Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Study on the characteristics of ground pressure behaviors in working face with great mining height at different advance speeds by similarity model experiment

Presently most of research results on strata behaviors were concluded under the normal （moderate） advance rate conditions. Comparing with normal advance rate, fast advance rate and slow advance rate may cause some new changes of strata behaviors. The characteristics of ground pressure behaviors in working face with great mining height at different forward speeds were studied by similarity model experiment in laboratory. Its conclusion provides a theoretic basis for ground pressure controlling.

Analysis and control of hydraulic support stability in fully-mechanized longwall face to the dip with great mining height

The working condition of the hydraulic support in working face can be divided into three kinds of situations in the following： roof fall and col,lapse with cavity, advancing support and supporting. Took single support with four-pole in Iongwall face to the dip as research object, control method was studied to avoid support instability in three situations mentioned above. Based on these researches, the major factors of influencing on support stability and its controlling measures were put forward. According to specific conditions of working face 1215（3）, which is fully-mechanized and Iongwall face to the dip with great mining height in Zhangji Coal Mine, Huainan Mining Group, the effective measures was taken to control supports stability..

基于D-InSAR技术的杨伙盘矿区地表形变监测与分析

【目的】煤炭资源的开采引发一系列的生态环境问题,地面塌陷问题尤为严重,而地表形变监测是修复生态环境问题的首要工作。【方法】InSAR技术作为一种面监测技术,已成功应用到煤矿地面塌陷监测中,本研究利用雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术,计算2020年8月至2022年10月间共31景Sentinel-1A数据。【结果】在监测期内,开采工作面的地表共形成3个形变中心,分别位于301和303盘区的工作面,地表在煤矿开采后进入快速形变期,之后开始缓慢形变,直至趋于稳定状态。【结论】D-InSAR技术对于此类地面塌陷问题,相较于点监测技术,具有先天的优势,能够快速、准确地获取整个工作面的形变情况,对煤矿生态环境问题的改善起到了指导作用。

Key technology study on pillar mining under the system of room and pillar mining

Taken taifeng coal mine in Mongolia for example, discussed the stability and controllability about advance pillars which locate at the front of working face and makes simulation on pillar with the software UDEC3.1. The failure styles of advance pillars are shear failure and compression failure through analyzing the stability of advance pillars. The paper concludes that can protect advance pillars from shear failure by controlling coefficient of volumetric expansion of mining field rock and supports＇ working resistance and can also protect it from compression failure by advance supporting, increasing setting pressure and working resistance. Two advance pillars are influenced and the main failure form is compression failure through the numerical simulation.

New development of sets equipment technologies for coal mine longwall face in China

Background of the development and achievement on sets equipment technologies for coal mine longwall face in China was reviewed initially. On the theoretical side, a coupling model of hydraulic support and surrounding rock, support pa- rameters optimization and threedimensional （3D） dynamic design method were presented. On the practical side, this paper out lined some of practical issues and discussed some relative methods and technologies. In thin seam coal longwall mining, how to lower equipment height is the first problem that should be solved. Roof pressure regularity, control of rooffall and collapse, and hydraulic support stability were investigated preferentially in 5-7 m coal seam longwall mining. The application of equip- ment for longwall mining with 5-7 m cutting height in China was concluded. The characteristics of full-mechanized top coal caving for extra thick seam coal were presented. The automation of top-caving hydraulic support and relevant equipment have achieved important breakthrough. At the end of this paper, further development of China＇s coal industry and longwall mining technologies and equipment were prospected in brief. This paper gives readers a comprehensive understanding of China＇s coal mine longwall face equipment technologies. It will give help to other countries on its coal mining development.

The Recent Technological Development of Intelligent Mining in China

In the last five years, China has seen the technological development of intelligent mining and the application of the longwall automation technology developed by the Longwall Automation Steering Committee. This paper summarizes this great achievement, which occurred during the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015）, and which included the development of a set of intelligent equipment for hydraulic-powered supports, information transfers, dynamic decision-making, performance coordination, and the achievement of a high level of reliability despite difficult conditions. Within China, the intelligent system of a set of hydraulic-powered supports was completed, with our own intellectual property rights. An intelligent mining model was developed that permitted unmanned operation and single-person inspection on the work face. With these technologies, the number of miners on the work face can now be significantly reduced. Miners are only required to monitor mining machines on the roadway or at the surface control center, since intelligent mining can be applied to extract middle-thick or thick coal seams. As a result, miners＇ safety has been improved. Finally, this Darter discusses theprospects and challenges of intelligent mining over the next ten years.

