Pureness and Magnificence——Minimalist Garden

Minimalism is a style of art stripped down to fundamental features of things born in 1960s, exerting profound influence on garden art as a kind of conclusion and development of modernism. By further analyzing the formation and development of minimalist garden, factors of minimalist garden were concluded as the following 6 aspects:application of traditional elements, innovative introduction of natural environment elements, unique application of traditional design elements, application of concise geometric features, application of new garden elements, demonstration of the four-dimensional element-time. 5 characteristics of minimalist garden were proposed as:A. Concise geometric figures; B. innovative application of classical nature;C. Application of rich materials; D.Overlaid application of a series of elements; E. Expressing landscape environment objectively. Research on minimalism will help to understand garden types of different characteristics and provide practical references for modern garden design.

Metabolic and performance responses of male runners wearing 3 types of footwear: Nike Vaporfly 4%, Saucony Endorphin racing flats, and their own shoes

Purpose We compared running economy(RE)and 3-km time-trial(TT)variables of runners wearing Nike Vaporfly 4%(VP4),Saucony Endorphin lightweight racing flats(FLAT),and their habitual running(OWN)footwear.Methods Eighteen male recreational runners(age=33.5±11.9 year(mean±SD),peak oxygen uptake(VO_(2peak))=55.8±4.4 mL/kg·min)attended 4 sessions approximately 7 days apart.The first session consisted of a VO_(2peak) test to inform subsequent RE speeds set at 60%,70%,and 80%of the speed eliciting VO2peak.In subsequent sessions,treadmill RE and 3-km TTs were assessed in the 3 footwear conditions in a randomized,counterbalanced crossover design.Results Oxygen consumption(mL/kg·min)was less in VP4(from 4.3%to 4.4%,p≤0.002)and FLAT(from 2.7%to 3.4%,p≤0.092)vs.OWN across intensities,with a non-significant difference between VP4 and FLAT(1.0%-1.7%,p≥0.292).Findings related to energy cost(W/kg)and energetics cost of transport(J/kg·m)were comparable.VP43-km TT performance(11:07.6±0:56.6 mm:ss)was enhanced vs.OWN by 16.6 s(2.4%,p=0.005)and vs.FLAT by 13.0 s(1.8%,p=0.032).The 3-km times between OWN and FLAT(0.5%,p=0.747)were similar.Most runners(n=11,61%)ran their fastest TT in VP4.Conclusion Overall,VP4 improved laboratory-based RE measures in male recreational runners at relative speeds compared to OWN,but the RE improvements in VP4 were not significant vs.FLAT.More runners exhibited better treadmill TT performances in VP4(61%)vs.FLAT(22%)and OWN(17%).The variability in RE(-10.3%to 13.3%)and TT(-4.7%to 9.3%)improvements suggests that responses to different types of shoes are individualized and warrant further investigation.

A Study of the Double Object Construction

Thestudyofthedoubleobjectconstructionhasbeenoneofthetopicsintheliteratureofgenerativegrammar.Themajorquestionsare:1)theCaseproblemsofthetwoobjects;2)therelationbetweenthedoubleobjectconstructionandthedativeconstruction.InGB,Caseisassignedtoanominalun...

Relevance of Linguistic Typology to Formal Theory：Minim alist Inquiry and Word Order

This article argues that the theoretical desiderata of Minimalist Program (MP)will actually necessitate, or even force, a high level of sensitivity to cross-linguistic structural variation, at least higher than has been the case in Principles and Parameters Theory. Moreover, this heightened sensitivity to cross-linguistic variation is likely to call into question two fundamental assumptions in Generative Grammar (GG), namely the distinction between competence and performance as well as the objection to the inclusion of performance in linguistic theory. By drawing on word order and, to a lesser extent, case marking (also related ultimately to linearization) for purposes of illustration, the article will explain how GG, as reconfigured in MP, needs Linguistic Typology more than ever, as MP theorists are becoming increasingly aware of the relevance of cross-linguistic variation to their minimalist inquiry. Furthermore, functional motivations or explanations (e.g.performance), typically utilized in LT, are likely to resonate well with the minimalist focus on so-called interface conditions.

Large-Scale and Reversible Synthesis of Bright Upconversion Crystals with Almost 100%Yield by a Minimalist Method for Recyclable Application

Upconversion luminescence(UCL)materials have the potential for many applications due to their unique optical properties.Some technical challenges such as complex synthesis with low yield and nondegradability need to be addressed for practical use.Here,we report for the first time a minimalist method for large-scale synthesis of Cs_(2)NaErCl_(6)UCL crystals with almost 100%yield,simply by dissolving metal chlorides in water and then drying,referred to as the“dissolve-dry”method.Cs_(2)NaErCl_(6)crystals produced under such mild conditions exhibited bright UCL at either 808 or 980 nm irradiation.UCL was achieved through an excited state absorption process,and the excellent performance was mainly attributed to the large unit cells of the crystals and the long lifetime of Er^(3+)excited energy levels.Moreover,the synthesis was reversible and could be scaled up unlimitedly,making it suitable for industrial applications,with recyclable products.The recyclable application of Cs_(2)NaErCl_(6)crystals as a luminescent medium in near-infrared light-emitting diode excitable upconversion devices was demonstrated based on its excellent recyclability.Our work not only provides a new strategy for large-scale synthesis of UCL crystals but also demonstrates the recyclability of this material and its related applications.

A Minimalist Account of Wh-Movement in Fulfulde

Operator movement is one of the scholastic views which have been advanced to analyse expressions that contain an operator of some kind.In this work,attention will be focused on interrogative operator in Fulfulde.This work examines the nature of wh-movement in Fulfulde using the minimalist programme.In conducting the research,primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed.The native speaker’s intuition forms the primary source of data while the secondary source involves three competent native speakers of Adamawa Fulfulde to validate the data.The outcome of the study reveals four types of wh-movement in Fulfulde.The four types of wh-movement in Fulfulde are the subject preposed from its canonical position in declarative sentences to a new position in interrogative sentences.There are both left to right movement and right to left movement.The interrogative questions are marked by an optional‘na’at the end of the sentence.It is possible and grammatical to have double interrogatives but only one of the elements can move.The movement is determined by proximity,short or long movement of the interrogative marker to either left to right or right to left.However,wh-or interrogative element in Fulfulde is represented by-ye and-e suffixes bound to stems of pronouns and some prepositions.Pied-piping and preposition stranding are also observed.In some whmovement,the question remains in place called wh-in-situ;here,the interrogative marker does not move at all.When this happens the interrogative marker occupies the position of the element in question.When there is movement,each move element leaves behind a trace marked by‘t’and the trace is co-indexed so that we can see the extraction sites and the landing sites of the elements that have moved.The direct object preposed to the complementizer position through wh-movement and the subject of the main clause raises and moves into the subject position of the relative clause in order to check the question feature of comp in Fulfulde.