Experimental investigation on coal pore-fracture variation and fractal characteristics synergistically affected by solvents for improving clean gas extraction

Chemical solvents instead of pure water being as hydraulic fracturing fluid could effectively increase permeability and improve clean methane extraction efficiency.However,pore-fracture variation features of lean coal synergistically affected by solvents have not been fully understood.Ultrasonic testing,nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,liquid phase mass spectrometry was adopted to comprehensively analyze pore-fracture change characteristics of lean coal treated by combined solvent(NMP and CS_(2)).Meanwhile,quantitative characterization of above changing properties was conducted using geometric fractal theory.Relationship model between permeability,fractal dimension and porosity were established.Results indicate that the end face fractures of coal are well developed after CS2and combined solvent treatments,of which,end face box-counting fractal dimensions range from 1.1227 to 1.4767.Maximum decreases in ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity of coal affected by NMP,CS_(2)and combined solvent are 2.700%,20.521%,22.454%,respectively.Solvent treatments could lead to increasing amount of both mesopores and macropores.Decrease ratio of fractal dimension Dsis 0.259%–2.159%,while permeability increases ratio of NMR ranges from 0.1904 to 6.4486.Meanwhile,combined solvent could dissolve coal polar and non-polar small molecules and expand flow space.Results could provide reference for solvent selection and parameter optimization of permeability-enhancement technology.

Multi-scale pore fractal characteristics of differently ranked coal and its impact on gas adsorption

Well-developed pores and cracks in coal reservoirs are the main venues for gas storage and migration.To investigate the multi-scale pore fractal characteristics,six coal samples of different rankings were studied using high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI),low-pressure nitrogen adsorption(LPGA-N2),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)test methods.Based on the Frankel,Halsey and Hill(FHH)fractal theory,the Menger sponge model,Pores and Cracks Analysis System(PCAS),pore volume complexity(D_(v)),coal surface irregularity(Ds)and pore distribution heterogeneity(D_(p))were studied and evaluated,respectively.The effect of three fractal dimensions on the gas adsorption ability was also analyzed with high-pressure isothermal gas adsorption experiments.Results show that pore structures within these coal samples have obvious fractal characteristics.A noticeable segmentation effect appears in the Dv1and Dv2fitting process,with the boundary size ranging from 36.00 to 182.95 nm,which helps differentiate diffusion pores and seepage fractures.The D values show an asymmetric U-shaped trend as the coal metamorphism increases,demonstrating that coalification greatly affects the pore fractal dimensions.The three fractal dimensions can characterize the difference in coal microstructure and reflect their influence on gas adsorption ability.Langmuir volume(V_(L))has an evident and positive correlation with Dsvalues,whereas Langmuir pressure(P_(L))is mainly affected by the combined action of Dvand Dp.This study will provide valuable knowledge for the appraisal of coal seam gas reservoirs of differently ranked coals.

Research on Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoir Based on High-Pressure Mercury Injection Method

Pore structure is the key element of tight sandstone reservoir, which restricts the accumulation and flow of oil and gas in the reservoir. At present, reservoir pore structure is the focus and difficulty of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development research. The tight sandstone reservoir in the Chang 4 + 5 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is the main reservoir for oil and gas exploration in G area. At present, there is little research on its pore structure and fractal characteristics, which to some extent affects the progress of exploration and development. This paper selects the tight core samples of the Chang 4 + 5 member in the southern edge of the Ordos Basin, and based on the high-pressure mercury intrusion experiment, uses fractal theory to study the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the reservoir in the study area, thus providing theoretical basis for the evaluation and exploration and development of the Chang 4 + 5 tight reservoir in the G area. The research results show that the lithology of the Chang 4 + 5 tight sandstone reservoir in the southern edge of the Ordos Basin is mainly feldspathic sandstone, with the highest feldspar content, followed by quartz, and the clay mineral is mainly chlorite. The reservoir has poor physical properties and strong heterogeneity. There are three main fractal characteristics in Chang 4 + 5 reservoir in G area: the fractal curve of Type I reservoir sample is in two segments, the relatively large pore has certain fractal characteristics, the pore structure is relatively regular, and the heterogeneity is weak;Relatively small pores have no fractal characteristics and pore structure is irregular. The fractal curve of Type II reservoir samples shows a three-segment pattern, and each pore size range has certain fractal characteristics, and it gradually gets better with the increase of pore size. The fractal curve of Type III reservoir samples presents a similar one-segment pattern, and the fractal dimension exceeds the upper limit of 3. It is considered that the full pore size of this type of reservoir does not have fractal characteristics, the pore throat is completely irregular or the surface is rough, and the heterogeneity is very strong.