Instability characteristics of the cracked roof rock beam under shallow mining conditions

To establish the movement relationship for the roof breaking under shallow mining conditions, the mechanical model of the roof rock beam was built, then the structure instability process of the roof rock beam was analyzed. The changing criterion of the vertical displacement was established and the relationship between the deflection and the rotary motion of roof block was determined. Regarding a mining face in Shangwan Mine, the responsing laws of the deflection and horizontal thrust of the roof rock beam were obtained through FLAC3D numerical analysis. The results show that the structure instability of the cracked roof rock beam depends on the interaction between the vertical load and the horizontal thrust.For the roof rock beam, when the vertical load keeps constant, the horizontal thrust fluctuating rises with increasing deflection. The horizontal thrust increases constantly with the deeper buried depth and the smaller span.

岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing及应用

为了克服国外串行商业软件的功能有限、计算规模小和计算效率低的问题,历时10余年,自主研发了拉格朗日元与离散元耦合的岩层运动GPU并行计算系统StrataKing。介绍了Strata-King的计算流程、基本原理和功能,各计算模块均在GPU上执行。通过模拟三点弯梁的开裂过程,检验了StrataKing的正确性。在静水压力条件下,当单元数目较多时,巷道围岩的裂纹以更加弯曲、柔美而非突兀、生硬状向围岩深部发展,这与塑性力学中圆环形的各处均破坏的塑性区有所不同。在采动条件下,工作面煤壁超前支承压力和水平应力均具有峰值,后者与岩层之间的黏结作用有关,这与基于连续介质假定的厚壁筒径向应力特征有所不同。由此,StrataKing的大规模计算能力、丰富的功能和行业鲜明特色得到了进一步呈现。

相邻工作面开采下的矿区地表沉陷InSAR监测与分析

针对相邻工作面重复开采条件下地表形变复杂和常规D-InSAR方法易受时间去相关和大气延迟等因素影响的问题,以东滩煤矿为研究对象,采用SBAS-InSAR方法对40景Sentinel-1A数据进行时序处理,获取了研究区域的年均沉降速率和时序累计沉降量,并对形变特征进行了分析。结果表明:6303相邻工作面的采动对已采工作面影响效果显著,相邻工作面开采条件下地表沉陷速率快、范围广、沉陷盆地形状不规则,6303工作面在走向和倾向上的沉降量差异明显,表现出非对称性特征;InSAR技术能够效监测到矿区相邻工作面开采的地表沉陷现象,可为类似复杂开采条件下的矿区地表形变分析提供技术参考。

煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪研究

煤矿综采工作面空间小、照明环境复杂多变,采煤过程中伴随着大量的粉尘、大雾,导致采集的图像出现曝光、细节特征减弱等问题,难以对井下照明区域光照强度过大的图像进行有效的特征提取。针对上述问题,提出了一种煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法。首先,将视频截取为图像,判断图像是否需要进行光照抑制,将需要进行光照抑制的RGB图像拆分通道,并计算每个通道的光照调节因子,实现图像的整体光照调节;然后,将未进行整体光照抑制的图像和经整体光照抑制的图像进行反射分量提取,即将输入的图像转换为HSV空间图像,使用单尺度Retinex(SSR)算法对V通道图像中的光照分量进行单独处理,将V分量中的入射分量去除,保留反射分量,并对反射分量使用直方图均衡算法实现光照均衡化处理;最后,使用基于引导滤波的暗通道先验算法对经过光照处理后的图像进行去雾处理,并使用伽马校正函数重新调节亮度不均的图像。主观评价结果表明:提出的煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法有效抑制了因光照导致整体亮度较高的问题,且由于大雾、粉尘等因素导致图像模糊的部分更加清晰,图像的细节特征更加突出。采用信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率4种评价指标对提出的算法效果进行客观评价,结果表明,提出的算法在信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率上较多尺度Retinex(MSR)算法分别平均提升了21.87%,-56.06%,153.43%,294.45%,较基于颜色保持的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCP)算法分别平均提升了1.18%,-39.56%,33.29%,-4.71%,较带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCR)算法分别平均提升了38.06%,-55.27%,462.10%,300.96%,说明提出的算法能更有效地增加图像信息量、抑制光照强度、提升边缘信息及图像清晰度。

基于差分非平稳Transformer的液压支架立柱压力预测

液压支架立柱压力预测是回采工艺决策的重要依据,也是确保围岩稳定的基础信息之一。然而,液压支架立柱压力虽然具有一定的规律性,却无法用简单的数学模型进行预测;且在回采过程中,支架不接顶、顶板破碎、传感器检测误差等带来大量的随机噪声,使得压力数据劣化为非平稳时间序列,给压力的预测带来的很大的困难。本文在Transformer基础上,提出一种差分非平稳Transformer模型,在Transformer的编码器和解码器中分别引入差分归一化和反归一化操作,以提升序列的平稳性。同时,在Transformer中采用去平稳注意力机制,计算序列元素之间的关联关系,以增强模型的预测能力。在真实的煤矿支架立柱数据集上的对比实验表明,本文提出的差分非平稳Transformer的预测效果达到0.674,表现明显优于LSTM、Transformer和非平稳Transformer模型。

