Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of frost heave and water migration during artificial freezing of soils for mineshaft sinking

Artificial freezing of water-bearing soil layers composing a sedimentary deposit can induce frost heave and water migration that affect the natural stress-strain state of the soil layers and freezing process.In the present paper,a thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)model for freezing of water-saturated soil is proposed to study the effects of frost heave and water migration in frozen soils on the formation of a frozen wall and subsequent excavation activity for sinking a vertical shaft.The governing equations of the model are formulated relative to porosity,temperature,and displacement which are considered as primary variables.The relationship between temperature,pore water,and ice pressure in frozen soil is established by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,whereas the interaction between the stress-strain behavior and changes in porosity and pore pressure is described with the poromechanics theory.Moreover,constitutive relations for additional mechanical deformation are incorporated to describe volumetric expansion of soil during freezing as well as creep strain of soil in the frozen state.The ability of the proposed model to capture the frost heave of frozen soil is demonstrated by a comparison between numerical results and experimental data given by a one-sided freezing test.Also to validate the model in other freezing conditions,a radial freezing experiment is performed.After the validation procedure,the model is applied to numerical simulation of artificial freezing of silt and sand layers for shaft sinking at Petrikov potash mine in Belarus.Comparison of calculated temperature with thermal monitoring data during active freezing stage is presented.Numerical analysis of deformation of unsupported sidewall of a shaft inside the frozen wall is conducted to account for the change in natural stress-strain state of soil layers induced by artificial freezing.

Research on Stress and Strength of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Drilling Shaft Lining in Thick Top Soils

High strength reinforced concrete drilling shaft linings have been adopted to solve the difficult problem of supporting coal drilling shafts penetrating through thick top soils. Through model experiments the stress and strength of such shaft linings are studied. The test results indicate that the load bearing capacity of the shaft lining is very high and that the main factors affecting the load bearing capacity are the concrete strength,the ratio of lining thickness to inner radius and the reinforcement ratio. Based on the limit equilibrium conditions and the strength theory of concrete under multi-axial compressive stressed state,a formula for calculating the load-bearing capacity of a high strength reinforced concrete shaft lining was obtained. Because the concrete in a shaft lining is in a multi-axial compressive stress state the compressive strength increases to a great extent compared to uni-axial loading. Based on experiment a formula for the gain factor in compressive strength was obtained: it can be used in the structural design of the shaft lining. These results have provided a basis for sound engineering practice when designing this kind of shaft lining structure.

Stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling

The stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling were analyzed. The effects of the fluctuation of the cutting force, the mass eccentricity and the hydrodynamic forces of cutting fluid could be taken into consideration in the model of drilling shaft system. Based on the isoparametric finite element method, the variational form of Reynolds equation in hydrodynamic fluid was used to calculate nonlinear hydrodynamic forces and their Jacobian matrices simultaneously. In the stability analysis, a new shooting method for rapidly determining the periodic orbit of the nonlinear drilling shaft system and its period was presented by rebuilding the traditional shooting method and changing the time scale. Through the combination of theories with experiment, the correctness and effectiveness of the above methods are verified by using the Floquet theory. The results show that the mass eccentricity can inhibit the whirling motion of drilling shaft to some extent.

Repacking practice for G-3 engineering driller power unit with drive shaft of dual channel reverse circulation

In order to satisfy operating requirements for constant core drilling technology in reverse circulation with hollow-through DTH,the power unit of G-3 engineering driller was ameliorated. The new one with dual channel drive shaft, achieved the perfect assemble with transmission structure of the original power unit. It could interconvert according to need by using two sets of drive shafts with direct and reverse circulation. The repacked G-3 engineering driller carried on experiment in the field test in Luanchuan molybdenum mine of Henan, whose effect was very good.