RESEARCH ON FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN TRAFFIC NETWORK STRUCTURE BASED ON GIS

Traffic network is an importance asp ect of researching controllable parameters of an urban spatial morpholo-gy.Based on GIS,traffic network str ucture complexity can be understood by using fractal geometry in which th e length-radius dimension describes change of network density,and ramification-radius dimension describes complexity and accessibility of urban network.It i s propitious to analyze urban traffic network and to understand dynamic c hange process of traffic network using expanding f ractal-dimension quantification.Meanwhile the length-radius dimension and ramifica-tion-radius dimension could be rega rd as reference factor of quantitative describing urban traffic network.

Experimental analysis of pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals with same coalifcation

Accurate and quantitative investigation of the physical structure and fractal geometry of coal has important theoretical and practical signifcance for coal bed methane(CBM)development and the prevention of dynamic disasters such as coal and gas outbursts.This study investigates the pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals using nitrogen and carbon dioxide(N_(2)/CO_(2))adsorption.Coal samples from Pingdingshan Mine in Henan province of China were collected and pulverized to the required size(0.20–0.25 mm).N_(2)/CO_(2)adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the specifc surface area(SSA),pore size distribution(PSD),and pore volume(PV)using Braunuer-Emmett-Teller(BET),Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH),and Density Functional Theory(DFT).The pore structure was characterized based on the theory of fractal dimensions.The results unveiled that the strength of coal has a signifcant infuence on pore structure and fractal dimensions.There are signifcant diferences in SSA and PV between both coals.The BJH-PV and BET-SSA obtained by N_(2)-adsorption for soft coal are 0.029–0.032 cm^(3)/g and 3.523–4.783 m^(2)/g.While the values of PV and SSA obtained by CO_(2)-adsorption are 0.037–0.039 cm^(3)/g and 106.016–111.870 m^(2)/g.Soft coal shows greater SSA and PV than hard coal,which is consistent with the adsorption capacity(VL).The fractal dimensions of soft and hard coal are respectively diferent.The Ding coal exhibits larger D1 and smaller D_(2),and the reverse for the Wu coal seam is observed.The greater the value of D1(complexity of pore surface)of soft coal is,the larger the pore surface roughness and gas adsorption capacity is.The results enable us to conclude that the characterization of pores and fractal dimensions of soft and hard coals is diferent,tending to diferent adsorption/desorption characteristics.In this regard,the results provide a reference for formulating corresponding coal and gas outburst prevention and control measures.

A MIXED LUBRICATION MODEL MODIFIED BY SURFACES' FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS

Fractal characteristics are introduced into solving lubrication problems. Based on the analysis of the relationship between roughness and engineering surfaces' fractal characteristics and by introducing fractal parameters into the mixed lubrication equation, the relationship between flow factors and fractal dimensions is analyzed. The results show that the pressure flow factors' values increase, while the shear flow factor decreases, with the increasing length to width ratio of a representative asperity γ at the same fractal dimension. It can be also found that these factors experience more irregular and significant variations and show the higher resolution and the local optimal and the worst fractal dimensions, by a fractal dimension D , compared with the oil film thickness to roughness ratio h/R q . As an example of application of the model to solve the lubrication of the piston skirt in an engine, the frictional force and the load capacity of the oil film in a cylinder were analyzed. The results reveal that the oil film frictional force and the load capacity fluctuate with increasing fractal dimension, showing big values at the small D and smaller ones and slightly variable in the range of bigger one, at the same crank angle.

