Geochemical identification of a source rock affected by migrated hydrocarbons and its geological significance:Fengcheng Formation,southern Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

The Fengcheng Formation is a crucial source rock and the primary reservoir for oil accumulation in the Mahu Sag.Crude oils are distributed throughout the Fengcheng Formation,ranging from the edge to the interior of the sag in the southern Mahu Sag.These crude oils originate from in-situ source rocks in shallowly buried areas and the inner deep sag.During migration,the crude oil from the inner deep sag affects the source rocks close to carrier beds,leading to changes in the organic geochemical characteristics of the source rocks.These changes might alter source rock evaluations and oil-source correlation.Based on data such as total organic carbon(TOC),Rock-Eval pyrolysis of source rocks,and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)of the saturated fraction,and considering the geological characteristics of the study area,we define the identification characteristics of source rock affected by migrated hydrocarbons and establish the various patterns of influence that migrated hydrocarbons have on the source rock of the Fengcheng Formation in the southern Mahu Sag.The source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation are mostly fair to good,containing mainly Type II organic matter and being thermally mature enough to generate oil.Source rocks affected by migrated hydrocarbons exhibit relatively high hydrocarbon contents(S1/TOC>110 mg HC/g TOC,Extract/TOC>30%,HC:hydrocarbon),relatively low Rock-Eval Tmax values,and relatively high tricyclic terpane contents with a descending and mountain-shaped distribution.Furthermore,biomarker composition parameters indicate a higher thermal maturity than in-situ source rocks.Through a comparison of the extract biomarker fingerprints of adjacent reservoirs and mudstones in different boreholes,three types of influence patterns of migrated hydrocarbons are identified:the edge-influence of thin sandstone-thick mudstone,the mixed-influence of sandstone-mudstone interbedded,and the full-influence of thick sandstone-thin mudstone.This finding reminds us that the influence of migrated hydrocarbons must be considered when evaluating source rocks and conducting oil-source correlation.

Successful Laparoscopic Management of a Migrated Intrauterine Contraceptive Device in the Pelvic Cavity: A Case Report

Background: An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a long-acting reversible contraceptive commonly used in clinical practice. Its insertion in the uterus is simple and safe. But sometimes, complications can occur. Case Report: Herein, we report a case of successful laparoscopic removal of a missing IUD Copper-T, mis-inserted in a 32-year-old woman, 4 months after she delivered by caesarian section, and presented persistent lower abdominal pain lasting 6 months. Uterine ultrasound was unremarkable, but a plain abdominopelvic X-ray confirmed the presence of the Copper-T inside the abdominal cavity. Conclusion: Insertion of IUD is simple and safe. When the diagnosis of uterine perforation following its insertion is clinically suspected and radiologically confirmed, laparoscopy, when available, remains one of the best options for removal.

Defect Engineering:Can it Mitigate Strong Coulomb Effect of Mg^(2+)in Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries?

Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.

Spontaneous Orientation Polarization of Anisotropic Equivalent Dipoles Harnessed by Entropy Engineering for Ultra‑Thin Electromagnetic Wave Absorber

The synthesis of carbon supporter/nanoscale high-entropy alloys(HEAs)electromagnetic response composites by carbothermal shock method has been identified as an advanced strategy for the collaborative competition engineering of conductive/dielectric genes.Electron migration modes within HEAs as manipulated by the electronegativity,valence electron configurations and molar proportions of constituent elements determine the steady state and efficiency of equivalent dipoles.Herein,enlightened by skin-like effect,a reformative carbothermal shock method using carbonized cellulose paper(CCP)as carbon supporter is used to preserve the oxygencontaining functional groups(O·)of carbonized cellulose fibers(CCF).Nucleation of HEAs and construction of emblematic shell-core CCF/HEAs heterointerfaces are inextricably linked to carbon metabolism induced by O·.Meanwhile,the electron migration mode of switchable electronrich sites promotes the orientation polarization of anisotropic equivalent dipoles.By virtue of the reinforcement strategy,CCP/HEAs composite prepared by 35%molar ratio of Mn element(CCP/HEAs-Mn_(2.15))achieves efficient electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorption of−51.35 dB at an ultra-thin thickness of 1.03 mm.The mechanisms of the resulting dielectric properties of HEAs-based EMW absorbing materials are elucidated by combining theoretical calculations with experimental characterizations,which provide theoretical bases and feasible strategies for the simulation and practical application of electromagnetic functional devices(e.g.,ultra-wideband bandpass filter).

