Intergenerational Trauma and Resilience among Im/Migrant Families: Child Mental Health Outcomes and Psychosocial Mechanisms of Transmission

Research Background: Psychological stressors leading to poor mental health outcomes accumulate throughout the migration process. The impact of a parent or caregiver’s posttraumatic stress on non-traumatized children is significant and may lead to adverse development and mental health outcomes. Research Objectives: The objective of this review is to explore both the consequences of parental trauma transmission on descendants’ psychological adjustment and well-being, and the mechanisms through which trauma has been transmitted among im/migrant populations. Methods: Criteria outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guided this systemic review. The questions guiding this review are: (a) What are the consequences of parental trauma transmission on the psychological adjustment and well-being of im/migrant offspring? And (b) What are the psychosocial mechanisms of trauma and resilience transmission among im/migrant populations? Each potential study was assessed based on relevance to the review question(s). Results: Parental trauma can lead to adverse mental health outcomes among descendants including increased internalizing and externalizing problems, the adoption of coping behaviors and worldviews, and worsening school performance. Mechanisms that influence trauma transmission include parental trauma symptom severity, the parent-child dyad, social learning, and family stressors. Pathways of resilience exist across socioecological levels to include individual resilience such as coping skills and meaning making, family resilience, structural protective factors, and social and cultural protective factors. Conclusions: Despite the prevalence of traumatic events throughout the migration process, im/migrant families display strong levels of resilience. Mental health services and providers should incorporate a strength-based approach in designing interventions that are culturally responsive and take into accounts the broader ecological contexts in which im/migrant families live.

Peptic Ulcer Diseases among Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia

Background: Although migrant workers make up nearly one-third of the Saudi population, there is no data on peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) among them. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of PUD in a sample of migrant workers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Migrant workers (n = 2123) from seven different occupations (i.e., auto repair, construction, hairdressers, hospital cleaners, poultry factory, restaurants, and city cleaners) from Al Qassim province in Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. They were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire on demography, lifestyle, job factors, and chronic health conditions. A worker had PUD if he reported having this condition diagnosed by a physician and was taking medication for it. Binary logistic regression was employed to explore risk factors of PUD. Results: The mean age (standard deviation) was 35 ± 9 years. The prevalence of PUD was 4% and varied by occupation, with the highest among auto-repair workers (8.3%) and the lowest among construction workers (1.8%). Lifestyle characteristics such as diet, self-rated health status, smoking, and stress, were significantly associated with peptic ulcers. Conclusion: The prevalence of peptic ulcers among migrant workers in Saudi Arabia (4%) was not significantly different from the general population or the global prevalence of 5% - 10%. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

Impact of Migrant Populations on Tuberculosis Rates in Saudi Arabia: Assessing How Migration Patterns Affect TB Incidence and Control Measures: A Narrative Review

This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global statistics of TB occurrence, it is evident that the national incidence of TB has reduced from 10.55 per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.36 per 100,000 in 2019;despite this, there are still some difficulties because migrants bring new strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hindrances, including language barriers and perceived immigration status, hinder patients from seeking medical attention or doctors from diagnosing diseases. Each patient and each cultural group need special attention to public health, enhancing living circumstances, and health care support. Community participation, inclusion of TB control programs into functional healthcare facilities, and the functioning of TB programs need to be stressed to address TB issues. Considering the focus on social, economic, and cultural approaches, the country can make severe advancements in TB control and population protection. This holistic analysis is critical for a long-term effective strategy to combat TB in the Kingdom.