Investigation on Fractal Characteristics of Disintegration Process and Strength of Rockfill under Water Pressure

The paper aimed to investigate internal mechanics between disintegration of the rockfill material and stability of the dam, and further provide scientific evidence for the design of rockfills, through the conducted disintegration of water pressure and triaxial test to analyze fractal characteristics, strength and deformation of the rockfill in whole disintegration procedure. As the results that the water pressure was low 0.2 MPa, the increasing water pressure would delay the disintegration rate of rockfill;while the water pressure was above 0.2 MPa, it would promote the disintegration rate of the rockfill. In addition, in the disintegration process, the cohesion force of rockfill rapidly slowed down at the beginning and then gradually increased. The internal friction angle increased gradually during the whole disintegration process. Furthermore, when the water pressure increased from 0 MPa to 0.6 MPa, the partial stress firstly decreased to a minimum level when the water pressure was 0.2 MPa, and then increased gradually with water pressure.

Experimental Study on 3D Geometrical and Fractal Characteristics of Fracture Surface of Rock-Like Materials Based on GIS Technique

In order to research the characteristic and mechanism of fracture of rock-like materials,the morphology of rock fracture surface under the breakages of uniaxial compression and triaxial compression was observed and measured by means of a new-type 3D laser scanning system.Based on geographic information system(GIS)technique,the fracture surfaces were 3D visualized and reestablished.According to GIS 3D statistics,the geometrical characteristics of fracture surfaces under different breakage conditions were analyzed,and then based on fractal theory,the change laws of fractal dimension of fracture surfaces were discussed under the conditions of different cell pressures and initial water contents of rock.Furthermore,the relationships between characteristics of fracture surface and mechanical properties of rock were discussed.The results indicate that cell pressure,initial water content,and mechanical parameters of rock are the important factors to influence on the geometrical characteristics of fracture surface.The research provides a new experimental method for quantitative study on the fracture characteristics of various materials under different breakage conditions.

Relationship between Environmental Pollution of Coal Mine and Spectral Characteristics of Nearby Plants

Remote sensing technology, as the most advanced method for collecting data, along with the common ways often used in the past on research of environmental science, was integrated to study the relationship between environmental pollution of coal mine and spectral characteristics of nearby plants. With compositive index and mean reflectivity at near infrared, a regression equation was established, and a conclusion was made that spectral reflectivity can be used to distinguish regions with different pollution degree. Through testing with real status of the research region, it is verified that this kind of integration and conclusion not only are helpful for human being in controlling the movement law of pollutants and the corresponding change of coal mine environmental quality but also bring a new way for the research of environment problems of coal mine.

High temperature oxidation of inoculated high Si/SiMo ductile cast irons in air and combustion atmospheres

The present work aims to investigate the effect of heating temperature(400,600 and 800°C)and inoculating elements(Ca,Ca-Ba,Ca-RE)on oxidation behavior of ductile irons containing 5.25%Si and 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo in dry air and combustion gas containing water vapour(natural gas burning).The oxidation is influenced by the gas atmosphere type,the iron alloying system,and the inoculating elements depending on the heating temperature.The weight gain increases from 0.001%-0.1%(400°C)to 0.05%-0.70%(600°C)and up to 0.10%-2.15%(800°C).No particular effects of the considered influencing factors are found when heating at 400°C,while at 600°C,mainly the oxidation gas atmosphere type shows a visible influence.At the highest heating temperature of 800°C,a limited increase of the weight gain is found for dry air atmosphere(up to 0.25%),but it drastically increases for combustion atmospheres(0.65%-2.15%).The water vapour presence in the combustion atmosphere is an important oxidising factor at 600-800°C.The alloying system appears to influence the oxidation behavior mainly at a heating temperature of 800°C in the combustion atmosphere,as evidenced by the lower weight gain in 5.25%silicon cast iron.Positive effects of inoculating elements increase with the heating temperature,with Ca and Ba-FeSi inoculation generally showing better performance.Irons inoculated with CaRE-FeSi exhibit a higher degree of oxidation.These results are in good relationship with the previous reported data:Ca-Ba-inoculation system appears to be better than simple Ca for improving the graphite parameters,while RE-bearing inoculant negatively affects the compactness degree of graphite particles in high-Si ductile irons.As the lower compactness degree is typical for graphite nodules in high-Si ductile irons,which negatively affects the oxidation resistance,it is necessary to employ specific metallurgical treatments to improve nodule quality.Inoculation,in particular,is a potential method to achieve this improvement.