Chondroitinase ABC combined with Schwann cell transplantation enhances restoration of neural connection and functional recovery following acute and chronic spinal cord injury

Schwann cell transplantation is considered one of the most promising cell-based therapy to repair injured spinal cord due to its unique growth-promoting and myelin-forming properties.A the Food and Drug Administration-approved Phase I clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the safety of transplanted human autologous Schwann cells to treat patients with spinal cord injury.A major challenge for Schwann cell transplantation is that grafted Schwann cells are confined within the lesion cavity,and they do not migrate into the host environment due to the inhibitory barrier formed by injury-induced glial scar,thus limiting axonal reentry into the host spinal cord.Here we introduce a combinatorial strategy by suppressing the inhibitory extracellular environment with injection of lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene at the rostral and caudal borders of the lesion site and simultaneously leveraging the repair capacity of transplanted Schwann cells in adult rats following a mid-thoracic contusive spinal cord injury.We report that when the glial scar was degraded by chondroitinase ABC at the rostral and caudal lesion borders,Schwann cells migrated for considerable distances in both rostral and caudal directions.Such Schwann cell migration led to enhanced axonal regrowth,including the serotonergic and dopaminergic axons originating from supraspinal regions,and promoted recovery of locomotor and urinary bladder functions.Importantly,the Schwann cell survival and axonal regrowth persisted up to 6 months after the injury,even when treatment was delayed for 3 months to mimic chronic spinal cord injury.These findings collectively show promising evidence for a combinatorial strategy with chondroitinase ABC and Schwann cells in promoting remodeling and recovery of function following spinal cord injury.

Perfluoropentane-based oxygen-loaded nanodroplets reduce microglial activation through metabolic reprogramming

Microglia,the primary immune cells within the brain,have gained recognition as a promising therapeutic target for managing neurodegenerative diseases within the central nervous system,including Parkinson’s disease.Nanoscale perfluorocarbon droplets have been reported to not only possess a high oxygen-carrying capacity,but also exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory properties.However,the role of perfluoropentane in microglia-mediated central inflammatory reactions remains poorly understood.In this study,we developed perfluoropentane-based oxygen-loaded nanodroplets(PFP-OLNDs)and found that pretreatment with these droplets suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of M1-type microglia in vitro and in vivo,and suppressed microglial activation in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.Microglial suppression led to a reduction in the inflammatory response,oxidative stress,and cell migration capacity in vitro.Consequently,the neurotoxic effects were mitigated,which alleviated neuronal degeneration.Additionally,ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of PFP-OLNDs mainly resulted from the modulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming.We further showed that PFP-OLNDs regulated microglial metabolic reprogramming through the AKT-mTOR-HIF-1αpathway.Collectively,our findings suggest that the novel PFP-OLNDs constructed in this study alleviate microglia-mediated central inflammatory reactions through metabolic reprogramming.

Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

The presence of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult mammalian brain suggests that the central nervous system can be repaired and regenerated after injury.However,whether it is possible to stimulate neurogenesis and reconstruct cortical layers II to VI in non-neurogenic regions,such as the cortex,remains unknown.In this study,we implanted a hyaluronic acid collagen gel loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor into the motor cortex immediately following traumatic injury.Our findings reveal that this gel effectively stimulated the proliferation and migration of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells,as well as their differentiation into mature and functionally integrated neurons.Importantly,these new neurons reconstructed the architecture of cortical layers II to VI,integrated into the existing neural circuitry,and ultimately led to improved brain function.These findings offer novel insight into potential clinical treatments for traumatic cerebral cortex injuries.

