸起YA区花岗岩潜山型油气藏发育机理与成藏规模,运用岩心、物性、元素、磷灰石裂变径迹分析测试资料及测井-地震解释,研究了区内花岗岩潜山风化壳储层特征及发育控制因素、风化壳发育史及残余厚度分布。研究表明:YA区花岗岩系形成于印支期早三叠世,盆地基底在古新世—中新世经历多次构造抬升及沉降,风化壳分两期形成并得以保存,区内热带季风型古气候促进了花岗岩系化学风化作用。区域构造演化、古气候及岩石类型是控制区内古潜山风化壳发育的主要因素。风化壳发育程度存在显著差异性,区内古构造高点处的花岗岩风化壳残余厚度大。YA区花岗岩具有显著的钙碱性-碱性、准铝质-过铝质特征,属于易风化岩石类型。区内风化壳垂向上可分为残积-坡积层、砂化层、风化裂缝层、水平潜流层和基岩层。风化裂缝层是最有利储层,平均孔隙度为11.46%,平均渗透率为5.98×10^(-3)μm^(2),物性随深度增加逐渐变差。花岗岩风化壳在测井曲线上呈现高自然伽马值、高电阻率、低密度和高声波时差等特征,测井指标变化趋势与物性变化趋势基本吻合。地震波反射属性高异常程度与风化壳裂缝发育程度基本呈正相关规律。