Maternal Mortality Rates among Im/Migrant Populations in the United States

Introduction: Maternal mortality rates have more than doubled in the U.S over the last two decades, making it one of the few places in the world where maternal mortality is increasing. Differences in maternal mortality among certain races and ethnicities are known but few studies examine maternal mortality among immigrants. Since immigrants represent 13.7% of the U.S. population, it is essential to examine immigrant subsets to understand maternal mortality among this vulnerable population. Methods: A literature search identified 318 articles on maternal mortality and immigrants, with 12 articles from the U.S. The keywords included maternal mortality, United States, migrants, asylum seekers, immigrants, and disparities. Maternal mortality statistics were obtained from the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. Results: Studies analyzed in this review found an overall lower maternal mortality rate among immigrant women compared to U.S.-born women, except for Hispanic immigrant women. Black women had the highest maternal mortality rate, regardless of immigration status. Conclusion: Although the literature points to lower maternal mortality among immigrants, the data is still somewhat mixed, making it challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions. Additional research examining maternal mortality among Im/migrants in the U.S. is needed to guide future training among healthcare professionals and policymakers.

Economic Growth:The Fundamental Path to the Realization of Social Security Rights for Migrant Workers

The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.

政府数字技术注意力对农民工就业质量的影响研究

就业是保障和改善民生的关键。研究利用2017年地方政府工作报告和2018年中国劳动力动态调查数据,对地方政府工作报告关于数字技术的关键词进行度量,构建政府数字技术注意力指标,考察了政府数字技术注意力与农民工就业质量的关系。研究发现,政府数字技术注意力对农民工就业质量具有显著的促进作用。但这种影响在不同就业质量分位点上呈现先升后降的趋势。基于机器学习算法分组检验结果显示,政府数字技术注意力在农民工群体内部引致的就业质量提升具有技能偏向性特征。政府数字技术注意力通过促进农民工使用数字技术来提高就业质量,且数字技术感知在这一过程中具有正向调节作用。研究为实现数字赋能高质量就业目标提供重要的参考价值。

“两栖”背景下农民工福利提升:农村与城镇协同保障的路径

在农民工“农村户籍、城市生活”的“两栖”状态下,发挥农村和城镇两类保障的协同作用在提升农民工福利和对高质量实现城镇化、扎实推进共同富裕方面具有重要意义。本文按照“功能与能力—主观感受—城镇机会”的思路构建农民工福利衡量指标,采用“农民工市民化课题组”的微观调研数据,考察了农村集体权益对农民工福利的影响,以及城镇保障在其中的调节作用。研究结果表明,农村集体权益能显著促进农民工福利,使用工具变量法缓解内生性结果依然稳健。值得注意的是,农民工的城镇保障在农村集体权益与福利关系中具有调节作用,以城镇保险、城镇住房和城镇就业为代表的城镇保障,均能够弱化农村集体权益促进农民工福利的作用,城镇保障替代农村保障提升农民工福利。在农民工“两栖”的现阶段,本文的研究结论为发挥农村保障与城镇保障的协同作用,提升农民工福利,提供了微观层面的经验证据。研究结论对农民工顺利从农村保障过渡到城镇保障,对国家高质量实现新型城镇化和共同富裕有重要的参考价值。

创业拼凑对新生代农民工创业绩效的影响机制研究

创业拼凑是新生代农民工应对资源约束的有效途径,也是提升创业绩效的关键所在。基于创业拼凑理论,利用“Credamo见数”平台收集267份问卷数据,通过层级回归分析,揭示出创业拼凑对新生代农民工创业绩效的影响机制。结果表明:(1)创业拼凑正向影响新生代农民工创业绩效;(2)创业能力在创业拼凑和创业绩效之间起中介作用;(3)制度环境正向调节创业能力与创业绩效之间的关系,构成被调节的中介效应模型。研究成果为有效提升新生代农民工创业者的创业绩效、增加其创业成功率提供有益参考。