基于残差优化的综采工作面煤壁点云补全方法

煤矿综采工作面巷道的数字化三维重建过程中需要完整且密集的煤壁点云数据。受遮挡、视角限制等因素影响,采集的综采工作面煤壁点云数据往往不完整且稀疏,影响下游任务,需进行煤壁点云修复和补全。目前缺少针对井下点云补全任务的数据集和网络模型,现有模型用于煤壁点云补全时存在点云密度分布不均匀、点云特征信息丢失等情况。针对上述问题,设计了一种基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型,采用监督学习方式学习点云特征信息,通过最小化密度采样和残差网络迭代优化输出完整点云。采集煤矿井下真实综采工作面煤壁点云数据,预处理后筛选可用数据,通过模拟随机空洞制作煤壁点云缺失数据集,并用缺失数据集训练基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型。实验结果表明:与经典的FoldingNet,TopNet,AtlasNet,PCN,3D-Capsule点云补全网络模型相比,基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型针对构造的缺失煤壁点云和稀疏煤壁点云补全的倒角距离、地移距离及F1分数均能达到最优水平,整体补全效果最佳;针对实际缺失的煤壁点云,该模型能够实现有效补全。

冲击地压煤层矿井间临近工作面相互采动影响分析

为了对冲击地压煤层矿井间临近工作面相互采动影响进行分析,以义桥煤矿3309工作面和唐阳煤矿432工作面为研究背景,采用数值模拟的研究方法,从巷道侧垂直应力和覆岩垂直位移两个方面研究了两工作面相互采动的影响。当两工作面开采时,3309工作面运输顺槽侧的应力增大了26.0%~28.0%,顶板位移增大了7.3%~10.1%,432工作面运输顺槽侧的应力增大了31.8%~48.8%,顶板位移增大了12.8%~19.2%。通过上述分析可以得出冲击地压煤层矿井间临近工作面相互采动时,对工作面应力集中分布及顶板运移规律均具有明显的影响。并在采取相应卸压措施的基础上,提出3条关于影响较大区域防冲补强措施的建议,以降低两工作面相互采动影响,确保工作面安全生产。

综放工作面煤矸识别技术及其应用

综放工作面煤矸识别技术作为智能放煤开采的关键技术,已经成为煤炭智能开采领域的技术难题。首先介绍了综放工作面煤矸识别技术的重要性及其对生产安全和经济效益的影响。随后,指出了该技术目前存在的问题和挑战,如难以识别不同形状、颜色和深度的煤块和岩层;识别过程中噪声和复杂背景的影响等。详细阐述了综放工作面煤矸识别技术的主要方法如射线法、视觉法和振动与声音信号法。通过对煤矸识别方法的原理、技术特点和优缺点等方面进行分析,全面评估了当前综放工作面煤矸识别技术的应用现状以及各种方法的适用条件和存在的问题。最后,探讨了该技术的未来发展趋势,强调了多传感器融合、深度学习和智能决策与实时监测作为当前技术发展的主要方向。

深部孤岛充填工作面沿空掘巷围岩偏应力演化与控制

目的 为解决深部孤岛充填工作面沿空掘巷围岩控制问题,方法 以邢东矿12216运料巷为背景,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,研究孤岛面临侧采空区在不同充填率条件下沿空掘巷围岩偏应力分布规律,模拟分析孤岛工作面充填开采时,工作面超前段围岩受动压影响时的偏应力演化特征。结果 结果表明:(1)孤岛工作面沿空掘巷巷道煤柱帮受临侧采空区充填效应影响较大,临侧采空区充填率增加使煤柱上偏应力峰值区呈椭圆形并逐步向采空区侧转移;(2)孤岛充填工作面沿空掘巷顶底板偏应力场形成一个朝向采空区侧的弧形低值带;(3)孤岛充填动压扰动时期,最大偏应力区位于实体煤一侧,距工作面前方8 m左右,距巷道4.3 m左右,峰值可达34 MPa。结论 结合数值模拟分析结果,提出采用“高强度锚杆+大直径高延伸率锚索”协同支护方式,现场工程实践表明,该支护方式沿空巷道围岩控制效果良好。