Characteristics of In-Situ Soil Water Hysteresis Observed through Multiple-Years Monitoring

A soil water retention curve (SWRC) is an essential soil physical property for analyzing transport and retention of water in a soil layer. A SWRC is often described as a single-valued function that relates the soil water potential ψ to volumetric water content θ of the soil. However, an in-situ ψ − θ relation should show soil water hysteresis, though this fact is often neglected in analyses of field soil water regimes while long-term in-situ soil water hysteresis is not well characterized. This study aimed at probing and characterizing in-situ ψ − θ relations. The developments of large hysteresis in the in-situ ψ − θ relations were observed only a few times during the study period of 82 months. Any of the large hysteretic behaviors in the ψ − θ relations began with an unusually strong continual reduction in ψ. The completion of a hysteresis loop required a recorded maximum rainfall. Because the study field had very small chances to meet such strong rainfall events, it took multiple years to restore the fraction of soil water depleted by the unusually strong continual reduction in ψ. While wetting-drying cycles had occurred within a certain domain of ψ, hysteretic behaviors tended to be so small that the in-situ ψ − θ relation can be approximated as a single-valued function of θ(ψ). These observed patterns of the in-situ ψ − θ relations were characterized by kinds of difference in dθ/dψ between a drying process and a wetting process at a given ψ. Thus, more amounts of experimental facts about wetting SWRCs in parallel with drying SWRCs should be needed for correct modelling, analyzing, and predicting soil water regimes in fields. It is also necessary to increase our understandings about the long-term trends of occurrences of extreme weather conditions associated with possible change in climate.

Applicability of Fractal Models in Estimating Soil Water Retention Characteristics from Particle-Size Distribution Data

Soil water retention characteristics are the key information required in hydrological modeling. Frac-tal models provide a practical alternative for indirectly estimating soil water retention characteristics fromparticle-size distribution data. Predictive capabilities of three fractal models, i.e, Tyler-Wheatcraft model,Rieu-Sposito model, and Brooks-Corey model, were fully evaluated in this work using experimental datafrom an international database and literature. Particle-size distribution data were firstly interpolated into20 classes using a van Genuchten-type equation. Fractal dimensions of the tortuous pore wall and the poresurface were then calculated from the detailed particle-size distribution and incorporated as a parameter infractal water retention models. Comparisons between measured and model-estimated water retention cha-racteristics indicated that these three models were applicable to relatively different soil textures and pressurehead ranges. Tyler-Wheatcraft and Brooks-Corey models led to reasonable agreements for both coarse- andmedium-textured soils, while the latter showed applicability to a broader texture range. In contrast, Rieu-Sposito model was more suitable for fine-textured soils. Fractal models produced a better estimation of watercontents at low pressure heads than at high pressure heads.

Fractal characteristics investigation on electromagnetic scattering from 2-D Weierstrass fractal dielectric rough surface

A normalized two-dimensional band-limited Weierstrass fractal function is used for modelling the dielectric rough surface. An analytic solution of the scattered field is derived based on the Kirchhoff approximation. The variance of scattering intensity is presented to study the fractal characteristics through theoretical analysis and numerical calculations. The important conclusion is obtained that the diffracted envelope slopes of scattering pattern can be approximated as a slope of linear equation. This conclusion will be applicable for solving the inverse problem of reconstructing rough surface and remote sensing.

