THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF MINERAL RESOURCES UTILIZATION IN CHINA

ＴＨＥ ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬ ＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳ ＡＮＤ ＣＯＵＮＴＥＲＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＳ ＯＦ ＭＩＮＥＲＡＬ ＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥＳ ＵＴＩＬＩＺＡＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＮＡＸｕＱｉａｎｇ（徐强）（ＨｅｂｅｉＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｓｈｉ...

Spatial Effect of Mineral Resources Exploitation on Urbanization:A Case Study of Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China

Mineral resources exploitation significantly affects the spatial structure and evolutive trend of urbanization in arid areas.In this study,the spatial autocorrelation method and the spatial computation model were used to investigate the spatial impacts of mineral resources excavation and processing on comprehensive level of urbanization in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang,China for the years of 2000,2006 and 2008.The results are as follows:1)There was a spatial correlation of the development of mineral resources industry and the comprehensive level of urbanization in 2006 and 2008,with the spatial concentration trend rising significantly in 2006 and decreasing in 2008.2)The patterns of local spatial concentration of mineral resources industry and of the comprehensive level of urbanization were relatively stable,and the two patterns showed signs of spatial correlationship.The higher was the degree of the concentration of mineral resources industry,the stronger was its impact on the spatial clustering of urbanization.3)In 2000, mineral resources excavation and processing had a significant positive impact on the comprehensive level of urbanization in the region but not in its adjacent regions.However,in 2008,mineral resources excavation and processing significantly raised the comprehensive level of urbanization not only in the region but also in its neighboring regions.This research demonstrates that the development of mineral resources industry can strongly affect the trends and spatial patterns of urbanization.

A Reconstruction and Discussion of the Effect of Diagenetic Environment on Hydrocarbon Generation Based on Diagenetic Mineral Assemblage in Mudstone

Inorganic minerals in mudstone are composed of clay minerals,carbonate and detrital minerals.Detrital minerals(such as quartz and feldspar)are mainly original deposit.However,clay minerals(kaolinite,illite,and chlorite)and carbonate(calcite and dolomite)are mostly diagenetic minerals.Furthermore,conversion of the four kinds of clay minerals are common.The formation of clay minerals and carbonate is controlled by temperature,pressure,p H,Eh and type of cations during diagenesis.Therefore mineral assemblage can indicate the characteristics and change of diagenetic environment.In addition to inorganic minerals,there are also organic matter of different sources and chemical properties in mudstone.Traditionally,it is considered that evolution of organic matter is controlled by thermal effect.Now studies show that inorganic and organic matter can interact with each other and form clay-organic complexes.This suggest that attention should be paid to the influence of diagenetic mineral assemblage and diagenetic environment on the evolution of organic matter* Samples of mudstone from 1500-4500m of the Palaeogene in the Dongying Depression,China,were collected to investigate the changes of mudstone diagenetic environment.XRD,thin section and SEM were used to detect diagenetic minerals and assemblage characteristics.Results showed that content of detrital minerals,which are floating in mud matrix or preserved as silt laminae,is basically unchanged from shallow to deep strata.Clay minerals which are gathered as argillaceous matrix or preserved as argillaceous laminae have growth and decline relation to carbonate which mainly appear as micropoikilitic ferriferous calcite and ferriferous dolomite.All these characteristics indicate that detrital minerals are exogenetic,whereas carbonate is diagenetic minerals.Based on the SEM analysis of the clay minerals,it was found that smectite present honeycomb and reticulate structure,while illite present filiform and schistose structure and there are growth and decline relationship between them.Nevertheless,hexagonal tabular and stratified kaolinite has the highest content from 2400m to3300m.Rosette and stratified chlorite shows increase trend when the burial depth is deeper than 3300m.These characteristics indicated that clay minerals are diagenetic minerals and there are conversions among the four types.Therefore form shallow to deep,three diagenetic mineral assemblage zones can be divided based on the characteristics of carbonate and clay minerals in mudstone.Namely,smectite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2000-2500m;kaolinite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2500-3300m and illite+chlorite+carbonate zone below 3300m.Previous studies showed that kaolinite is stable under acidic conditions,while other clay minerals and carbonate are stable under alkaline conditions.Hence according to mineral assemblages feature,it was inferred that diagenetic environment of mudstonehasundergonethechangeof alkaline-acid-alkaline.For the organic matter with different chemical properties in mudstone,the hydrocarbon generation will be different in the acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment even if the conditions of temperature and pressure are the same.Therefore,for hydrocarbon generation we should not only focus on thermal effect,but also pay more attention to the differences of diagenetic environment which have great significance for the understanding of hydrocarbon generation,hydrocarbon expulsion and reservoir formation in mudstone.

