Ratio of Gravitational Force to Electric Force from Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation could be explained in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and a. Furthermore, every equation could also be explained in terms of Avogadro’s number and the number of electrons in 1 C. However, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force cannot be uniquely determined when the unit of the Planck constant (Js) is changed. In this study, we showed that every equation can be described in terms of Planck constant. From the assumption of minimum mass, the ratio of gravitational force to electric force could be elucidated.

Finding the Minimum Ratio Traveling Salesman Tour by Artificial Ants

Ants of artificial colony are able to generate good solutions to the famous traveling salesman problem (TSP). We propose an artificial ants algorithm for solving the minimum ratio TSP, which is more general than the standard TSP in combinatorial optimization area. In the minimum ratio TSP, another criterion concerning each edge is added, that is, the traveling salesman can have a benefit if he travels from one city to another. The objective is to minimize the ratio between total costs or distances and total benefits. The idea of this type of optimization is in some sense quite similar to that of traditional cost-benefit analysis in management science. Computational results substantiate the solution quality and efficiency of the algorithm.

Minimum Amount of Extracting Solvent of a Separation of Two Rare Earth Components

A significant development in the theory of countercurrent extraction will be presented in this article. New expressions of the term in countercurrent extraction process analysis, “Adjacent Stage Impurity Ratio” (ASIR), are deduced. Furthermore, based on the term together with mass balance and extraction equilibrium, the conditions where a given countercurrent extraction separation operation can have minimum amounts of both extracting solvent and scrubbing agent solution can be estimated, and the equations of the two minimum amounts can be deduced. It was found that the equations for a two-component separation using a single aqueous or organic feed are exactly the same as they appeared in the theory initially established in 1970s. Unlike its earlier version, the present derivation does not involve feed-stage-composition hypothesis, and also has the advantage of dealing with a double-feed system where both aqueous and organic feeds are simultaneously employed whereas the earlier theory can only analyze a separation using a single aqueous or organic feed.

Minimum MSE Weighted Estimator to Make Inferences for a Common Risk Ratio across Sparse Meta-Analysis Data

The paper aims to discuss three interesting issues of statistical inferences for a common risk ratio (RR) in sparse meta-analysis data. Firstly, the conventional log-risk ratio estimator encounters a number of problems when the number of events in the experimental or control group is zero in sparse data of a 2 × 2 table. The adjusted log-risk ratio estimator with the continuity correction points based upon the minimum Bayes risk with respect to the uniform prior density over (0, 1) and the Euclidean loss function is proposed. Secondly, the interest is to find the optimal weights of the pooled estimate that minimize the mean square error (MSE) of subject to the constraint on where , , . Finally, the performance of this minimum MSE weighted estimator adjusted with various values of points is investigated to compare with other popular estimators, such as the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) estimator and the weighted least squares (WLS) estimator (also equivalently known as the inverse-variance weighted estimator) in senses of point estimation and hypothesis testing via simulation studies. The results of estimation illustrate that regardless of the true values of RR, the MH estimator achieves the best performance with the smallest MSE when the study size is rather large and the sample sizes within each study are small. The MSE of WLS estimator and the proposed-weight estimator adjusted by , or , or are close together and they are the best when the sample sizes are moderate to large (and) while the study size is rather small.

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

OFDM系统中一种A-MMSE信道估计算法

针对正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)系统中最小均方误差(Minimum Mean Squared Error,MMSE)信道估计算法误码率(BER)高的问题,提出一种平均最小均方误差(Averaged-Minimum Mean Squared Error,A-MMSE)信道估计算法。该算法首先基于802.11n标准而构造了一种新的导频结构,收发两端分别进行降采样和过采样处理,利用已知训练序列和导频获得信道频域响应。仿真结果表明,所提出的A-MMSE信道估计算法与传统的MMSE算法相比,在BER为10^(-3)时,信噪比改善了约8dB。因而所提出的信道估计算法能明显改善系统的BER性能。

基于活动性检测动态估计噪声的心音降噪算法

针对基于小波分解和最优改进对数幅度谱估计的心音降噪算法存在噪声残留和心音失真的问题,提出一种基于心音活动性检测(HSAD)动态估计噪声的心音降噪算法。通过设计的HSAD判断当前心音帧是否为基础心音帧(FHS),根据判断结果分别采用改进最小值控制递归平均(IMCRA)算法和递归平滑算法对噪声功率进行动态估计与更新,采用非因果先验信噪比,实现心音信号的降噪。实验结果表明,提出算法能更好在提升降噪性能的同时,降低FHS的失真。

