Beyond p-y method:A review of artificial intelligence approaches for predicting lateral capacity of drilled shafts in clayey soils

In 2023,pivotal advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)have significantly experienced.With that in mind,traditional methodologies,notably the p-y approach,have struggled to accurately model the complex,nonlinear soil-structure interactions of laterally loaded large-diameter drilled shafts.This study undertakes a rigorous evaluation of machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques,offering a comprehensive review of their application in addressing this geotechnical challenge.A thorough review and comparative analysis have been carried out to investigate various AI models such as artificial neural networks(ANNs),relevance vector machines(RVMs),and least squares support vector machines(LSSVMs).It was found that despite ML approaches outperforming classic methods in predicting the lateral behavior of piles,their‘black box'nature and reliance only on a data-driven approach made their results showcase statistical robustness rather than clear geotechnical insights,a fact underscored by the mathematical equations derived from these studies.Furthermore,the research identified a gap in the availability of drilled shaft datasets,limiting the extendibility of current findings to large-diameter piles.An extensive dataset,compiled from a series of lateral loading tests on free-head drilled shaft with varying properties and geometries,was introduced to bridge this gap.The paper concluded with a direction for future research,proposes the integration of physics-informed neural networks(PINNs),combining data-driven models with fundamental geotechnical principles to improve both the interpretability and predictive accuracy of AI applications in geotechnical engineering,marking a novel contribution to the field.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of frost heave and water migration during artificial freezing of soils for mineshaft sinking

Artificial freezing of water-bearing soil layers composing a sedimentary deposit can induce frost heave and water migration that affect the natural stress-strain state of the soil layers and freezing process.In the present paper,a thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)model for freezing of water-saturated soil is proposed to study the effects of frost heave and water migration in frozen soils on the formation of a frozen wall and subsequent excavation activity for sinking a vertical shaft.The governing equations of the model are formulated relative to porosity,temperature,and displacement which are considered as primary variables.The relationship between temperature,pore water,and ice pressure in frozen soil is established by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,whereas the interaction between the stress-strain behavior and changes in porosity and pore pressure is described with the poromechanics theory.Moreover,constitutive relations for additional mechanical deformation are incorporated to describe volumetric expansion of soil during freezing as well as creep strain of soil in the frozen state.The ability of the proposed model to capture the frost heave of frozen soil is demonstrated by a comparison between numerical results and experimental data given by a one-sided freezing test.Also to validate the model in other freezing conditions,a radial freezing experiment is performed.After the validation procedure,the model is applied to numerical simulation of artificial freezing of silt and sand layers for shaft sinking at Petrikov potash mine in Belarus.Comparison of calculated temperature with thermal monitoring data during active freezing stage is presented.Numerical analysis of deformation of unsupported sidewall of a shaft inside the frozen wall is conducted to account for the change in natural stress-strain state of soil layers induced by artificial freezing.

Research on Stress and Strength of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Drilling Shaft Lining in Thick Top Soils

High strength reinforced concrete drilling shaft linings have been adopted to solve the difficult problem of supporting coal drilling shafts penetrating through thick top soils. Through model experiments the stress and strength of such shaft linings are studied. The test results indicate that the load beating capacity of the shaft lining is very high and that the main factors affecting the load bearing capacity are the concrete strength, the ratio of lining thickness to inner radius and the reinforcement ratio. Based on the limit equilibrium conditions and the strength theory of concrete under multi-axial compressive stressed state, a formula for calculating the load-beating capacity of a high strength reinforced concrete shaft lining was obtained. Because the concrete in a shaft lining is in a multi-axial compressive stress state the compressive strength increases to a great extent compared to uni-axial loading. Based on experiment a formula for the gain factor in compressive strength was obtained： it can be used in the structural design of the shaft lining. These results have provided a basis for sound engineering practice when designing this kind of shaft lining structure.

Stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling

The stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling were analyzed. The effects of the fluctuation of the cutting force, the mass eccentricity and the hydrodynamic forces of cutting fluid could be taken into consideration in the model of drilling shaft system. Based on the isoparametric finite element method, the variational form of Reynolds equation in hydrodynamic fluid was used to calculate nonlinear hydrodynamic forces and their Jacobian matrices simultaneously. In the stability analysis, a new shooting method for rapidly determining the periodic orbit of the nonlinear drilling shaft system and its period was presented by rebuilding the traditional shooting method and changing the time scale. Through the combination of theories with experiment, the correctness and effectiveness of the above methods are verified by using the Floquet theory. The results show that the mass eccentricity can inhibit the whirling motion of drilling shaft to some extent.