Examination of Resource Curse Hypothesis: Mineral Resources Exploitation and Economic Growth in Xinjiang Autonomous Region

The mineral resources exploitation stage and the economic growth rate are various in different regions of Xinjiang Autonomous region. Using the method of location quotient, this paper identifies and classifies the intensive regions of three types of mineral resources, known as coal, oil and natural gas, respectively. The intensive regions of economic growth were also identified, according to the rate of per capita GDP growth at prefecture, autonomous prefecture and city. The relationships between different mineral resources and economic growth are different, for example, the relationship between economic growth and coal resource is positive, while the relationship between economic growth and oil resource, or natural gas resource is negative. This study empirically examines the effects of natural resources on economic growth of Xinjiang. The results show that whilst natural resources have a positive impact on growth, and can make a negative impact on growth through the transmission channels, such as investment, manufacture, human capital, and scientific and technologic innovation. Moreover, it studies the transmission channels, that is, the effect of natural resources on the other explanatory variables, and calculates the indirect effect of natural resources on growth for each transmission channel, and comprehensive effects of natural resources on growth. The calculated result of comprehensive effects indicates that the positive direct effects of natural resources on growth are shown to outweigh the negative indirect effect of Xinjiang autonomous region.

Prospect for strategic minerals exploration and development,investment environment and cooperation in Mozambique

Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.

Application of Dempster-Shafer theory in mineral resource potential mapping

The Dempster-Shafer theory has been successfully applied to mineral resource potential mapping in GIS environmental. In this applied form, basic probability assignment and combined basic probability assignment are applied to measuring map pattem and map pattem combination, respectively; and the environment composed of the only two singleton sets （deposit set and non-deposit set）, is used for expressing the entire map area. For a subarea in which the certain map pattern combination exists, the combined basic probability assignment corresponding to the map pattern combination existing in this subarea, expresses the belief of inferring the subarea belonging to the deposit set from the evidence that the corresponding map pattern combination existing in the subarea. Thus, it may be served as a statistical index measuring the relative mineral resource potentials of the subarea. And it may be determined like 1） dividing the map area into a series of small equal-sized grid cells and then select the training sample set composed of the well-known grid cells or the entire grid cells; 2） estimating the basic probability assignments corresponding to each map pattern fromthe training sample set; 3） determining the map pattern combination existing in each cell, and then appling the Dempster＇s Rule of Combination to integrating the all basic probability assignments corresponding to the map patterns existing in the cell into the combined basic probability assignment. Mineral resource potential mapping with the Dempster-Shafer theory is demonstrated on a case study to select mineral resource targets. The experimental results manifest that the model can be compared with the weights of evidence model in the effectiveness of mineral resource target selection.

Evaluation of Potency and Mineral Reserve Balance for Sustainable Mining Management--Case Study:Central Java Province of Indonesia

The level of availability and scarcity of resources gives an indication of how to manage scarce resources.Good mining practice supports sustainability and minimizes environmental degradation.One alternative to support the development of potential mineral resources is the study of mineral resource balances.The research objectives are:(a)to evaluate the potential of mineral resources and reserves,(b)to evaluate the production data of mineral commodities,(c)to calculate mineral reserve balance.Research methodology includes an inventory of data in the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources.Compilation of mineral resource balance adjusted to the applicable regulations.The study was conducted in the Central Java Province of Indonesia.Based on the evaluation results there were 26 mineral commodities,but there were only 12 commodities developed during 2016-2018.These resources are andesite,limestone,basalt,fill-dirt,sandstone,trass,feldspar,quartz-sand,marble,diorite stone,talk and claystone.The mineral reserve supports the construction of highways,airports and other infrastructure projects in Central Java Province of Indonesia.