Endovascular technique using a snare and suture for retrieving a migrated peripherally inserted central catheter in the left pulmonary artery

We report a successful endovascular technique using a snare with a suture for retrieving a migrated broken peripherally inserted central catheter(PICC)in a chemotherapy patient.A 62-year-old male received monthly chemotherapy through a central venous port implanted into his right subclavian area.The patient completed chemotherapy without complications 1 mo ago;however,he experienced pain in the right subclavian area during his last chemotherapy session.Computed tomography on that day showed migration of a broken PICC in his left pulmonary artery,for which the patient was admitted to our hospital.We attempted to retrieve the ectopic PICC through the right jugular vein using a gooseneck snare,but were unsuccessful because the catheter was lodged in the pulmonary artery wall.Therefore,a second attempt was made through the right femoral vein using a snare with triple loops,but we could not grasp the migrated PICC.Finally,a string was tied to thetop of the snare,allowing us to curve the snare toward the pulmonary artery by pulling the string.Finally,the catheter body was grasped and retrieved.The endovascular suture technique is occasionally extremely useful and should be considered by interventional cardiologists for retrieving migrated catheters.

Cholangiopancreatography troubleshooting:the usefulness of endoscopic retrieval of migrated biliary and pancreatic stents

BACKGROUND:Stent migration in the hepatopancreatic duct might arise as one of the rare complications associated with biliary or pancreatic stenting.Although there are some procedures to retrieve the migrated stent,including surgical,percutaneous,and endoscopic approaches,endoscopy should be attempted first because it is least invasive.This study set out to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic retrieval of migrated biliary and pancreatic stents.METHODS:Plastic stents that migrated in the bile duct(35 patients)or pancreatic duct(2)were retrieved with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Devices used were snare forceps,a basket catheter,grasping forceps,biopsy forceps,a balloon catheter,and the Soehendra stent retriever.RESULTS:Endoscopic retrieval of migrated stents was performed successfully in 36(97.0%)of the 37 patients.The devices utilized for successful treatment were basket catheter(13 patients),grasping forceps(10),snare forceps(8),balloon catheter(3),biopsy forceps(1),and the Soehendra stent retriever(1).The unsuccessfully treated patient with chronic pancreatitis underwent surgery since the guide wire did not move forward due to bile duct stenosis,and there was also duodenal stenosis.One patient developed mild pancreatitis after withdrawal of the stent;the pancreatitis was relieved with conservative treatment.CONCLUSIONS:Endoscopic retrieval of migrated biliary and pancreatic stents appears to be useful because of its safety and low invasiveness.However,various forceps should be prepared for the retrieval of a migrated stent.

Migrated endoclip and stone formation after cholecystectomy:A new danger of acute pancreatitis

Endoclip migration into the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an extremely rare complication. Migrated endoclip into the common bile duct can cause obstruction,serve as a nidus for stone formation,and cause cholangitis. We report a case of obstructive jaundice and acute biliary pancreatitis due to choledocholithiasis caused by a migrated endoclip 6 mo after LC. The patient underwent early endoscopic retrog-rade cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction.

Two-level percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for highly migrated upper lumbar disc herniation: A case report

BACKGROUND The technique of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy(PELD)as a transforaminal approach has been used to treat highly migrated lower lumbar disc herniations.However,due to the different anatomic characteristics of the upper lumbar spine,conventional transforaminal PELD may fail to remove the highly migrated upper lumbar disc nucleus pulposus.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe a novel surgical technique,two-level PELD,for the treatment of highly migrated upper lumbar disc herniations and to report its related clinical outcomes.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old male presented with a complaint of pain at his lower back and right lower limb.The patient received 3 mo of conservative treatments but the symptoms were not alleviated.Physical examination revealed a positive femoral nerve stretch test and a negative straight leg raise test for the right leg,and preoperative visual analog scale(VAS)score for the lower back was 6 points and for the right leg was 8 points.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)demonstrated L2-L3 disc herniation on the right side and the herniated nucleus pulposus migrated to the upper margin of L2 vertebral body.According to physical examination and imaging findings,surgery was the primary consideration.Therefore,the patient underwent surgical treatment with two-level PELD.The pain symptom was relieved and the VAS score for back and thigh pain was one point postoperatively.The patient was asymptomatic and follow-up MRI scan 1 year after operation revealed no residual nucleus pulposus.CONCLUSION Two-level PELD as a transforaminal approach can be a safe and effective procedure for highly migrated upper lumbar disc herniation.

Complications and treatment of migrated biliary endoprostheses:A review of the literature

Endoscopic biliary stent insertion is a well-established procedure. It is especially successful in treating postoperative biliary leaks, and may prevent surgical intervention. A routine change of endoprostheses after 3 mo is a common practice but this can be prolonged to 6 too. We reported a colonic perforation due to biliary stent dislocation and migration to the rectosigmoid colon, and reviewed the literature.