钻井法凿井气-液-固耦合排渣流场及刀盘吸渣口优化

针对西部地区侏罗系地层煤矿立井钻井法施工中出现的气举反循环洗井排渣与钻进效率低下问题,以陕西可可盖煤矿中央回风立井ϕ4.2 m超前钻井为工程背景,基于CFD-DEM(计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合)研究方法,建立了气-液-固多相耦合排渣数值模型,揭示了排渣管内、井底流场的速度及压力分布规律,并基于自研的气举反循环排渣试验装置,采用PIV(粒子图像测速法)测试技术对流场分布的正确性进行验证;提出了优化刀盘吸渣口评判指标和方法,对吸渣口的数量、长径比、面积比、总面积占比进行优化,得到了超前钻头刀盘吸渣口布置的最佳方式和相关参数;讨论了钻头转速、注气量、风管没入比和泥浆黏度等主要因素对排渣流场的影响。研究结果表明:(1)排渣管内流体的运移以轴向流动为主,且途经注气端时,流速发生跳跃式剧增;井底流体的运移主要以水平流动为主,流体的垂直上返仅存在于吸渣口附近;井底流体的水平流动以切向流动为主,径向流动仅在吸渣口两侧较为明显,且远离吸渣口处,径流速度较小易产生岩屑沉积;(2)当刀盘吸渣口数量为2,长径比为0.4,面积比为1,总面积占比为1.94%时,吸渣口的布置方式最佳,且清渣率较现行吸渣口布置方式提高66%;(3)增大钻头转速可显著增强吸渣口的吸附作用,注气量、风管没入比与井底和排渣管内流体的轴向速度均呈正相关关系,低黏、低密度的泥浆易获取高流速,但携岩能力较差。研究结果可为破解侏罗系地层深大立井钻井法洗井排渣与钻进效率低下技术难题,提供有益的理论参考。

高海拔铁路隧道斜井机械化配套与快速施工

为解决高海拔高寒地区斜井施工存在气压低、含氧量低、温差大、严寒干燥等问题,以某高海拔铁路隧道斜井工程为背景,结合围岩等级、断面大小、海拔高度,根据斜井施工机械化配套原则,提出高海拔陡坡长斜井机械化安全快速进洞施工工法,并选配超前支护、钻爆、装运、喷锚支护、衬砌等机械化作业线的成套设备。基于高度机械化的设备配套,提出“快挖、快运、快支”的高效施工技术以及各工序快速衔接工艺。以控制围岩变形为核心,构建一套积极干预加固围岩、注重早期支护并快速闭合的主动支护体系。结果表明:与普通钻爆法施工相比,采用三臂凿岩台车高度机械化配套施工效率高,月最快进尺为180 m,较人工钻爆法施工月进尺为130 m相比提高了近30%,施工质量稳定,作业人员投入少,且拱顶沉降和周边收敛均小于规范要求值,衬砌强度可靠,可实现高海拔小断面隧道“快挖、快支、主动支、快封闭”。

新型气液驱动式螺杆钻具设计及研究

为了解决常规气体螺杆钻具失效事故,本文设计了一种新型气液驱动式螺杆钻具,利用地面压缩气体驱动定子腔内液体的循环往复运动,从而推动万向轴和转子转动,给钻头传递平稳的扭矩和钻压。该结构可以有效减少螺杆钻具飞车和憋泵事故,实现高效气体钻井作业。针对常规结构的传动轴经常发生断裂的问题,本研究对易损件传动轴进行了结构改进,对退刀槽和轴径进行了改进,改进后的传动轴最大应力及最大位移变形在许可范围内,表明改进后的传动轴承载强度可以满足现场使用要求。