The dynamic analysis of natural environment change of nuclear test field in Lop Nur region of China

Using earth satellite observation means, remote sensing information distilled technique and regional research production, we have roundly analyzed and made an integrated evaluation about the Lop Nur nuclear test field in western China. This product reveals the rarely-known nuke explosion effect and response events of geology conditions. It also offers us legible and practical first-hand materials about human extreme effects, important engineering environment and intimidating influence process. By excavating and appraising the materials gradually on the natural environment factors changing in the test field through macroscopic elimination and typical filtration, it can supply basic scientific data for security of national nuclear usage, appraising the nuclear environment synthetically and developing nuclear strategy expediently.

Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

高光谱遥感技术在矿山地质环境调查中的应用

矿山地质环境受矿产资源开采活动的影响而产生剧烈变化,直接或间接影响了生态环境的可持续发展。近年来,高光谱遥感技术因其具备高光谱分辨率、空间信息与光谱信息合一的优势,解决了传统遥感技术仅能识别大致地物的问题,被广泛应用于矿山地质环境研究与监测。在梳理相关文献的基础上,介绍了高光谱遥感技术原理及发展现状,归纳了高光谱遥感技术在矿区植被、矿区水体、矿区土壤和矿区大气等方面的应用与监测;对矿区高光谱发展前景进行展望,认为未来随着遥感技术的发展对矿山地质环境的监测将逐渐有序化、长期化。

功能材料领域研究生多学科交叉融合培养探索与实践

面向高质量的资源保障和人民群众的美好生态环境需要,积极探索新时代功能材料领域研究生的培养模式,向社会输送大批具有家国情怀、多学科交叉融合、能解决重大问题的创新人才显得尤为重要。通过将思想政治工作贯穿教育全过程,树立材料学科自信,实现“立鸿鹄志、做奋斗者”的价值塑造;强化矿物资源、环境、材料等多学科交叉,以及科教、产教融合,实现“人才培养链”与“科研创新链”双链合一;以重点科研项目为载体,引领研究生全程实践,提高科研综合素质;着重培养学生的创新精神、创新能力、实践能力,全力培养学术创新精英和产业创新领袖,形成多学科交叉融合培养功能材料领域研究生的模式。该培养模式已经取得良好的人才培育效果。

缅甸地质矿产特征与矿业投资环境分析

缅甸位于中国西南和印度洋之间,是“一带一路”中缅经济走廊的重要节点,也是中国西南通向印度洋、连接东南亚的便捷通道。缅甸固体矿产资源较为丰富,但地质工作研究程度较低,因而具有良好的矿业投资前景,尤其是近年来缅甸政府陆续更新了矿业政策,对外国赴缅矿业投资的限制进行了优化,以此吸引更多的投资者在缅进行矿业勘查开发,振兴缅甸矿业经济。文中介绍了缅甸地质与矿产资源概况、近十年勘查开发形势及主要矿山开发现状,重点解读了近年来缅甸政府颁发的新的《矿业法》和《矿业法实施细则》等文件,以期更加深入地理解缅甸矿业政策的新变化、新动向和新趋势,为中资企业开展缅甸矿业投资开发提供依据。同时,提出相关的建议,包括需要及时跟进矿业市场动态、了解在缅项目负面清单、科学把握政策要点、提前研判与缅甸政府合作的优劣模式以及履行企业社会责任等。笔者分析缅甸资源禀赋和矿业开发现状、深入解读缅甸新颁布的矿业法和矿业政策,对企业在缅甸矿产勘查和矿业投资合作具有一定指导意义。

南美锂三角地区锂资源特征及开发环境评价

南美“锂三角”地区是当前新能源产业革命的热点矿产开发区域,有必要对当地的锂资源分布情况和锂矿投资环境进行梳理与比较,为中资企业在该区开发锂矿提供参考。概述了锂三角地区锂资源成矿地质背景、资源概况及勘查开发现状,认为中新世以来的火山作用提供了丰富的成矿物质来源,上新世构造沉降形成大量封闭汇水盆地,锂矿在安第斯高原沙漠极度干旱气候下在盐湖中蒸发富集。研究区锂资源广泛分布于阿根廷、玻利维亚、智利三国,锂离子浓度高,镁锂比值低,品质优越。结合其所在的锂三角三国具体情况,采用层次分析法和线性加权综合评价法对区内锂矿的开发环境展开评价,建立评价指标体系。在评价过程中,综合分析了资源禀赋、政策法律、社会环境、基建便利度4个一级指标和资源品位、盐湖镁锂比值、资源量、勘探投入、锂矿外资开发政策、财税制度、收益兑回、通货膨胀率、矿业冲突、基建质量、水资源可得性11个二级指标,以定量赋值方式对区内三国的锂矿开发环境差异进行量化分析。经计算,阿根廷锂矿开发环境综合分值为0.8,智利0.36,玻利维亚0.27,认为阿根廷为锂三角地区最佳锂矿投资目标国,且翁布雷穆艾托、考查理-奥拉罗兹等盐湖值得关注投资。研究结论对于中资企业赴锂三角地区开展锂矿开采投资具有现实指导意义。

