This article presents a 2017 LiDAR-DEM guided 1-m resolution examination of field-surveyed elevation and soil property variations (5 × 5 m spacings) conducted in 1977 across a hummocky New Brunswick field used fo...This article presents a 2017 LiDAR-DEM guided 1-m resolution examination of field-surveyed elevation and soil property variations (5 × 5 m spacings) conducted in 1977 across a hummocky New Brunswick field used for potato production. This examination revealed that the field incurred minor elevation differences likely due to upslope erosion as revealed through increasing Sand % and CF % with increasing elevation, and increasing Silt % along low-lying areas. Soil moisture, field capacity, permanent wilting and nitrate nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) also increased at downslope locations. Directly as well as indirectly, soil pH, ammonium nitrogen (NH<sub>4</sub>-N), Caesium<sup>137</sup> (Cs<sup>137</sup>) and Mehlich-3 extracted Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were likewise affected by topographic location. Factor analyzing these variables led to: 1) a Soil Loss Factor that captured 24% of the textural variations;2) a Soil-Cropping Factor accounting for 16% of the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn variations;3) a Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Factor relating 9% of the in-field variations for SOM, Fe, Zn, Cu to via organo-metal complexation and low NO<sub>3</sub>-N retention. Many of the topographic variations increased or decreased with the metric DEM-projected depth-to-water index (DTW) index. This index was set to 0 along DEM-derived flow channels with minimum upslope flow-accumulation areas of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 4 ha. Among these, the DTW > 4 ha threshold was useful for reproducing the textural variations, while the DTW > 0.25 ha threshold assisted in capturing trends pertaining to moisture retention and elemental concentrations.展开更多
为解决超千米深井巷道建设面临的严峻挑战,通过对现有的巷道掘进、支护技术与全断面岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)技术对比分析,结果表明:全断面岩石隧道掘进机优势明显,且满足超千米深井巷道建设的需求,现代化大型矿井也具备引入全断面掘进机的...为解决超千米深井巷道建设面临的严峻挑战,通过对现有的巷道掘进、支护技术与全断面岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)技术对比分析,结果表明:全断面岩石隧道掘进机优势明显,且满足超千米深井巷道建设的需求,现代化大型矿井也具备引入全断面掘进机的条件,将TBM引入超千米深井巷道建设,在解决所涉及的关键岩石力学和机械制造问题后加以改进,称之为全断面岩石巷道掘进机(RBM——Full Face Roadway Boring Machine)。由于煤矿深部巷道的建设环境与隧洞建设环境存在显著差异,RBM施工将面临两大关键问题——卡盾和刀盘破岩问题。为了揭示RBM卡盾机理,指出了其关键岩石力学问题,包括超千米深井巷道RBM开挖卸荷路径下围岩挤压大变形机理,护盾周围围岩挤压变形分布规律,围岩-护盾-支护相互作用机理,卡盾判据,卡盾防治理论及方法。展开更多
文摘This article presents a 2017 LiDAR-DEM guided 1-m resolution examination of field-surveyed elevation and soil property variations (5 × 5 m spacings) conducted in 1977 across a hummocky New Brunswick field used for potato production. This examination revealed that the field incurred minor elevation differences likely due to upslope erosion as revealed through increasing Sand % and CF % with increasing elevation, and increasing Silt % along low-lying areas. Soil moisture, field capacity, permanent wilting and nitrate nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>-N) also increased at downslope locations. Directly as well as indirectly, soil pH, ammonium nitrogen (NH<sub>4</sub>-N), Caesium<sup>137</sup> (Cs<sup>137</sup>) and Mehlich-3 extracted Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were likewise affected by topographic location. Factor analyzing these variables led to: 1) a Soil Loss Factor that captured 24% of the textural variations;2) a Soil-Cropping Factor accounting for 16% of the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn variations;3) a Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Factor relating 9% of the in-field variations for SOM, Fe, Zn, Cu to via organo-metal complexation and low NO<sub>3</sub>-N retention. Many of the topographic variations increased or decreased with the metric DEM-projected depth-to-water index (DTW) index. This index was set to 0 along DEM-derived flow channels with minimum upslope flow-accumulation areas of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 4 ha. Among these, the DTW > 4 ha threshold was useful for reproducing the textural variations, while the DTW > 0.25 ha threshold assisted in capturing trends pertaining to moisture retention and elemental concentrations.
文摘为解决超千米深井巷道建设面临的严峻挑战,通过对现有的巷道掘进、支护技术与全断面岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)技术对比分析,结果表明:全断面岩石隧道掘进机优势明显,且满足超千米深井巷道建设的需求,现代化大型矿井也具备引入全断面掘进机的条件,将TBM引入超千米深井巷道建设,在解决所涉及的关键岩石力学和机械制造问题后加以改进,称之为全断面岩石巷道掘进机(RBM——Full Face Roadway Boring Machine)。由于煤矿深部巷道的建设环境与隧洞建设环境存在显著差异,RBM施工将面临两大关键问题——卡盾和刀盘破岩问题。为了揭示RBM卡盾机理,指出了其关键岩石力学问题,包括超千米深井巷道RBM开挖卸荷路径下围岩挤压大变形机理,护盾周围围岩挤压变形分布规律,围岩-护盾-支护相互作用机理,卡盾判据,卡盾防治理论及方法。