Repacking practice for G-3 engineering driller power unit with drive shaft of dual channel reverse circulation

In order to satisfy operating requirements for constant core drilling technology in reverse circulation with hollow-through DTH,the power unit of G-3 engineering driller was ameliorated. The new one with dual channel drive shaft, achieved the perfect assemble with transmission structure of the original power unit. It could interconvert according to need by using two sets of drive shafts with direct and reverse circulation. The repacked G-3 engineering driller carried on experiment in the field test in Luanchuan molybdenum mine of Henan, whose effect was very good.

Monte Carlo Simulation for Slope Stabilization Using Drilled Shafts

A reliability based analysis method for a drilled shaft stabilized slope system is presented in this paper. The drilled shaft stabilization mechanisms for the slope were treated as the drilled shaft induced soil arching, which was quantified by the load transfer factor in the limited equilibrium analysis. However, due to the inherent uncertainties of the soil properties and the model error of the semi-empirical load transfer equation, an extension modification of the deterministic method into a probabilistic method is developed in this paper. The MCS （Monte Carlo simulation） with log-normal random variables has been employed to calculate the probability of failure （Pf） for the drilled shafts/slope system. The developed theories were coded into a computer program for analyzing complex slope geometry and slope profile conditions. Finally, a case study has been performed to illustrate the application analysis of the developed probability approach in drilled shafts/slope system.

An Analysis on the Transmission Shaft Fracture of Screw Drill

The transmission shaft of the underground screw drill fractured when milling-shoe and grinding bridge plug was applied to the coiled tubes in a horizontal well of Sichuan province, but the position of this transmission shaft fracture did not occur at the minor-diameter retracting position and reducing position that were easy to fracture. An analysis of the transverse planes of the fracture found that the cause of the transmission shaft fracture surface was that the defects of the initial surface were propagating to cracks and gave rise to the fracture under torque load. To specifically know well the strength of the transmission shaft under damaging fracture, a statics analysis was conducted on the transmission shaft through ANSYS finite element simulation software, and the finite element models under no cracks, different-depth circumferential cracks, and similar situation of the transverse planes of fracture were established respectively. An analysis of the crack-free finite element model found that the fracture of the transmission shaft was really not caused by the self-structure of the transmission shaft; an analysis of circumferential crack finite element model found that strong stress concentration would appear in the tip of cracks, and the value of the stress would increase along with the increase of the circumferential crack depth, the stress of the entire crack top tended to fluctuate like waves, and also the strength of the transmission shaft was greatly impacted by the presence of cracks; an analysis of the similar crack finite element model found that stress concentration would appear in the tip of cracks, and the initial cracks always started to propagate from the tip of the external surface of the transmission shaft and would propagate inward until the propagating areas of two cracks overlapped, and finally reached the position of transient interruption, and then the transmission shaft fractured completely and the fracture strength was onlv 1/5 of that under no cracks.

钻井法凿井气-液-固耦合排渣流场及刀盘吸渣口优化

针对西部地区侏罗系地层煤矿立井钻井法施工中出现的气举反循环洗井排渣与钻进效率低下问题,以陕西可可盖煤矿中央回风立井ϕ4.2 m超前钻井为工程背景,基于CFD-DEM(计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合)研究方法,建立了气-液-固多相耦合排渣数值模型,揭示了排渣管内、井底流场的速度及压力分布规律,并基于自研的气举反循环排渣试验装置,采用PIV(粒子图像测速法)测试技术对流场分布的正确性进行验证;提出了优化刀盘吸渣口评判指标和方法,对吸渣口的数量、长径比、面积比、总面积占比进行优化,得到了超前钻头刀盘吸渣口布置的最佳方式和相关参数;讨论了钻头转速、注气量、风管没入比和泥浆黏度等主要因素对排渣流场的影响。研究结果表明:(1)排渣管内流体的运移以轴向流动为主,且途经注气端时,流速发生跳跃式剧增;井底流体的运移主要以水平流动为主,流体的垂直上返仅存在于吸渣口附近;井底流体的水平流动以切向流动为主,径向流动仅在吸渣口两侧较为明显,且远离吸渣口处,径流速度较小易产生岩屑沉积;(2)当刀盘吸渣口数量为2,长径比为0.4,面积比为1,总面积占比为1.94%时,吸渣口的布置方式最佳,且清渣率较现行吸渣口布置方式提高66%;(3)增大钻头转速可显著增强吸渣口的吸附作用,注气量、风管没入比与井底和排渣管内流体的轴向速度均呈正相关关系,低黏、低密度的泥浆易获取高流速,但携岩能力较差。研究结果可为破解侏罗系地层深大立井钻井法洗井排渣与钻进效率低下技术难题,提供有益的理论参考。