螺杆钻具十字万向轴运动副球面磨损规律

螺杆钻具十字万向轴是传递扭矩和转速的关键结构,其运动副中锁紧轴与球座之间产生相对滑动而导致本体结构加速磨损,显著降低了万向轴的使用寿命。为研究锁紧轴与球座的圆弧面半径对滑动磨损的影响规律,建立多种圆弧面半径的三维磨损仿真物理模型;基于赫兹接触理论和Archard磨损理论研究不同半径条件下的体积磨损量、最大变形量、最大滑移距离和最大穿透深度的变化规律;借助现场试验进一步研究非密封十字万向轴的锁紧轴和球座之间滑动磨损后所呈现的结构形态和易磨损区域分布。结果表明:在一定范围内,随着圆弧面半径逐渐增大,体积磨损量呈现先减小后增加的趋势,最大滑移距离和最大穿透深度逐渐减小,最大变形量受圆弧面半径的影响较小,推荐最优半径为28~30 mm。仿真分析和现场试验结果表明,锁紧轴和球座侧滑会导致锁紧轴圆弧凸面沿圆周方向出现明显的磨损且边沿处出现“尖角”,球座圆弧凹面边沿厚度减小,形成环形凹槽且呈“卷曲变形”。该研究可以为十字万向轴的运动副的结构优化设计及耐磨性的提高提供参考。

大直径竖井钻机压气反循环洗井效率模型试验研究

针对我国西部侏罗系地层钻井法凿井钻进与洗井效率低下问题,以西部可可盖煤矿中央回风立井钻井法凿井为研究背景,基于自主研发的压气反循环洗井试验装置,开展压气反循环洗井的相似模型试验研究,并采用正交试验和极差分析相结合的方法,探究钻头转速、风压和风管埋入系数等因素对压气反循环洗井效率的影响规律,最后提出了高效洗井的参数组合。研究结果表明:①通过正交试验和极差分析结果,得出洗井效率主要影响因素的敏感性排序为:钻头转速>风压>风管埋入系数;②基于模型试验结果,提出了洗井效率的评判指标清屑率和携岩率,二者均随钻头转速、风压的增大呈先大幅增长后小幅降低的趋势,且与风管埋入系数呈正相关关系;③洗井液排量与钻头转速呈负相关关系,钻屑排量随着钻头转速、风压的增大均呈现先增长后降低的趋势;④基于模型试验结果,提出了高效洗井参数:钻头转速为8.6 r/min;风压为1.44 MPa;风管埋入系数为0.837。研究结果可为提高西部侏罗系地层钻进与洗井效率低下问题提供有益参考。

下沉式竖井掘进工法在软土地区的应用研究

城市地区的深层地下管网建设产生了大量超深竖井建设需要,而传统施工技术难以同时满足超深竖井施工低影响、高效且节约的需求。为此,本文介绍了一种新型施工技术——下沉式竖井掘进工法(VSM),与沉井工法、地下连续墙围护开挖工法等传统施工方法相比,该工法具有施工速度快、环境友好、工程造价低等优点。通过对VSM工法特点的总结,探讨了基于该工法的超深竖井设计要点。该工法应用于软土地区时,应注意需要满足土体抗隆起稳定性及地基承载力要求。最后,介绍了上海软土地区首个采用VSM工法的超深竖井工程。对该竖井施工过程的监测结果表明,VSM工法在上海软土地区有较好的适用性,竖井开挖施工对周边环境的影响可满足上海地区环境保护等级为一级的基坑变形控制要求。

Evaluation of excavation damaged zones(EDZs)in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL)

Excavation of underground caverns,such as mountain tunnels and energy-storage caverns,may cause the damages to the surrounding rock as a result of the stress redistribution.In this influenced zone,new cracks and discontinuities are created or propagate in the rock mass.Therefore,it is effective to measure and evaluate the acoustic emission(AE)events generated by the rocks,which is a small elastic vibration,and permeability change.The authors have developed a long-term measurement device that incorporates an optical AE(O-AE)sensor,an optical pore pressure sensor,and an optical temperature sensor in a single multi-optical measurement probe(MOP).Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D activities to enhance the reliability of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological disposal technology.In a high-level radioactive disposal project,one of the challenges is the development of methods for long-term monitoring of rock mass behavior.Therefore,in January 2014,the long-term measurements of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass were launched using the developed MOP in the vicinity of 350 m below the surface at the Horonobe Underground Research Center.The measurement results show that AEs occur frequently up to 1.5 m from the wall during excavation.In addition,hydraulic conductivity increased by 2e4 orders of magnitude.Elastoplastic analysis revealed that the hydraulic behavior of the rock mass affected the pore pressure fluctuations and caused micro-fractures.Based on this,a conceptual model is developed to represent the excavation damaged zone(EDZ),which contributes to the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste.