静置工况条件下掺氢天然气浓度分布规律

利用天然气管道进行掺氢输送已成为氢能及天然气输送领域的热点和重点,但当前业界对于掺氢天然气在管道输送和停输静置过程中是否会自发分层一直存在较大争议。为了厘清该问题,以掺氢天然气在管道中静置这一极端工况为例,基于热力学能量最小原理,推导了在重力场作用下掺氢天然气浓度分布数学模型,并采用Peng-Robinson真实气体状态方程对该数学模型进行了求解,最后研究了甲烷—氢气二元组分混合气体在4种典型场景高度和5种掺氢比下氢浓度随高度的分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)在重力影响下管道顶部和底部的氢浓度存在差异,但其受高度差的影响显著,对于米级的水平管道、几十米级的一般城镇楼宇天然气立管、百米级的高层楼宇天然气立管,氢浓度随高度变化的差异微小,可完全忽略氢分层;(2)对于千米级大落差的掺氢天然气管道,当掺氢比不超过20%时,氢分层仍可忽略,但当掺氢比很高时(例如50%)管道顶部和底部的氢浓度差将超过1%,此时需考虑工程实际情况评估能否忽略氢分层;(3)西气东输某管道考虑真实气体组成、掺氢比20%、管道落差200 m时,各气体组分的浓度随落差高度的分布规律揭示了在实际工程中此类落差高度的掺氢天然气氢分层可忽略。结论认为,对于掺混均匀的掺氢天然气在静置这种最容易发生分层的极端工况下,如果不存在千米级极端大落差和极端大掺氢比,掺氢天然气管道分层现象可完全忽略;该认识从理论上厘清了目前关于掺氢天然气分层现象的争议,对掺氢天然气管道安全输送具有重要指导意义。

低惯量交流系统并网变流器次/超同步振荡分析

低惯量电力系统中跟网型变流器可能会与同步机转子动态产生交互,给系统稳定性分析引入新的问题,仅靠跟网型设备动态和短路比衡量交流系统强度不再准确。为此,该文综合分析系统惯量和短路比对跟网型变流器小干扰同步稳定的影响,提出适用于分析低惯量系统中并网变流器稳定性的方法,所提方法计算量低、物理意义明确。首先,推导变流器和同步机混联系统的闭环模型,并提取出能表征低惯量动态的相互作用系数矩阵,定性分析两类设备间的交互关系。其次,基于模态摄动理论,将原多机系统解耦为稳定性等效的子系统。然后,选取适用于分析小干扰同步稳定问题的相位主导回路,根据该回路提出综合考虑惯量和短路比的稳定性分析方法。最后,基于仿真算例验证了所提低惯量系统中并网变流器小干扰同步稳定性分析方法的有效性。

橡胶砂最小干密度测定及其经验公式

橡胶砂可作为公路路基、边坡、挡土墙和垃圾填埋场的回填材料,也可作为耗能隔震材料,在土木工程中具有广阔应用前景,但关于橡胶砂基本物理性质的研究较少。采用慢速量筒慢转法,对不同比例的橡胶砂最小干密度进行研究,获得橡胶砂最小干密度,并分析各因素对其影响规律。研究结果表明:随着橡胶含量的增加,橡胶砂的最小干密度随之减小;随着胶砂粒径比的增大,橡胶砂的最小干密度呈逐渐增大趋势;在黏粒含量范围为0~20%时,随着橡胶砂中黏粒含量的增加,橡胶砂最小干密度呈逐渐减小趋势;提出了最小干密度与橡胶含量、胶砂粒径比、黏粒含量之间的关系式,可据此推求出橡胶砂的最小干密度。

齿轮马达转速/转矩输出脉动的差异化及其最小化

为了弥补齿轮马达输出脉动现有研究的不足,建立了一套输出脉动最小化的高效解析方法。基于齿轮泵的流量脉动式,推导出马达输出转速/转矩的脉动式,并进行相应的差异化判别;分析了马达脉动最小化与齿数、重合度最大化的关系,并基于无根切齿廓的构造特征,由最大齿顶压力角和最小齿顶圆心角,解析出对应于脉动最小化下的齿廓参数。结果表明,马达转矩与泵流量具有相同的理论脉动系数,但小于转速的理论脉动系数;输出脉动的最小化等价于重合度的最大化,重合度的最大化等价于齿顶压力角和齿数的最大化;许可的最大齿顶压力角和最小齿顶圆心角是决定输出脉动最小化程度的两个关键性能参数,齿廓参数均可由二者通过解析方法得出。从而纠正了齿轮马达输出转速/转矩具有相同脉动系数的现有经典结论。