冻结立井井筒机械化掘进现状及发展趋势

针对我国“富煤贫油少气”的能源赋存结构及煤炭未来一段时间将长期占据能源消耗主导地位的特点,回顾了我国煤炭井工开采领域冻结立井井筒机械化掘进发展历程。钻爆法凿井作为我国立井井筒施工的主要工法,炸药的应用大幅提高了冻结井筒的掘进效率,配套的伞钻打孔、抓岩机装岩、大型井架及设备提升、大模板砌壁等大型机械化设备的应用,大幅提高了井筒成井速度;竖井钻机、反井钻机及竖井掘进机作为特殊地层条件下立井井筒特殊凿井方式,也有各自应用范围。面对我国西部富水弱胶结地层特点及智慧矿山发展趋势,采用冻结+钻爆法施工难以满足千米级弱胶结岩层立井井筒智能化无人化的建设需求,而采用冻结+竖井掘进机钻井是未来超深立井井筒技术发展方向之一。结合国外冻结+竖井掘进机凿井工程案例,针对我国西部富水弱胶结岩层立井井筒建设,提出了冻结+竖井掘进机凿井在冻结壁厚度和强度设计理论、双层钢筋混凝土井壁永久支护、低温环境下竖井掘进机掘进破岩形式以及分级上排渣方式等冻-掘-支-运协同作业方面提出了合理化建议;明确了井壁结构与弱胶结围岩相互作用机理,优化双层井壁结构方法,构建竖井掘进机掘-支-运同步作业模式等,提升井筒建设综合效率,提高信息化水平,推动立井井筒向机械化、绿色化和智能化发展。

高海拔铁路隧道斜井机械化配套与快速施工

为解决高海拔高寒地区斜井施工存在气压低、含氧量低、温差大、严寒干燥等问题,以某高海拔铁路隧道斜井工程为背景,结合围岩等级、断面大小、海拔高度,根据斜井施工机械化配套原则,提出高海拔陡坡长斜井机械化安全快速进洞施工工法,并选配超前支护、钻爆、装运、喷锚支护、衬砌等机械化作业线的成套设备。基于高度机械化的设备配套,提出“快挖、快运、快支”的高效施工技术以及各工序快速衔接工艺。以控制围岩变形为核心,构建一套积极干预加固围岩、注重早期支护并快速闭合的主动支护体系。结果表明:与普通钻爆法施工相比,采用三臂凿岩台车高度机械化配套施工效率高,月最快进尺为180 m,较人工钻爆法施工月进尺为130 m相比提高了近30%,施工质量稳定,作业人员投入少,且拱顶沉降和周边收敛均小于规范要求值,衬砌强度可靠,可实现高海拔小断面隧道“快挖、快支、主动支、快封闭”。

钻井法凿井壁后充填大比重水泥浆研制及其耐久性能

为提升西部地区深大钻井井筒第一段高壁后充填置换效果,提出采用大比重水泥浆作为新型壁后充填材料。首先,通过对比试验,优选重晶石粉作为加重剂、硅酸镁铝为悬浮剂。然后,采用正交试验和极差分析法,分析了水灰比、重晶石粉、硅酸镁铝和膨胀剂掺量对大比重水泥浆的密度、初凝时间、流动度、3 d及28 d抗压强度的影响,采用综合平衡法确定了大比重壁后充填材料的最优配合比为水泥∶水∶重晶石粉∶硅酸镁铝∶膨胀剂∶减水剂=1∶0.55∶0.5∶0.03∶0.025∶0.015。硫酸盐溶液侵蚀对比试验表明,与常用的水泥浆充填材料相比,大比重水泥浆充填材料具有可靠的耐久性能。最后,通过XRD和SEM分析了优选组加重水泥浆在3 d和28 d的水化产物和微观结构,揭示其优异抗渗性和耐久性能的机理。研究结果可为西部地区深大钻井井筒壁后充填提供大比重、高强度、低渗透以及耐久性好的新型壁后充填材料。

某电站压力管道设计及施工方案研究

某电站压力管道斜井采用与水平面夹角60°布置方式,长度282.19 m,较长斜井段增设平段及施工支洞会大大减小施工难度,提高效率,同时也会增加工程投资。通过研究比选压力管道斜井段布置方式,确定采用一斜到底中间不设平段及支洞方案最为经济。在实际开挖过程中,遇到不良地质条件,斜井开挖时先导孔施工频繁发生塌孔、卡钻现象,导致施工无法顺利开展,经对斜井施工方法比选研究,选定新增施工支洞分段预固结灌浆反井钻法解决了施工难题,为后续类似工程设计及施工提供参考。