老乡管老乡、老乡帮老乡——以深圳城中村流动党支部为例的城市流动人口治理研究

在新时代高质量推进以人为本的新型城镇化,是实现中国式现代化的重要内容。解决好农民工(乡城流动人口)的市民化、城市化和现代化,既能通过经济增长、改善民生等促进高质量发展,也为推进中国式现代化注入强劲内生动力。选取深圳市城中村流动党支部的典型实践案例,探索“熟人管理熟人”治理模式的具体实现形式及其可持续性问题。分析表明:该模式在“一核多元”协同治理架构中,在党建引领下,通过“组织动员-组织嵌入”机制吸纳整合同乡流动人口党员资源,组织能人带动组建流动党支部,实现了“老乡管老乡”;基于流动党支部,以组织嵌入与服务嵌入形式实现了“老乡帮老乡”。这为转型期快速城市化过程中实现大规模农民工(乡城流动人口)精细化治理提供了一种可能的实践路径。针对城中村流动党支部的发展历程和当前面临问题,分析其原因并提出了可持续性治理的对策建议。

Sustainable Livelihood of Ecological Migrants in Qinling-Daba Mountains of Southern Shaanxi

The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.

Influential Factors of House-purchasing Intention in Work construction Sites among Migrant Workers with a Case of Investigations on 203 Migrant Workers from Jiangxi Province

The research selected 13 factors from individual and family characters, construction site characters and work characters and analyzed the influences on the willingness of purchasing houses on construction sites with Logistic regression mod- el. The results showed that gender, age differences, personality, willingness on fami- ly land conversion, management of enterprises on construction sites, relatives and friends on construction lands, and Job satisfaction were approved by significant testing, but marital status, annual household income, the rate of migrant worker in a household, transportation in work city, and corporate reputation were not approved by significant testing.

随迁农民工子女认知能力提升的机制研究——基于社会融入视角

针对农民工子女教育和社会融入问题,既有研究认为相对于留守儿童,随迁更能提升农民工子女的认知能力,但本文结论有所差异。本文基于社会融入视角,采用广义倾向得分匹配模型研究了随迁农民工子女认知能力提升的影响机制。结果表明,农民工子女在年龄较低时随迁,其认知能力会提升,但随着随迁年龄的增长,认知能力反而降低,甚至会表现为不如留守儿童。本文通过教育期望、教育支出和学校质量的机制,进一步阐述了这一结论。在此基础上,探讨了“随迁二代”的社会融入状况,分析了影响机制在子女性别、家庭收入和随迁模式上的差异性。研究结论为农民工子女教育问题提供了新的解释视角,有利于改进农民工子女的教育状况。

劳动力回流能带动农村消费升级吗?——基于外出务工经历视角

从外出务工到返乡就业创业,农村劳动力就业模式正发生结构性变迁。基于外出务工经历视角,本文使用2014—2018年中国劳动力动态调查数据,实证考察了劳动力回流对农村消费升级的影响。研究发现:第一,外出务工经历对农村回流劳动力消费水平和结构升级均具有显著正向影响;第二,外出务工经历对农村回流劳动力消费升级存在代际差异,主要对第一代回流劳动力消费升级具有显著促进作用,但对新生代影响不显著;第三,外出务工经历可通过内部和外部“习惯形成”两条路径促进消费升级;第四,农村劳动力回流对一般村民消费具有正向扩散效应。本文为优化农村居民消费政策提供了可能的新视角,且为农村劳动力回流对回流地经济发展的相关研究提供了有益补充。

“老漂族”自我价值感的影响因素及提升策略研究

“老漂族”主要是指为了支持儿女、照料第三代,而选择离开原居住地、来到子女工作所在地的流动老人。基于对广州市H社区15个典型案例的深度访谈资料,采用扎根理论和生态系统理论,通过三级编码建构“老漂族”自我价值感影响因素模型。其影响因素主要是身体素质、生活观念、家庭关系、人际关系和社会关系五个维度。建议采用社会工作专业方法帮助“老漂族”在微观层面通过增强学习能力、形成锻炼认同和改变非理性信念来提升其生理和心理价值感,在中观层面通过回顾往事和发掘优势潜能来提升其家庭价值感和人际价值感,在宏观层面通过链接社会资源和增强社会认同来提升其社会价值感和其自我价值感,使其更好地融入城市生活。