Cross-scale characteristics of backfill material using NMR and fractal theory

This paper analyzed the pore structure, quantified the pore fractal dimension, calculated the grading index(GI) of mixed aggregate, and studied the relationship among GI, pore structure, and strength to describe the cross-scale characteristics of backfill, which is made from stone powder and cemented tailing. A series of experiments were conducted on stone powder cement tailings backfill(SPCTB). The GI formulas for mixed aggregates, containing stone powder and tailings, were derived based on the Füller theory. The nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) fractal dimensions of backfills were derived using fractal geometry principles. Compared to the mesopore and macropore fractal dimensions, the correlation between micropore fractal dimension and macro-properties in terms of NMR porosity, pore structure complexity, uniaxial compression strength(UCS), and GI is the most significant. Macropore fractal dimension is generally correlated with UCS and GI and the other properties such as the shape of mixed aggregates also have an impact on fractal dimension. However, mesopore fractal dimension has no obvious relationship with macro-properties. Finally, the relationship between GI and UCS was studied, which contributed to improving backfill’s strength and optimizing gradation.

Compared discharge characteristics and film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with two different electrode geometries

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet shows great potential for polymer film processing. The electrode geometry is the key factor to determine discharge characteristics and film modification of jets. In this paper, we compared the discharge characteristics and the film modifications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets with needle-ring electrode(NRE) and doublering electrode(DRE). The results show that jet with NRE has stronger electric field intensity and higher discharge power,making it present more reactive oxygen particles and higher electron temperature, but its discharge stability is insufficient.In contrast, the jet with DRE has uniform electric field distribution of lower field intensity, which allows it to maintain stable discharge over a wide range of applied voltages. Besides, the modification results show that the treatment efficiency of PET film by NRE is higher than that by DRE. These results provide a suitable atmospheric pressure plasma jets device selection scheme for polymer film processing process.

Statistical Characteristics of the Temporal Spectrum of Scattered Radiation in the Equatorial Ionosphere

On the basis of the solution of the space-time characteristic system by the method of geometric optics using symbolic calculations,analytical and numerical simulation of the propagation of the ordinary and extraordinary radio waves in the conducting equatorial ionospheric plasma was made considering the anisotropy of plasma irregularities and non-stationary nature of propagation medium.Broadening of the spectrum and the displacement of its maximum contain velocity of a turbulent plasma flow and parameters characterizing anisotropic plasmonic structures.Statistical moments of both radio waves do not depend on the absorption sign and are valid for both active and absorptive random media.Temporal pulsations and conductivity of a turbulent ionospheric plasma have an influence on the evaluation of the spectrum-varying propagation distances travelling by these waves.The new double-humped effect in the temporal spectrum has been revealed for the ordinary wave varying anisotropy coefficient and dip angle of stretched plasmonic structures.From a theoretical point of view,the algorithms developed in this work allow effective modelling of the propagation of both radio signals in the equatorial conductive ionospheric plasma,considering the external magnetic field,inhomogeneities of electron density in-homogeneities,as well as non-stationary.

新冠疫情期间西安市空气质量时空特征研究

2019年和2021年新冠疫情期间西安市政府均采取了强有力的管控措施,为此对比研究了不同程度减排措施对空气质量的影响。采用特征雷达图、空间插值和HYPLIST轨迹模型等方法对西安市疫情期间(2019年12月—2020年2月、2021年12月—2022年2月)和正常生产期(2020年12月—2021年2月)冬季空气质量变化特征进行了对比分析,并探讨了人为减排情景下空气质量变化潜在原因。结果表明:(1)西安市环境空气质量指数(AQI)空间分布整体呈现“西北劣东南优”特征。2020年疫情严控期空气质量得到明显改善,优良率达到53%;2022年疫情严控期空气质量未受管控措施明显影响。(2)2020年疫情严控期除O_(3)外污染物浓度均明显下降,降幅分别为PM2.5(42.90%)>NO_(2)(42.13%)>CO(35.37%)>PM10(32.58%)>SO_(2)(17.40%);2022年仅有SO_(2)和NO_(2)浓度下降,降幅为NO_(2)(31.86%)>SO_(2)(18.31%)。疫情期间污染类型属于偏二次型。(3)疫情期间,污染天气是在高湿静风天气条件和盆地地形的基础上,受人为源排放和区域污染物传输引起的,因此促进污染物协同减排和关中地区联防联控是改善空气质量的关键举措。