磷矿通风井反井施工技术研究及应用

贵州福麟矿业有限公司新桥磷矿山二号井回风竖井工程采用了反井钻机钻井法施工,反井钻机一次扩孔成井直径为3.5 m。通过对矿方提供的地质检查孔岩心资料进行分析,研究计算了在该地层条件下反井钻机扩孔拉力和扭矩等工作参数,并最终选择了TSJ-2000型水源钻机与BMC400型反井钻机结合的技术方案来进行导孔和一次扩孔成井。在施工过程中克服了缺乏类似项目经验以及缺少岩层发育资料等实际困难,确保顺利完成了井筒贯通,使得井筒偏斜率控制在0.3%以内。实践证明,在该磷矿回风竖井工程中采用反井钻机施工大直径竖井开挖是可行的,并为此类大直径竖井开挖项目提供了宝贵经验。

调谐质量阻尼器和非线性能量阱抑制内燃机闭环轴系扭转振动的比较研究

传统线性减振器在抑制内燃机轴系的扭转振动方面有着长期的应用,但较窄的减振带宽限制了其性能的发挥.考虑到内燃机闭环轴系的周期性激振力随转速的变化而变化,其在相对较宽的频率域内实现高效的减振十分必要.为了探究非线性能量阱(nonlinear energy sink,NES)替代调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)抑制曲轴扭转振动的可行性,文章将建立曲轴的多惯量非线性闭环自激耦合振荡模型,在此基础上,研究TMD和NES对闭环曲轴扭振减振的影响规律.分析过程综合考虑了轴系不同轴段位置的瞬态和稳态扭转振动.除此之外,定义了振动密度,性能领先效率和波动率3种函数综合考虑不同动力吸振器(dynamic vibration absorber,DVA)的性能优劣.讨论了NES和TMD在不同的设计参数下(变刚度、变阻尼和变位置排布)的减振效率和鲁棒性.结果表明,NES和TMD控制曲轴扭振时具有不同的刚度及阻尼失效区间.随着设计参数的变化,NES和TMD的减振性能交替领先,NES的综合性能领先了24.5%,TMD的综合性能领先了3.3%.同时,NES具有较高的阻尼依赖性(13.6%),TMD具有较高的刚度(3.6%)及位置依赖性(25.6%).

台格庙矿区钻井法凿井钻进工艺可行性研究

神华新街台格庙矿区一井东部风井井筒设计成井深度857.5 m,设计净直径7.0 m,设计井壁厚度850 mm,以此为工程背景,从地质特征、工程条件、装备能力、钻井分级工艺等方面,分析了采用竖井钻机钻井法凿井钻进工艺的可行性。研究了拟建井筒穿越的地层及其岩石力学特性,基岩厚度将达到870 m,基岩占比达到99.3%;基于地质条件、井筒功能和井筒设计参数,计算得出钻井深度将达875 m、钻井直径为10.2 m,并梳理了全岩地层深大直径井筒机械破岩钻进面临的难题;对比分析了东部深厚冲积地层和西部厚基岩地层钻进分级工艺,分析确定了“一扩成井”钻进工艺具有可行性,超前钻孔直径范围为6.5~7 m,扩孔钻进直径为10.2 m。