蒙陕矿区内钢板-钢筋混凝土钻井井壁非均匀受力特性研究

以蒙陕矿区某煤矿风井为工程背景,利用双向不等压模型推导出水平地应力下井壁的受力形式,并得出了非均匀系数k的计算公式,确定了蒙陕矿区地层的不均匀系数范围为0.06~0.20,研判了钻井井壁全深受力关键横断面的受力破坏特征。根据有限元软件ANSYS模拟非均匀荷载条件下的井壁受力规律,井壁混凝土外缘环向应力为控制应力,井壁应力呈现非均匀分布,90°位置的不均匀程度大于0°位置,外荷载较小的90°位置受拉,而外荷载较大的0°位置受压。通过对井壁压力试验台对内钢板-钢筋混凝土进行非均匀加载试验分析,非均匀荷载对钻井井壁受力影响极为明显,在k=0.15时模型的峰值应力仅为均匀荷载条件下的23.1%~33.3%;在k=0.20时模型的峰值应力为均匀荷载条件下的20%左右,且破坏形式为混凝土先受拉破坏,随后钢筋和钢板屈服。研究结果表明,内钢板-钢筋混凝土钻井井壁对非均匀荷载较为敏感,在蒙陕矿区使用钻井法应该考虑非均匀系数的影响,且需要在井壁设计阶段重点关注井壁外荷载较小位置的受力。

基于力-构-能模型的钻井法凿井钻进参数设计思路与方法

竖井钻机钻井法是实现井筒机械化、无人化和智能化建设的重要技术之一。西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井基岩破碎难、刀具损坏率高、糊齿和吸渣口堵塞等现象突出,高钻压、排渣不及时、泥包钻头易导致钻头憋死,而大扭矩钻进又发生了钻杆断裂、钻具掉落等事故,进尺缓慢和反复提钻维修、钻具打捞导致钻井工效极低,主要原因是钻头结构及其刀具布置不合理、钻进参数与岩石条件不匹配、破岩与排渣效率不协调。为解决弱胶结地层钻井法凿井“破不掉、排不出、进尺慢、能耗高”的现实难题,梳理了竖井钻机钻头破岩钻进技术现状及存在的问题,以“系统”和“过程”为基本观点,提出了基于力-构-能协调模型的钻进参数设计思路与方法,应重点围绕弱胶结地层钻井法凿井钻头结构设计及其力学特征、基于钻头滚刀运动轨迹的滚刀布置、基于气-液-固耦合流场的排渣效率优化以及基于能量转化机制的钻进参数优化4个主要方面开展研究,进而形成融合钻头结构、滚刀布置、洗井排渣和能量消耗等多因素的钻头高效钻进参数设计方法,为西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井低能耗破岩、高效率排渣和破-排效率协调作业提供支撑,推动竖井钻机钻井法在西部弱胶结地层凿井中的应用。

新型气液驱动式螺杆钻具设计及研究

为了解决常规气体螺杆钻具失效事故,本文设计了一种新型气液驱动式螺杆钻具,利用地面压缩气体驱动定子腔内液体的循环往复运动,从而推动万向轴和转子转动,给钻头传递平稳的扭矩和钻压。该结构可以有效减少螺杆钻具飞车和憋泵事故,实现高效气体钻井作业。针对常规结构的传动轴经常发生断裂的问题,本研究对易损件传动轴进行了结构改进,对退刀槽和轴径进行了改进,改进后的传动轴最大应力及最大位移变形在许可范围内,表明改进后的传动轴承载强度可以满足现场使用要求。

螺杆钻具十字万向轴运动副球面磨损规律

螺杆钻具十字万向轴是传递扭矩和转速的关键结构,其运动副中锁紧轴与球座之间产生相对滑动而导致本体结构加速磨损,显著降低了万向轴的使用寿命。为研究锁紧轴与球座的圆弧面半径对滑动磨损的影响规律,建立多种圆弧面半径的三维磨损仿真物理模型;基于赫兹接触理论和Archard磨损理论研究不同半径条件下的体积磨损量、最大变形量、最大滑移距离和最大穿透深度的变化规律;借助现场试验进一步研究非密封十字万向轴的锁紧轴和球座之间滑动磨损后所呈现的结构形态和易磨损区域分布。结果表明:在一定范围内,随着圆弧面半径逐渐增大,体积磨损量呈现先减小后增加的趋势,最大滑移距离和最大穿透深度逐渐减小,最大变形量受圆弧面半径的影响较小,推荐最优半径为28~30 mm。仿真分析和现场试验结果表明,锁紧轴和球座侧滑会导致锁紧轴圆弧凸面沿圆周方向出现明显的磨损且边沿处出现“尖角”,球座圆弧凹面边沿厚度减小,形成环形凹槽且呈“卷曲变形”。该研究可以为十字万向轴的运动副的结构优化设计及耐磨性的提高提供参考。