电力系统小干扰稳定最短路径法研究

目的电网负荷的随机变化会影响系统的小干扰稳定性。不同负荷功率增长方向下的小干扰稳定功率裕度也不同,因此需要确定最危险功率增长方向及其对应的最小功率裕度。方法基于几何建模分析的最短路径法已成功应用于电力系统静态电压稳定分析中,方便求解最小稳定裕度,但最短路径法尚未用于电力系统的功角小干扰稳定分析。按照预定阻尼比阈值形成小干扰稳定的动态性能边界,分析非零临界特征值下的边界条件;通过虚拟观测向量,推导出适合于小干扰稳定分析的最危险功率增长方向解析表达;形成小干扰稳定最短路径法计算模型,并通过交替迭代方便求解最小稳定裕度。结果将最短路径法引入小干扰稳定分析,在IEEE 68节点算例系统上,分析所述算法的收敛特性,得到标准化后的最危险功率增长方向,该方向提供了每个节点的功率变化参与度,参与程度高的节点在该功率增长方向上起主要作用,因此在进行系统运行方案安排时,需要着重关注这些节点的功率变化情况。将试算结果与随机生成的30组功率增长方向下的稳定裕度进行对比,结果验证了该算法的有效性。结论本文按照预定阻尼比阈值形成小干扰稳定的动态性能边界,推导出最危险功率增长方向的解析表达,形成了小干扰稳定最短路径法计算模型。

Minimum wall pressure coefficient of orifice plate energy dissipater

Orifice plate energy dissipaters have been successfully used in large-scale hydropower projects due to their simple structure, convenient construction procedure, and high energy dissipation ratio. The minimum wall pressure coefficient of an orifice plate can indirectly reflect its cavitation characteristics： the lower the minimum wall pressure coefficient is, the better the ability of the orifice plate to resist cavitation damage is. Thus, it is important to study the minimum wall pressure coefficient of the orifice plate. In this study, this coefficient and related parameters, such as the contraction ratio, defined as the ratio of the orifice plate diameter to the flood-discharging tunnel diameter; the relative thickness, defined as the ratio of the orifice plate thickness to the tunnel diameter; and the Reynolds number of the flow through the orifice plate, were theoretically analyzed, and their relationships were obtained through physical model experiments. It can be concluded that the minimum wall pressure coefficient is mainly dominated by the contraction ratio and relative thickness. The lower the contraction ratio and relative thickness are, the larger the minimum wall pressure coefficient is. The effects of the Reynolds number on the minimum wall pressure coefficient can be neglected when it is larger than 10^5. An emoirical expression was presented to calculate the minimum wall oressure coefficient in this study.

Flow Characteristics in Compact Thermal Spray Coating Systems with Minimum Length Nozzle

In this study, numerical analysis is performed to adopt the equivalence ratio on the high velocity oxygen fuel （HVOF） thermal spray coating systems equipped with a minimum length nozzle. The analysis is applied to investigate the axisymmetric, steady-state, turbulent, and chemically combusting flow both within the torch and in a free jet region between the torch and the substrate to be coated. The combustion is modeled using a single-step and eddy-dissipation model which assumes that the reaction rate is limited by the turbulent mixing rate of the fuel and oxidant. As the diameter of the nozzle throat is increased, the location of the Mach shock disc moves backward from the nozzle exit. As the throat diameter and the divergent portion are 6 mm and 8 mm, respectively, the pressure in the HVOF system is the lowest at the chamber and the expanding gas is steadily maintained with both high velocity and high temperature for different equivalence ratios. Thus, relatively minor amendments of the equivalence ratio and the geometry of HVOF can lead to improved control over coating characteristics.

基于动态图像技术的南海钙质土颗粒形态特征研究

颗粒形态是一项重要的细观指标,影响着粒状土的物理力学性质。钙质土因为其特殊的生物成因,有着复杂的颗粒形态。为了研究其颗粒形态特征,采用PartAn 3D颗粒动态图像分析仪对粒径0.5~20 mm的南海钙质土颗粒开展形状测试,采用延伸率、扁平度、球形度、圆度、棱角度和凸度指标定量描述颗粒形态特征。结果显示:南海钙质土颗粒的延伸率、扁平度、球形度和圆度符合正态分布,而棱角度和凸度符合幂律分布;颗粒形状以块状居多,随着粒径的减小,钙质土颗粒变得更扁平,形状更规则;通过研究样本数量对颗粒形状量化结果的影响,建议采用形状指标的算术平均值量化单一粒组钙质土颗粒形状特征时,颗粒数目不少于600。最后,运用统计学中的主成分分析方法,得到一个综合考虑钙质土颗粒形状信息的新指标,建立了该指标与钙质土最大、最小孔隙比的关系。