基于力-构-能模型的钻井法凿井钻进参数设计思路与方法

竖井钻机钻井法是实现井筒机械化、无人化和智能化建设的重要技术之一。西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井基岩破碎难、刀具损坏率高、糊齿和吸渣口堵塞等现象突出,高钻压、排渣不及时、泥包钻头易导致钻头憋死,而大扭矩钻进又发生了钻杆断裂、钻具掉落等事故,进尺缓慢和反复提钻维修、钻具打捞导致钻井工效极低,主要原因是钻头结构及其刀具布置不合理、钻进参数与岩石条件不匹配、破岩与排渣效率不协调。为解决弱胶结地层钻井法凿井“破不掉、排不出、进尺慢、能耗高”的现实难题,梳理了竖井钻机钻头破岩钻进技术现状及存在的问题,以“系统”和“过程”为基本观点,提出了基于力-构-能协调模型的钻进参数设计思路与方法,应重点围绕弱胶结地层钻井法凿井钻头结构设计及其力学特征、基于钻头滚刀运动轨迹的滚刀布置、基于气-液-固耦合流场的排渣效率优化以及基于能量转化机制的钻进参数优化4个主要方面开展研究,进而形成融合钻头结构、滚刀布置、洗井排渣和能量消耗等多因素的钻头高效钻进参数设计方法,为西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井低能耗破岩、高效率排渣和破-排效率协调作业提供支撑,推动竖井钻机钻井法在西部弱胶结地层凿井中的应用。

定向钻在天台抽水蓄能电站工程长斜井施工中的应用

以天台抽水蓄能电站工程大倾角480 m级斜井为例,对其定向先导孔施工布置、方位校核、轨迹控制、纠偏控斜措施、卡钻处理及贯通成果进行分析总结,结果表明,贯通实际偏斜控制为0.028%,最大狗腿度0.66°/30 m。相关成果补充了国内480 m级超长斜井定向先导孔施工案例,对后续超长斜井定向钻施工具有借鉴作用。

“科技乙方”商业服务模式创新及应用

基于矿山特殊施工高科技企业专业和核心技术优势,研究提出了“科技乙方”商业服务模式,通过提供科技含量更高的产品和服务,有效释放新质生产力的科技效能,该模式成功解决特殊凿井领域中大量“卡脖子”技术难题,并引领我国地下工程特殊施工技术的发展。“科技乙方”以技术力量实现价值创造,主要服务产品包括冻结技术、注浆技术、钻井技术及装备、智能化建井设计及建设、国家重大引调水技术服务。“科技乙方”是“技术+装备+工程”整体解决方案的提供商,在实施过程中对新出现的技术难题即时研究解决能力更加突出,已经在山西省中部引黄工程地面定向钻孔预灌浆工程和涌水应急抢险堵水工程中得到了实践检验。

钻井法深大直径立井悬浮下沉研究

针对新街能源钻井法深井井壁悬浮下沉设计问题,基于阿基米德浮体悬浮原理,建立了同一断面和分段变断面的井壁结构形式在泥浆中悬浮平衡表达式,探讨了井壁混凝土重量、泥浆容重、井壁厚度对辅助钢梁支撑力和辅助钢梁施加高度的影响。并分析了泥浆容重与井壁许用临界厚度相关关系,最后验算了新街台格庙风井是否满足悬浮下沉要求。研究成果表明:(1)通过井壁混凝土减重、增加泥浆容重和减小井壁厚度,可以有效减小辅助钢梁在悬浮下沉中承受的荷载,同时显著降低辅助钢梁施加高度;(2)井壁厚度过高、泥浆容重过小将导致辅助钢梁支撑力在井壁下沉过程逐渐增大,无法实现悬浮下沉工艺;(3)泥浆容重的增大可使井壁许用临界厚度增大,同时泥浆容重一定时,井壁厚度是受限制的,实际工程中应通过增大井壁材料强度来满足施加荷载需要。研究成果可为类似钻井法凿井设计及施工提供参考。