远距离斜交工作面上行开采上组煤垂直应力演化规律

为探究平煤八矿远距离煤层群斜交工作面上行开采过程中上组煤层垂直应力演化规律,采用数值模拟计算的方法展开研究。研究结果表明,己_(15)-21030工作面回采过程中与上覆戊_(9.10)-21070工作面依次形成相离、相交和重叠的空间关系,因此会使上组煤层应力增高或降低。相离区域为应力升高区,受下组煤采动影响应力整体呈升高趋势,应力集中系数最大为1.18;相交区域为卸压过渡区,戊_(9.10)-21070工作面应力由增压变为卸压,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了25%,倾向卸压影响范围为55 m;重叠区域为卸压区,受己_(15)-21030工作面采动影响卸压效果及卸压范围均进一步增大,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了40%,倾向卸压影响范围增大至180 m。将戊组煤层戊_(9.10)-21070工作面根据应力分布云图依次划分为增压区、应力过渡区、卸压区和稳定卸压区。通过现场瓦斯含量测试验证了卸压区残余瓦斯含量比原始区域残余瓦斯含量降低32.9%,远距离煤层群上行开采形成卸压区有利于瓦斯治理工作的开展。

500m超长工作面刮板智能输送技术研究

在中厚煤层开采领域,超长工作面智能开采是煤炭开采技术的发展趋势,而智能运输是其重要组成部分。在总结现阶段国内400~450 m工作面智能开采中刮板运输系统问题的基础上,探索了500 m超长工作面智能刮板输送系统装机功率与运量合理匹配的方法,提出了解决500 m超长工作面刮板运输技术难题的可行性方案。基于综采三机选型配套技术方案及2000 kW以上高端传动系统的应用实践,研制了国产2500 kW大功率变频一体智能传动系统,包括变频一体电机、减速器、限矩器等,关键技术、关键部件均实现了国产化。为解决因传动装置重心位置后移、中部槽槽宽参数不变,不利于端头设备顺利推移的技术难题,研究了中等槽宽配置大功率传动装置的防偏沉技术,建立了机头(尾)推移部多工况推移模型,并对推移部进行了结构优化,解决了因传动装置偏沉造成机头整体失衡、漂溜严重、推移难度加剧的问题。针对刮板链断链后,中部槽内煤量负荷较大时,液压马达难以带动、断链事故处理较为困难的问题,选用了大扭矩数字液压马达并研制了数字马达控制系统,减小了维护刮板链的工作强度。基于刮板运输设备安全运行对链条进行实时变形补偿的需求,提出了500 m运距链条张紧控制策略,开发了运行过程中链条张紧度随负荷梯度智能调节技术,解决了500 m运距链条弹性变形的动态补偿问题,并通过在机尾架盖板上端加装AI高清摄像仪来实现对链条运行状态的实时检测,为工作人员对链条运行状态的实时掌控提供了便利。此外,为了提高伸缩机尾对多种复杂工况的适应性,确保其在使用周期内能够伸缩自如,提出了从结构、材料、制造工艺三方面来提高伸缩机尾的强度和刚度的技术方案,并研制了液压缸防护罩、伸缩机尾滑道自动冲洗系统,进一步提升了伸缩机尾的可靠性。井下现场工业性试验表明:该设备运量与装机功率匹配合理,2500 kW变频一体智能传动系统占用空间较小、传递扭矩精准,斜推式机头(尾)推移部稳定可靠,数字液压马达处理断链问题方便省力,伸缩机尾按负荷分梯度自动张紧时未出现卡滞,保障了煤炭的安全、高效运输,为500 m超长工作面智能开采提供了技术保障。

西部大采高工作面保护煤柱宽度优化研究

保护煤柱尺寸一直是三下开采研究的热点问题,特别是在西部大采高软弱覆岩特厚煤层开采条件下,其对地表建筑物安全的影响有待进一步研究。以榆树湾井田20119工作面为例,综合利用数值模拟和概率积分法确定了合理保护煤柱宽度,并进行现场验证。结果表明:随着煤柱宽度的减小,地表沿X方向的水平移动呈现倒“S”型趋势,沿Y方向的移动呈现倒“U”型趋势,地表的最大下沉量随煤柱宽度的减小而不断减少;结合概率积分法对保护煤柱宽度进行预计,确定优化后的煤柱宽度为180 m;对现场村庄进行实时监测,地表下沉和倾斜值均满足现场施工要求,验证了保护煤柱宽度的合理性。

孤岛工作面沿空巷道合理支护参数研究

针对围岩松软采空区下孤岛工作面沿空掘巷支护,本文采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,对不同支护方案下围岩松软采空区孤岛工作面沿空掘巷支护效果进行模拟分析,研究巷道工作面变形演化特征。研究结果显示,单侧工作面采空和两侧都采空的巷道变形量相似,上部7227工作面采空有利于巷道支护,采用联合注浆加固支护方式对松软破碎围岩巷道效果更佳。