尾矿最大、最小孔隙比分布模型及验证

黄河重点生态区的矿山开采中,尾矿库坝的安全与稳定将影响矿区与黄河流域的高质量发展。以影响尾矿密实程度、孔隙特征及结构变形与稳定的物理指标最大、最小孔隙比为研究对象,对比25种不同粒径,7~9种不同细粒含量尾矿最大、最小孔隙比结果,得到了由参数ε和ω确定最大或最小孔隙比随细粒分布函数;且发现参数εmax(ωmax)与εmin(ωmin)成线性相关。由此,建立粗细二元混合尾矿最大、最小孔隙比线性关系模型,推导确定线性关系的斜率α和截距β值;根据α和β值,反算189组尾矿的最小孔隙比,反算结果与实测结果的误差不超过6%。以上模型的建立可有效预测二元结构混合尾矿的孔隙比范围,为库内尾矿的堆积与稳定预测提供可靠的指标范围,进而为黄河流域矿区生态环境保护与灾害防控提供相关参数。

抽水蓄能电站最大扬程与最小水头比值探讨

为了减少抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机设计选型时的困惑,解决参数相近的不同项目最大扬程与最小水头比值选择时较大的差别,增加机组安全稳定运行的基础条件,通过对抽蓄电站定转速混流式水泵水轮机最大扬程与最小水头比值分析研究,总结设计单位和生产厂商的经验数据,结合抽水蓄能行业发展趋势,提出了常用的比值范围供行业使用。通过最大扬程与最小水头比值限值的提出,减少不同专业在蓄能项目前期建设条件选择上的分岐,为抽水蓄能机组的长期安全稳定运行创造条件。

ASME高温规范中蠕变断裂应力最小值和平均值的关系及理论公式的探讨

最小蠕变断裂应力S_(r)以及与温度和时间有关的应力强度值S_(t)是ASME高温规范弹性方法评价结构应力和变形限制的关键参数。基于Larson-Miller参数法,以316H不锈钢为对象,溯源了蠕变断裂应力拟合过程,并建立了蠕变断裂应力平均值与最小值之间理论公式。基于理论公式进行了参数分析,阐明最小断裂应力与平均断裂应力的比值随温度和时间的关系,并对ASME规范中1.25 S_(t)系数进行了探讨。分析结果表明,对应钠冷快堆设备工作温度550℃,在ASME规范第Ⅲ卷NH篇附录T-1310中,使用1.25 S_(t)作为限值的方法偏不保守,推荐采用1.20 S_(t)代替。

现浇混凝土空心楼盖与无梁楼盖钢筋配置分析

通过检测鉴定工程案例,分析现浇楼盖配筋中存在如下两个问题:其一是空心楼盖受力钢筋的最小配筋面积问题;其二是无梁楼盖柱上、跨中板带配筋构造中上下层钢筋间拉结问题。在此基础上,提出了现浇混凝土空心楼盖与无梁楼盖的钢筋配置。文中阐述的观点、方法,应引起工程技术人员重视,并为其思考与运用提供借鉴。

齿轮泵与齿轮马达的脉动差异性及其轻量化设计

为了明晰齿轮泵/齿轮马达输出量的脉动机理及其差异性,基于由性能到参数的逆向设计方法和渐开线齿廓的无根切特点,以最能反映输出脉动与困油等性能的重合度和轻量化效果的齿数为渐开线齿廓的构造变量,重点推导出无量纲节法线长度等齿廓参数式;据此,重构出齿轮泵输出流量和齿轮马达输出转速的脉动系数式;由许可脉动系数下的轻量化设计方法,确定出相应的最小重合度及其最少齿数。结果表明,重合度是影响脉动系数的关键参数,齿轮马达的转速脉动系数大于齿轮泵的流量脉动系数,重合度越大,脉动系数越小,脉动差异性越小,但困油负荷越大;重合度和齿数是影响轻量化效果的两个关键参数,重合度越大或齿数越少,轻量化效果越好;最小重合度由许可脉动系数唯一确定,最少齿数由最小重合度、许可齿顶压力角和许可齿顶圆心角等共同确定,从而完善了齿轮泵/齿轮马达就脉动系数方面的现有结论。