紧跟与渐离:乡城迁移家庭教育期望的演变特征

新型城镇化背景下,农业人口转移逐步由流动趋向迁移,并由对城市经济资源的追求拓展到对城市教育文化资源的追求。乡城迁移家庭中的父母由于生产方式变化,基于对城市教育相对感性的理解和认识,在家庭教育期望上呈现出对城市中产家庭的紧跟。同时,城市教育内部的教育竞争压力,也使他们由于能力不足而在家庭教育期望上呈现出对城市中产家庭的渐离。乡城迁移家庭在教育期望上呈现出的紧跟与渐离的演变特征,一方面是出于对城市化的“教育成功”及社会阶层提升的渴求;另一方面是对以家庭为单位的教育竞争的消极应对。乡城迁移家庭代表了底层民众向上流动的可能路径,需要通过家庭教育资源的直接供给,引导其更好地融入城市之中,为儿童的教育成长营造良好环境。

社会流动性对新生代农民工市民化意愿的影响

利用中国流动人口动态监测专题调查数据,构建新生代农民工社会流动性测度指标体系,并探究社会流动性对新生代农民工市民化意愿的影响及作用机制。研究发现,社会流动性的提高对新生代农民工的市民化意愿具有显著促进作用;机制检验表明,城市人身份认同感上升、社会交往增加以及家属随迁程度提升是社会流动性提高新生代农民工市民化意愿的作用渠道;异质性分析发现,社会流动性对省内流动、有居住证、老家无宅基地的新生代农民工市民化意愿的促进作用更强。本文认为,在推进以人为核心的新型城镇化的过程中,需注重提高新生代农民工的社会流动性水平,以新生代农民工社会流动能力的上升支撑新型城镇化的健康发展。

社会资本视角下工程移民女性就业融入研究

后移民时代,工程移民女性作为传统农村向现代化乡村全面振兴转变的典型代表,其就业融入成为自身可持续发展的核心目标。运用社会资本理论,从社会工作视角,结合实地调查,重点考察女性就业融入实践机理可以发现,女性移民就业意愿较为强烈,但其理想就业与现实之间仍存在较大差距,其就业资本面临人力资本、性别分工、移民身份以及社会网络等困境。社会工作通过组织社区活动、小组活动和提供个性化服务,促进了女性移民与他人的社会联系,构建了女性移民社会支持网络。为进一步强化女性移民就业融入网络和保障,可从劳动力人口瞄准、社会工作介入、性别歧视监控和人际网络强化四个方面着手。

西藏忠玉水电站工程移民居民点规划设计刍议

在西藏水电开发迎来大发展之际,需妥善解决好较大规模的移民搬迁安置问题。对此,以西藏忠玉水电站工程为例,从区域特点、居民点选址、总体规划布局、场平工程设计、交通工程设计、供水工程设计、居住空间规划设计、公共服务设施规划、景观绿化工程设计等方面,阐述移民居民点规划设计要点,可为今后类似工程移民安置提供参考和借鉴。

Trends of Overweight and Obesity in Yi People between 1996 and 2007:An Yi Migrant Study

Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China from 1996 to 2007.Data were collected with identical methods,including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.Results Age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index （BMI） significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007,among Yi farmers,which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants （23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996） （P0.05）.Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 （OR=1.15,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 （P0.05）.Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 %in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 （OR=1.06,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 （OR=1.14,P0.001）.Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52‐fold higher risk ondeveloping overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.Conclusion The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity.Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.

Estimation and Projection of the HIV Epidemic Trend among the Migrant Population in China

Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China.Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.Methods The Estimation and Projection Package （EPP） model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in China.Results The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% （95% CI：0.042%,0.108%） in China.The HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years,with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% （95% CI：0.070%,0.150%） by 2015.Conclusion Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic,it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 years.Migrants will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.