700m深级公路隧道超大竖井掘进工法比选——以天山胜利隧道2-2竖井为例

为解决700 m深级高寒高海拔地区高速公路大直径竖井施工前施工工法难以抉择的问题,考虑到新疆严苛的环保要求,天山复杂的工程地质,钻爆法与TBM法“3洞”组合洞内通风的迫切需求,以及施工条件、工期、成本控制等诸多因素,调研国内外不同行业、不同级别井深的井筒正井法、反井法、竖井钻井法及竖向掘进机法等掘进工法,从地质适应性、工期要求、场地条件、技术成熟度、安全性、环保、成本等方面进行综合比选,结合天山胜利隧道2-2竖井工程的经验,得出主要结论如下:1)正井法、反井法、钻井法在煤矿等其他行业技术成熟,设备市场齐全,而在高速公路隧道700 m深级超大竖井施工尚属首次,施工难度极大,应引起项目决策者高度重视;2)高速公路隧道700 m深级超大竖井施工前,再次进行渗透系数、涌水量、围岩岩性、强度、破碎带位置及长度等的详勘或校核,是进行方案比选的重要前提;3)采用钻井法对应充分考虑坚硬地层导致的成本增加和工期延长等不利后果;4)超大竖井掘进机掘进设备、技术尚处在探索阶段,会因设备制造周期长以及泥浆泵更换、垂直度纠偏、刀盘漏油修复、频繁换刀等问题带来的工期不确定性和成本大幅增加,采用竖向掘进机法应慎之又慎。

大直径竖井钻机压气反循环洗井效率模型试验研究

针对我国西部侏罗系地层钻井法凿井钻进与洗井效率低下问题,以西部可可盖煤矿中央回风立井钻井法凿井为研究背景,基于自主研发的压气反循环洗井试验装置,开展压气反循环洗井的相似模型试验研究,并采用正交试验和极差分析相结合的方法,探究钻头转速、风压和风管埋入系数等因素对压气反循环洗井效率的影响规律,最后提出了高效洗井的参数组合。研究结果表明:①通过正交试验和极差分析结果,得出洗井效率主要影响因素的敏感性排序为:钻头转速>风压>风管埋入系数;②基于模型试验结果,提出了洗井效率的评判指标清屑率和携岩率,二者均随钻头转速、风压的增大呈先大幅增长后小幅降低的趋势,且与风管埋入系数呈正相关关系;③洗井液排量与钻头转速呈负相关关系,钻屑排量随着钻头转速、风压的增大均呈现先增长后降低的趋势;④基于模型试验结果,提出了高效洗井参数:钻头转速为8.6 r/min;风压为1.44 MPa;风管埋入系数为0.837。研究结果可为提高西部侏罗系地层钻进与洗井效率低下问题提供有益参考。

沉井建造VSM工艺与成套装备及其工程应用

传统的沉井施工技术通常采用人工取土或小型机械取土,靠结构自重下沉,现场浇筑混凝土井壁的方式。然而传统方式存在施工效率慢,作业人员多且施工风险高,停沉突沉和倾斜现象多,对周围环境影响大等弊端。随着技术的发展,沉井施工技术也正在向装配式、机械化、数字智能化和绿色建造的趋势靠拢。针对目前前沿的沉井掘进技术-VSM工法极其国内外装备研制,总结了其工程应用情况,为沉井领域的机械化建造提供技术方案和设备选型参考。

下沉式竖井掘进工法在软土地区的应用研究

城市地区的深层地下管网建设产生了大量超深竖井建设需要,而传统施工技术难以同时满足超深竖井施工低影响、高效且节约的需求。为此,本文介绍了一种新型施工技术——下沉式竖井掘进工法(VSM),与沉井工法、地下连续墙围护开挖工法等传统施工方法相比,该工法具有施工速度快、环境友好、工程造价低等优点。通过对VSM工法特点的总结,探讨了基于该工法的超深竖井设计要点。该工法应用于软土地区时,应注意需要满足土体抗隆起稳定性及地基承载力要求。最后,介绍了上海软土地区首个采用VSM工法的超深竖井工程。对该竖井施工过程的监测结果表明,VSM工法在上海软土地区有较好的适用性,竖井开挖施工对周边环境的影响可满足上海地区环境保护等级为一级的基坑变形控制要求。