Transcriptomic analysis of Andrias davidianus meat and experimental validation for exploring its bioactive components as functional foods

Andrias davidianus(Chinese giant salamander,CGS)is the largest and oldest extant amphibian species in the world and is a source of prospective functional food in China.However,the progress of functional peptides mining was slow due to lack of reference genome and protein sequence data.In this study,we illustrated full-length transcriptome sequencing to interpret the proteome of CGS meat and obtain 10703 coding DNA sequences.By functional annotation and amino acid composition analysis,we have discovered various genes related to signal transduction,and 16 genes related to longevity.We have also found vast variety of functional peptides through protein coding sequence(CDS)analysis by comparing the data obtained with the functional peptide database.Val-Pro-Ile predicted by the CDS analysis was released from the CGS meat through enzymatic hydrolysis,suggesting that our approach is reliable.This study suggested that transcriptomic analysis can be used as a reference to guide polypeptide mining in CGS meat,thereby providing a powerful mining strategy for the bioresources with unknown genomic and proteomic sequences.

Sexual spores in edible mushroom: bioactive components, discharge mechanisms and effects on fruiting bodies quality

Edible mushroom sexual spores have been gaining more interest due to their bioactive components and functions.Spore discharge(SD)is an important factor affecting the quality of edible mushrooms.In this review,the bioactive nutrients of sexual spores of edible mushrooms were summarized,the SD mechanism was described,and the relationship between postharvest SD and the quality of edible mushrooms was analyzed.Spores contain various bioactive nutrients that are benefi cial to the human body.Mature mushrooms can actively discharge spores in a process affected by light,relative humidity,and temperature.During storage,the physiological metabolism of spore-bearing gill tissue is vigorous,promoting the release of postharvest spores and changing the nutritional value of fruiting bodies.The flavor of the fruiting bodies also varied signifi cantly during SD.Edible mushroom sexual spores have the potential to become new raw materials for functional food and medical resources.Research on the effect of the mechanism of SD on the quality of edible mushrooms and the development of SD regulation technology may be a new trend in the quality control of edible mushrooms,which will promote the development of the edible mushroom industry.

Effects of different thermal processing methods on bioactive components,phenolic compounds,and antioxidant activities of Qingke(highland hull-less barley)

Qingke(highland hull-less barley)is a grain replete with substantial nutrients and bioactive ingredients.In this study,we evaluated the effects of boiling(BO),steaming(ST),microwave baking(MB),far-infrared baking(FB),steam explosion(SE),and deep frying(DF)on bioactive components,phenolic compounds,and antioxidant activities of Qingke compared with the effects of traditional roast(TR).Results showed that the soluble dietary fiber,beta-glucan and water-extractable pentosans of Qingke in dry heat processes of TR,SE,MB and FB had a higher content compared with other thermal methods and had a better antioxidant activity of hydroxyl radical scavenging and a better reduction capacity,while those in wet heat processes of BO and ST had a better antioxidant activity of ABTS radical scavenging and a better Fe^(2+) chelating ability.DF-and SE-Qingke had a higher content of tocopherol,phenolic,and flavonoid.Overall,6 free phenolic compounds and 12 bound phenolic compounds of Qingke were identified,and free phenolic compounds suffered more damage during thermal processing.Principal component analysis showed that SE had more advantages in retaining and improving the main biological active ingredients of Qingke,and it may be the best method for treating Qingke.

Spatial differences in soybean bioactive components across China and their influence by weather factors

Bioactive components are partially responsible for the nutritional and health benefits of soybeans. Four major bioactive components: isoflavones, oligosaccharides, phospholipids,and saponins, were quantified in 763 soybean samples collected from widely distributed regions across China from 2010 to 2013. A majority of the tested bioactive components showed generally declining trends from the north(high latitude) to the south(low latitude).A positive relationship between total oligosaccharides(TO) and altitude was observed. Total isoflavones(TI), phospholipids(TP) and TO were negatively correlated with cumulative temperature above or equal to 15 °C(AT15) and mean daily temperature(MDT), but positively correlated with diurnal temperature range(DTR) and hours of sunshine(HS).Total saponins(TS) were negatively correlated with MDT but positively correlated with rainfall(RF), whereas TO were negatively correlated with RF. Path-coefficient analysis showed that, besides genotype differences, temperature and HS during the reproductive period influenced TI and TP contents, while temperature and RF influenced TS and TO. The effects of weather factors on soybean bioactive components in diverse regions of China were characterized. These findings will be helpful in promoting soybean production for functional food purposes.