Acute pancreatitis and cholangitis: A complication caused by a migrated gastrostomy tube

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is generally considered safe with a low rate of serious complications. However, dislocation of the PEG-tube into the duodenum can lead to serious complications. An 86-year old Japanese woman with PEG-tube feeding sometimes vomited after her family doctor replaced the PEG-tube without radiologic confirmation. At her hospitalization, she complained of severe tenderness at the epigastric region and the PEG-tube was drawn into the stomach. Imaging studies showed that the tip of PEG-tube with the infl ated balloon was migrated into the second portion of the duodenum, suggesting that it might have obstructed the bile and pancreatic ducts, inducing cholangitis and pancreatitis. After the PEG- tube was replaced at the appropriate position, vomiting and abdominal tenderness improved dramatically and laboratory studies became normal immediately. Our case suggests that it is important to secure PEG-tube at the level of skin, especially after replacement.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreaticogastrostomy for symptomatic pancreatic duct obstruction caused by migrated pancreatic stent

Endoscopic pancreatic stenting has been widely used in various pancreatic conditions. With the increasing use of pancreatic stents, many complications have been recognized. Especially, proximal stent migration presents a serious condition because of subsequent pancreatic duct obstruction, impaired drainage, ductal dilation, and pancreatic pain. Although endoscopic retrieval is the preferred treatment for proximally migrated pancreatic stents, it is not always successful, resulting in conversion to surgery. To date, endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic duct drainage(EUS-PD) has never been reported for treatment of pancreatic duct obstruction caused by proximally migrated pancreatic stent. We herein describe a case of pancreatic duct rupture and obstruction caused by proximally migrated pancreatic stent that was successfully treated by EUS-guided pancreaticogastrostomy while keeping the former stent in situ after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. We believe that this report adds to the increasing evidence of symptomatic pancreatic duct obstruction being successfully treated by EUS-PD.

Small bowel perforation from a migrated biliary stent: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Bowel perforation from biliary stent migration is a serious potential complication of biliary stents,but fortunately has an incidence of less than 1%.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 54-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of Human Immunodeficiency virus with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,alcoholic liver cirrhosis,portal vein thrombosis and extensive past surgical history who presented with acute abdominal pain and local peritonitis.On further evaluation she was diagnosed with small bowel perforation secondary to migrated biliary stents and underwent exploratory laparotomy with therapeutic intervention.CONCLUSION This case presentation reports on the unusual finding of two migrated biliary stents,with one causing perforation.In addition,we review the relevant literature on migrated stents.

Surgical management of silicone oil migrated into suprachoroidal space after vitrectomy

AIM: To report a successful surgical management of silicone oil migrated into suprachoroidal space after the repair of the retinal detachment with hemorrhagic choroidal detachment. METHODS: Retrospective observational case report. A 30-year-old man with retinal detachment and hemorrhagic choroidal detachment due to severe corneal penetrating injury, underwent a pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy, endolaser, and silicone oil tamponade followed by transscleral suprachoroidal hemorrhage drainage in the right eye. One week later, a localised temporal choroid elevation was noted. This persistent elevation was confirmed by operation research to be silicone oil migration into suprachoroidal space. RESULTS: The migrated silicone oil was drained via trans-scleral cut down, and the intravitreal silicone oil was removed and replaced by 16% C2F6. Over the next 2 weeks, the elevation vanished and the choroid became completely flat. CONCLUSION: The migration of silicone oil into suprachoroidal space is a rare complication of vitrectomy. The pathway of the migration is most likely through internal orifice of sclerotonny sites. Trans-scleral drainage surgery is an effective method to remove the migrated silicone oil from suprachoroidal space.