城市大气颗粒物中锑污染研究进展

随着工业化和城市化发展,高强度人类活动及锑化合物的广泛使用使城市大气环境中锑污染日趋严重。进入大气中的锑能长时间驻留并随大气环流进行长距离迁移造成跨区域污染。鉴于锑对人体的潜在毒性及致癌性,城市大气环境锑污染引起学术界和国家相关部门的高度重视,然而目前国内关于大气环境中锑的研究仍处于初期阶段。对城市大气颗粒物中锑的来源、污染特征、源解析等方面进行综述,在此基础上对大气环境中锑污染来源、迁移转化过程研究中的锑同位素应用前景进行展望,为进一步开展城市大气颗粒物锑污染研究、防治和环境管理提供参考。

基于氮气吸附-扫描电镜的构造煤孔隙特征研究

煤的孔隙结构特征与瓦斯的吸附和运移密切相关,构造煤的孔隙结构特征由于受到构造应力的破坏而趋于复杂,因此开展构造煤孔隙发育的研究是提升瓦斯治理水平的重要方向。以西山煤田南部东于煤矿三组构造煤和一组原生煤为研究对象,采取低温液氮吸附法和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),联合观测构造煤与原生煤的孔隙特征。研究表明:三组构造煤的氮气吸附量为原生煤的2.04倍、1.49倍和2.90倍,三组构造煤的孔容为原生煤的2.08倍、1.53倍和2.96倍;三组构造煤的孔容大部分由微孔和小孔提供均达到69.71%以上,孔比表面积大部分由微孔提供均达到了79.04%以上;原生煤的孔容大部分由微孔和小孔提供达到了89.38%,孔比表面积微孔占比93.97%;三组构造煤的孔隙结构相比原生煤更加复杂,具有更大的分形维数(2.6985~2.7106);三组构造煤(10000倍)表面分形维数分别为1.962、1.979、1.947均大于原生煤1.945,构造煤与原生煤相比有更为发育的孔隙特征;分形维数D1与总孔比表面积、微孔比表面积成正比;挥发分含量在一定范围内与总孔比表面积、微孔比表面积、小孔比表面积成正比。

分形粗糙面的主轴承弹流脂润滑分析

为探究弹性流体动压润滑(弹流润滑)状态下RV减速器主轴承接触表面之间的润滑特性,基于润滑脂的非牛顿特性以及粗糙表面分形理论,提出一种主轴承的点接触弹流脂润滑数值模型。首先,对该模型进行数值求解,得到脂膜压力、脂膜厚度的分布规律;然后,将其分别与其他点接触弹流润滑模型的数值结果和实验结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的正确性;最后,分析了主轴承表面光滑和粗糙状态下流变指数、分形维数、卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对润滑性能的影响。结果表明:润滑脂的非牛顿性越明显,脂膜厚度越小且颈缩现象愈加不明显,接触区附近脂膜压力越符合赫兹压力分布,二次压力峰逐渐消失;考虑主轴承分形粗糙表面的弹流润滑特征更切合实际,增大分形维数,接触区真实接触面积增大,有利于降低脂膜压力,增加脂膜厚度;卷吸速度、载荷和润滑脂黏度对脂膜厚度分布的影响显著,对脂膜压力分布的影响较小;脂膜厚度以及最小膜厚越大,主轴承接触区脂膜不易破坏且越容易形成动压润滑。