A strategy of screening and binding analysis of bioactive components from traditional Chinese medicine based on surface plasmon resonance biosensor

Elucidating the active components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is essential for understanding the mechanisms of TCM and promote its rational use as well as TCM-derived drug development.Recent studies have shown that surface plasmon resonance(SPR)technology is promising in this field.In the present study,we propose an SPR-based integrated strategy to screen and analyze the major active components of TCM.We used Radix Paeoniae Alba(RPA)as an example to identify the compounds that can account for its anti-inflammatory mechanism via tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1(TNF-R1).First,RPA extraction was analyzed using an SPR-based screening system,and the potential active ingredients were collected,enriched,and identified as paeoniflorin and paeonol.Next,the affinity constants of paeoniflorin and paeonol were determined as 4.9 and 11.8 mM,respectively.Then,SPR-based competition assays and molecular docking were performed to show that the two compounds could compete with tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)while binding to the subdomain 1 site of TNF-R1.Finally,in biological assays,the two compounds suppressed cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by TNF-a in the L929 cell line.These findings prove that SPR technology is a useful tool for determining the active ingredients of TCM at the molecular level and can be used in various aspects of drug development.The SPR-based integrated strategy is reliable and feasible in TCM studies and will shed light on the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of TCM and facilitate its modernization.

The Functional Role of Garlic and Bioactive Components in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Health: What We Do Know

Cardiovascular disease is a complex and multifactorial disease strongly associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, reduced ?brinolysis, increased blood-clotting time and increased platelet aggregation. Among other confounding factors, oxidative damage is a major factor in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The use of garlic in folkloric medicine highlights the potential role in either preventing or delaying cardiovascular disease. Contemporary research reveals how garlic and bioactive components modulate the risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases thus tending towards validating a measure of folkloric claims concerning the functional efficacy of garlic. This review seeks to elucidate contemporary research attempt towards the validation of the role of garlic and bioactive components, mechanisms of action involved and to define its ultimate role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Some contradictory claims exist possibly due to the use of different experimental protocols/formulations/dosages of garlic. Overwhelming commonality of positive cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular responses reside among research studies thus offering compelling evidence in supports of the bene?cial health effects of garlic and components.

Recent progress of porcine milk components and mammary gland function

As the only nutritional source for newborn piglets,porcine colostrum and milk contain critical nutritional and immunological components including carbohydrates,lipids,and proteins(immunoglobulins).However,porcine milk composition is more complex than these three components.Recently,scientists identified additional and novel components of sow colostrum and milk,including exosomes,oligosaccharides,and bacteria,which possibly act as biological signals and modulate the intestinal environment and immune status in piglets and later in life.Evaluation of these nutritional and non-nutritional components in porcine milk will help better understand the nutritional and biological function of porcine colostrum and milk.Furthermore,some important functions of the porcine mammary gland have been reported in recent published literature.These preliminary studies hypothesized how glucose,amino acids,and fatty acids are transported from maternal blood to the porcine mammary gland for milk synthesis.Therefore,we summarized recent reports on sow milk composition and porcine mammary gland function in this review,with particular emphasis on macronutrient transfer and synthesis mechanisms,which might offer a possible approach for regulation of milk synthesis in the future.

Application of Principal Component Analysis as Properties and Sensory Assessment Tool for Legume Milk Chocolates

Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the effect of nutritional and bioactive compounds of legume milk chocolate as well as the sensory to document the extend of variations and their significance with plant sources. PCA identified eight significant principle components, that reduce the size of the variables into one principal component in physiochemical analysis interpreting 73.5% of the total variability with/and 78.6% of total variability explained in sensory evaluation. Score plot indicates that Double Bean milk chocolate in-corporated with MOL and CML in nutritional profile have high positive correlations. In nutritional evaluation, carbohydrates and fat content shows negative/minimal correlations whereas no negative correlations were found in sensory evaluation which implies every sensorial variable had high correlation with each other.

黄麻韧皮纤维活性物质鉴定及抑菌效果分析

采用溶剂法从黄麻韧皮纤维中提取黄酮、多糖、生物碱3种成分,并对提取物的化学组分及抑菌效果进行测定分析。结果表明,3种提取物中总黄酮、总多糖、总生物碱含量分别为17.36 mg/g、3.57 mg/g、61.01μg/g。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测出黄酮类提取物主要包括异槲皮素(167.47μg/g)、槲皮素(12.35μg/g)、木犀草素(6.41μg/g)、山奈酚(6.26μg/g)等;多糖类提取物中的单糖组分有半乳糖(0.41 mg/g)、半乳糖醛酸(0.43 mg/g)、阿拉伯糖(1.03 mg/g)等;生物碱类提取物主要组分为盐酸小檗碱(9.97μg/g)。纸片扩散法、二倍稀释观察法、扫描电镜分析显示,3种提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌均能产生不同程度的抑制效果。综上,黄麻韧皮纤维中的活性物质较为丰富,且具有良好的抑菌性能。