Colonic perforation by a transmural and transvalvular migrated retained sponge:Multi-detector computed tomography findings

Transmural migrated retained sponges usually impact at the level of the ileo-cecal valve leading to a small bowel obstruction.Once passed through the ileo-cecal valve,a retained sponge can be propelled forward by peristaltic activity and eliminated with feces.We report the case of a 52-year-old female with a past surgical history and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and constipation.On physical examination,a generalized resistance was observed with tenderness in the right flank.Contrast-enhanced multi-detector computed tomography findings were consistent with a perforated right colonic diverticulitis with several out-pouchings at the level of the ascending colon and evidence of free air in the right parieto-colic gutter along with an air-fluid collection within the mesentery.In addition,a ring-shaped hyperdense intraluminal material was also noted.At surgery,the ascending colon appeared irregularly thickened and folded with a focal wall interruption and a peri-visceral abscess at the level of the hepatic flexure,but no diverticula were found.A right hemi-colectomy was performed and on dissection of the surgical specimen a retained laparotomy sponge was found in the bowel lumen.

Successful management of infected right iliac pseudoaneurysm caused by penetration of migrated inferior vena cava filter:A case report

BACKGROUND Indwelling inferior vena cava(IVC)filters might cause various complications,including filter penetration,filter fracture,filter migration,and thrombosis of the IVC.Penetration and migration complications are common,while a caudal migrated double-basket filter with associated infected iliac pseudoaneurysm has seldom been reported.CASE SUMMARY We report a 64-year-old female admitted for sudden onset of severe right abdominal pain after IVC filter placement for 3 mo.The patient had a history of failed endovascular IVC filter retrieval.Computed tomography showed that the retrieval hook of the filter penetrated the right common iliac artery and vein,leading to right iliac artery pseudoaneurysm accompanied by right ureteral obstruction with ipsilateral hydronephrosis,and bilateral iliac veins were occluded.Emergency open repair was performed to remove the IVC filter,the right iliac pseudoaneurysm,and the compromised segments of the iliac veins and IVC with right common iliac artery reconstruction.Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the tissue culture.The patient was discharged on postoperative day 12 with anticoagulation therapy and antibiotic therapy after discharge.Six-month follow-up computed tomography revealed that the right common iliac artery was patent,and only mild hydronephrosis was detected.CONCLUSION An indwelling IVC filter,even‘embedded’within organized thrombus,could still cause life-threatening complications.Open procedures remain the last resort for IVC filters with severe complications.

Endoscopic Management of Migrated Intra Uterine Device in Sub-Saharan Health Setting Area. Our Experience about Seventeen Cases

Intra uterine device migration is a relatively rare event. The migration of the IUD in the surrounded viscera can be managed by endoscopy approach. Objectives: We reported our experience to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of patients that presented migrated IUD, to report clinical aspects and describe the laparoscopic management. Method: We conducted a descriptive and prospective survey from January 1st, 2014 to October 31, 2016. That survey took place in the department of gynecology and obstetrics of Point G Teaching hospital, Bamako, Mali. Population study concerned patients with intra uterine device complications. Statistic tests used have been X2 or Fisher test according their application conditions. P Results: Seventeen patients were included. Mean age of patients is 29 years with extremes of 13 years and 44 years. The main reference incitement of patients were perforation of the uterus and pelvis pain (27.8% for each), misplaced IUD (22.3%). Complications observed were intra uterine device migrated in to the bladder (1 case), in the abdomen (10 cases), in the ovary (2 cases) and in the uterine tuba (1 case). Three perforations were done without migration in to surrounded viscera. We used endoscopic surgery among all of them. But in one case we switched endoscopy method in to laparotomy because of important intra peritoneal bleeding to end the management of the patient. No death occurred and mean duration of the stay of hospitalization was 2 days. Conclusion: IUD migration is a scarce event. All the surrounded viscera can be the site of its migration. The management of that complication is usually done by endoscopy method.

Migrated Exploding Reflectors in Evaluation of Finite Difference Solution for Inhomogeneous Seismic Models

Earth is inhomogeneous, which means its elastic characteristics change with depth. The seismic method employs the propagation of waves throughout the earth to locate different structures and stratigraphy. Understanding the wave propagation is an important matter in exploration seismology;therefore modeling of seismic wave is an important tool. To validate the interpreted earth model out of the seismic data, seismic synthetic seismograms should be generated in a process named “seismic forward modeling”. Finite difference method is used as one of the most common numerical modeling techniques. In this paper the accuracy of finite difference method in seismic section modeling is explored on different modeled data set of heterogeneous earth. It is shown that finite difference method completes with migration to reposition the events in their correct location. Two different migration methods are used and various velocities are also tested to determine an appropriate migration velocity. Finally the validly of finite difference modeling is examined using a 2D structural similarity index technique.