基于上、下游资源共享视角的供应链ESG溢出效应

以2010-2022年A股上市公司为样本,在供应链整合背景下考察环境、社会和治理(environment、social and governance,ESG)在供应链上的溢出效应.研究发现:供应商和客户ESG水平能够提升企业ESG水平;ESG的溢出效应主要通过管理知识资源、资金资源和技术资源共享3个渠道发挥作用;对非国有企业和市场化程度较高的地区企业而言,ESG的溢出效应更为明显.该研究对执行我国维护供应链安全的战略决策有重要的参考价值,对推动上市公司高质量发展具有借鉴意义.

法治强化会影响企业真实盈余管理行为吗?——来自环保法庭设立的证据

本文利用各地中级人民法院自2007年开始陆续设立环境资源审判庭这一准自然实验,考察环境法治强化对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究结果表明,环境资源审判庭的设立会使本地上市公司进行向上的真实盈余管理。机制分析表明,环境资源审判庭显著改善了地区环境司法效率,进而提高企业面临的环境规制风险,使企业从事真实盈余管理以应对未来的潜在诉讼。异质性分析结果表明,对于非国有企业以及处于低法治水平、低生态激励、高经济激励城市的企业,设立环境资源审判庭对企业真实盈余管理的影响更为明显。本文结论对充分发挥环境管制政策作用、引导企业实现高质量绿色转型和可持续发展具有重要启示。

矿山地质灾害治理及生态环境修复措施研究

在矿山资源开采过程中,强化对地质灾害治理与环境修复等工作的研究,以期减少矿山地质灾害的出现,减少相关的影响,实现生态环境和谐发展。

数字治理、营商环境与国内统一大市场

建设国内统一大市场对搭建稳定健康的双循环体系至关重要,而打破省际贸易壁垒,破除地方保护主义,赋能产品要素流通是建设国内统一大市场重要举措。本文分析了地方政府数字治理发展水平对营商环境的影响,进而对统一大市场建立的作用机制,构建指标体系衡量评价各省域数字治理发展能力和营商环境水平,并通过面板数据模型与中介效应模型进行实证分析。结果发现地方政府的数字治理水平能显著提升营商环境并降低省际贸易壁垒,促进资源要素的省际流动,实现产品要素的合理配置。因此,各地政府应当加强数字治理建设,助推政务公开透明化,实现跨部门与跨省协同办公,降低创业与贸易成本,进而降低贸易壁垒,减少资源错配,促进国内统一大市场建设。

长江经济带矿产——经济——生态环境系统耦合协调发展研究

为贯彻落实“共抓大保护,不搞大开发”的建设思想理念,实现长江经济带绿色可持续发展,基于2001—2019年长江经济带11省市的相关数据,构建了矿产资源—区域经济—生态环境评价体系。通过设定三大子系统的优先发展级,运用熵权法、耦合协调度模型定量分析不同优先级下的矿产资源—区域经济—生态环境系统耦合协调发展水平,并从中选取最优发展模式。结果表明:长江经济带三系统耦合协调发展特征显著,整体上由轻度失调区间上升至中级协调区间,且耦合协调度值上游<中游<下游。分省来看,耦合协调程度由低到高依次为云南、江西、贵州、安徽、湖南、上海、重庆、江苏、四川、浙江、湖北。除了湖北、浙江、四川三省位于良好协调区间外,其余8省市均位于中级协调区间。同时,“经济优先”仅适用于短期发展,“环境优先”更适合长期发展。故为促进长江经济带协调可持续发展,整体上应坚持以环境保护为重心的发展战略,个体上要进一步针对不同省市采取差异化的措施。