玉竹的化学成分、药理作用及其食品开发研究进展

玉竹不仅富含糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,还含较高的多糖、甾体皂苷、黄酮等生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗微生物、抗疲劳、抗衰老、护肝、调节胃肠道菌群、减肥等药理作用,已广泛用于普通食品和健康食品的开发利用。本文对其营养功能成分、生物活性及其在食品加工领域中的应用进展进行系统总结,以为其深入开发提供参考和支持。

火龙果主要生物活性成分及其功能特性研究进展

火龙果是一种热带水果,广泛种植在世界各地的热带或亚热带地区。大量研究表明,火龙果中含有丰富的营养成分以及多糖、多酚、甜菜素等生物活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降脂等功能特性。本文综述了近年来火龙果营养物质及其功能特性的研究进展,并对未来火龙果生物活性物质开发的研究方向进行了详细讨论,以期为火龙果的进一步研究提供参考依据。

基于灰色关联度分析和偏最小二乘回归辨识款冬花止咳活性成分

目的:款冬花具有止咳化痰的作用,以止咳为主。研究显示款冬花的某些成分可能与止咳作用相关,另有某些成分被证实具有止咳活性,但款冬花止咳药效的物质基础尚未阐明。本研究通过对款冬花提取物的高效液相色谱指纹图谱与止咳作用进行谱效相关分析,旨在阐明款冬花的止咳活性成分群。方法:采用高效液相色谱法建立10批款冬花提取物的指纹图谱并获得其化学成分数据;选用豚鼠作为实验动物,采用枸橼酸引咳法获得10批款冬花提取物的止咳药效数据。将SPF级健康雄性Hartley豚鼠随机分为S1~S10组、阳性对照组和空白对照组(共12组),每组10只,S1~S10组分别给予款冬花提取物S1~S10(4 g/kg),阳性对照组给予枸橼酸喷托维林(10 mg/kg),空白对照组给予纯化水,各组连续给药5 d,将豚鼠置于5 L容积的密闭广口瓶内,用超声雾化器以最大喷雾力度喷入17.5%的枸橼酸并持续0.5 min,记录每只豚鼠的咳嗽潜伏期和5 min内咳嗽次数。采用灰色关联度分析和偏最小二乘回归对款冬花提取物的化学成分数据和止咳药效数据进行谱效相关分析,预测款冬花的止咳活性成分群。对预测的款冬花止咳活性成分群进行等效性验证:将SPF级健康雄性Hartley豚鼠随机分为S9组、活性成分群组、阳性对照组和空白对照组(共4组),每组10只,S9组给予款冬花提取物S9(4 g/kg),活性成分群组给予预测的止咳活性成分组合物(剂量相当于4 g/kg的款冬花提取物S9),阳性对照组给予枸橼酸喷托维林(10 mg/kg),空白对照组给予纯化水,各组连续给药5 d,动物造模和药效指标观察同前。结果:共建立10批款冬花提取物的高效液相色谱指纹图谱并获得14个主要共有峰的峰面积数据;获得10批款冬花提取物的止咳药效数据。与空白对照组比较,阳性对照组及S1、S2、S3、S4、S6、S7、S8、S9、S10组的咳嗽潜伏期加长(均P<0.01),阳性对照组及S1、S2、S4、S6、S8、S9、S10组的5 min内咳嗽次数减少(均P<0.05)。谱效相关分析显示:异绿原酸C、异绿原酸A、绿原酸、异绿原酸B、异槲皮苷、芦丁6种成分对款冬花止咳作用的贡献度较高,初步判断为款冬花的止咳活性成分群。等效性验证显示:S9组、活性成分群组的2个药效指标的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),证实异绿原酸C、异绿原酸A、绿原酸、异绿原酸B、异槲皮苷、芦丁为款冬花的止咳活性成分群。结论:谱效相关分析结合等效性验证可用于款冬花止咳药效物质基础研究。款冬花发挥止咳作用是多成分共同作用的结果。

药用植物内生菌促药效成分生物合成的研究进展

内生菌广泛存在于药用植物组织和细胞内,主要包括内生细菌、内生真菌和内生放线菌等,对药用植物生长、促进药效物质的形成具有重要作用,因此挖掘具有潜在应用价值的药用植物内生菌具有重要意义。本文归纳总结了常见药用植物内生菌的种类和内生菌促进药用植物药效物质生物合成的途径,包括内生菌的直接合成、诱导子效应、生物转化作用,并针对目前存在的问题加以展望,旨在为药用植物内生菌的基础研究及应用提供参考。

肉桂活性成分、功效及递送体系研究进展

肉桂是常用的药食两用植物,具有抑菌、抗氧化、杀虫、降血糖、神经保护等多种生物活性,这与其含有的醛类、多糖、多酚等活性成分密切相关。为使肉桂更好地应用于食品、医药、化妆品等领域,该文对肉桂的主要化学成分、生物活性和递送体系的相关研究进行综述,以期为肉桂相关高附加值产品的开发和综合利用提供依据。

Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

牦牛乳营养价值的研究进展

近年来,对于牦牛乳营养成分的研究显著增多,牦牛乳作为一种浓缩乳,是营养价值很高且珍稀的乳制品,高原地区牧民经常把它当作食物,相比普通牛乳,牦牛乳蛋白含量更高。牦牛乳蛋白构成成分和其他哺乳动物乳相差不多,除了常规营养成分外,还含有酪蛋白、乳清蛋白及一些生物活性因子。本文主要总结分析了牦牛乳的营养成分和功能,为牦牛乳及其乳制品的开发利用提供理论参考。

山苍子精油的生理功能及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展

山苍子精油是从山苍子的果实、叶、花、枝、根等部位中提取的天然植物挥发油,具有抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种生物学功能,现已成为生物、医学和农业领域的研究热点。本文综述了山苍子精油的主要活性成分和生理功能的研究进展,旨在为山苍子精油在动物养殖及饲料加工领域的开发和应用提供参考。

复合酵素的贮藏稳定性及货架期研究

该研究采用克鲁弗毕赤酵母菌(Pichia kluyveri)和植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)共发酵制备复合酵素,旨在研究其产品经巴氏杀菌处理后的贮藏稳定性,并建立一个可靠的货架期预测模型。该实验将杀菌后的复合酵素分别放置在4、25、37℃恒温贮藏,测定了复合酵素的感官品质、理化性质和活性成分在贮藏期间的变化。此外,根据Arrhenius方程和零级动力学反应建立了该复合酵素的货架期模型,通过此模型对复合酵素的货架期进行预测并通过实验进行验证。实验结果表明,4℃贮藏的复合酵素pH和总酸变化幅度最小,表现出最高的稳定性,且贮藏56 d后pH值为3.41。抗坏血酸在贮藏过程中分别降低了33.10%、52.11%和77.93%,超氧化物歧化酶活力也呈现不同程度的下降趋势,且抗坏血酸对其具有一定的保护作用。色差ΔE和感官评分在4℃劣变速度最慢。根据建立的货架期模型,预测该复合酵素在常温下的货架期为184 d。在不同温度下(10、20、25℃)对该货架期模型进行验证,相对误差均在5%以下。因此,此货架期模型较为可靠。

桑葚酒生物活性成分及香气品质研究进展

桑葚是一种传统的药食两用水果,具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎症和抗癌等功能特性。用桑葚果实发酵制成的桑葚酒因其丰富的活性物质和独特的风味表现,近年来受到消费者的密切关注。本文结合当前国内外桑葚酒的研究现状,从生物活性成分的角度综述了桑葚酒的健康功效,总结并探讨了桑葚酒的香气物质组成以及影响桑葚酒香气品质的关键因素,并对未来桑葚酒的研究方向进行展望,以期为桑葚酒的理论探究和产品开发提供新思路,推动桑葚酒的标准化和产业高值化发展。

CO_(2)浓度升高对宁夏枸杞不同器官中生物活性物质含量的影响

以两年生‘宁杞1号’‘宁杞7号’‘宁杞10号’扦插苗木为试验材料,探究大气CO_(2)浓度升高对宁夏枸杞根、茎、叶、果中生物活性成分的影响,为气候变化背景下经济林品质形成及适应性栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)大气CO_(2)浓度升高处理下,‘宁杞1号’各器官总糖含量显著降低,枸杞多糖含量显著增加,秋果中总糖同比下降11.58%为229.75 mg·g-1,根中枸杞多糖较对照提高46.8 mg·g-1。(2)‘宁杞7号’与‘宁杞10号’根中各糖组分均显著下降,秋果中还原糖与总糖均显著升高,二者秋果中总糖分别升高43.72%、39.36%,达到260.76、297.65 mg·g-1。(3)‘宁杞7号’茎和叶中类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,秋果中枸杞多糖含量显著上升24.66%,为28.72 mg·g-1;‘宁杞10号’叶中枸杞多糖和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低18.88%、15.72%,根和秋果中与之相反,根系中分别提高48.81%和34.12%,秋果中分别显著增加8.00%、14.80%。研究发现,大气CO_(2)浓度升高对不同宁夏枸杞品种不同器官中生物活性成分的影响不同,大气CO_(2)浓度升高抑制‘宁杞1号’糖分的积累,促进其枸杞多糖的合成,也促进‘宁杞7号’秋果中生物活性物质的积累,提高‘宁杞10号’秋果的糖含量,‘宁杞10号’受大气CO_(2)浓度升高的负面影响较小,‘宁杞7号’次之,在气候变化背景下可根据收获利用的目标器官筛选不同宁夏枸杞品种,进行定向培育与生产,从而促进枸杞产品开发及产业发展。