Optimization of mining method in subsea deep gold mines: A case study

The mining method optimization in subsea deep gold mines was studied. First, an index system for subsea mining method selection was established based on technical feasibility, security status, economic benefit, and management complexity. Next, an evaluation matrix containing crisp numbers and triangular fuzzy numbers(TFNs) was constructed to describe quantitative and qualitative information simultaneously. Then, a hybrid model combining fuzzy theory and the Tomada de Decis?o Interativa Multicritério(TODIM) method was proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed approach was validated by an illustrative example of selecting the optimal mining method in the Sanshandao Gold Mine(China). The robustness of this approach was demonstrated through a sensitivity analysis. The results show that the proposed hybrid TODIM method is reliable and stable for choosing the optimal mining method in subsea deep gold mines and provides references for mining method optimization in other similar undersea mines.

Stability analysis of large-scale stope using stage subsequent fillingmining method in Sijiaying iron mine

To improve mining production capacity, a stage subsequent filling mining(SSFM) method is employed for Sijiaying iron mine. The height of the stage stope is approximately 100 m. As there are farmlands and villages on the surface of the mine, the surface deformation should be controlled when the ore is mined out for the purpose of stope stability and minimizing surface subsidence. In this paper, according to the site-specificgeological conditions, the self-stability of the stagefi lling body was analyzed, and the failure mechanism of back filling body was defined. Thus the relationship between the exposed height of filling body and the required strength was obtained. Next, the stability of back filling body and the characteristics of surface subsidence due to mining of 450 m level were analyzed using physical modeling.Finally, a three-dimensional numerical model was established using FLAC3 D, with which the surface subsidence and the stability of stope were achieved. The results show that the stope basically remains stable during the two-step recovery process. The maximum magnitude of the incline is 10.99 mm/m, a little larger than the permissible value of 10 mm/m, and the horizontal deformation is 5.9 mm/m,approaching the critical value of 6.0 mm/m, suggesting that the mine design is feasible for safety mining.

Dynamic Analysis of Deep-Ocean Mining Pipe System by Discrete Element Method

The dynamic analysis of a pipe system is one of the most crucial problems for the entire mining system. A discrete element method （DEM） is proposed for the analysis of a deep-ocean mining pipe system, including the lift pipe, pump, buffer and flexible hose. By the discrete element method, the pipe is divided into some rigid elements that are linked by flexible connectors. First, two examples representing static analysis and dynamic analysis respectively are given to show that the DEM model is feasible. Then the three-dimensional DEM model is used for dynamic analysis of the mining pipe system. The dynamic motions of the entire mining pipe system under different work conditions are discussed. Some suggestions are made for the actual operation of deep-ocean mining systems.

Safe mining technology of undersea metal mine

Xinli district of Sanshandao Gold Mine is the first subsea metal mine in China.To achieve 6 kt/d production capacity under the premise of safe mining,high-intensity mining might destroy the in-situ stress filed and the stability of rockmass.According to sampling and testing of ore-rock and backfill and in-situ stress field measurement,safety factor method calculation model based on stress-strain strength reduction at arbitrary points and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was established and limit displacement subsidence values under the safety factor of different limit stoping steps were calculated.The results from three years in-situ mining and strata movement monitoring using multi-point displacements meter showed that the lower settlement frame stope hierarchical level filling mining method,mining sequence are reasonable and rockmass stability evaluation using safety factor method,in-situ real-time monitoring can provide the technical foundation for the safety of seabed mining.

RESEARCH ON DEEP COAL SEAM MINING FLOOR STARTA WATER BURSTING INFLUENCED FACTORS BASED ON ANALYTIC HIERACHY PROCESS

Deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting is a complicate nonlinear system, whose factors are coupling and influencing themselves. It built the analytic structure model for deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting, the judgment matrix was found by the expert scoring method, the contribution weights of the influenced factors were given out by the equation analytic process. The thirteen controlling factors and five main controlling factors were put award by analyzing weights, so the result was basically conform to the field practice. The expert scoring method and analytic process can convert the objective fact to the subjective cognition, so it is a method that can turn the qualitative into the quantitative. This can be relative objectively and precisely to study the question of many factors and grey box.

Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

深部采矿岩石力学进展

随着煤炭开采日益向深部发展,深部采矿引发的围岩大变形破坏和强冲击动力灾害日益严峻。在深部高地应力、高地温、高渗透压、强采动、强流变及多场耦合的复杂地质力学环境下,深部采场的应力场特征、煤岩体破碎性质、岩层移动及能量的积聚释放规律等均发生了显著变化。针对深部采矿中的岩石力学问题,论述了笔者及团队在深部采煤方法、深部巷道破坏机理与围岩控制、深井热害与地热利用三大方向取得的进展,主要包括:(1)提出了平衡开采理论和实现平衡开采的110/N00工法,进行了千米深井现场工程应用;(2)构建了深部“非均压建井”模式,研发了实现深井稳定提升的SAP系统,形成了可大幅简化井巷工程量和提高矿井采出率的建井方法;(3)研发了多套适用于研究深部岩体在水、高温、高压、结构效应及多场耦合作用下发生宏观破坏的实验系统和可进行微观层面演算的超算系统,揭示了深部软岩大变形破坏机理及多尺度力学特性;(4)研制了深部岩体冲击型和应变型岩爆实验系统,阐述了深部岩体冲击能量沿开挖临空面瞬间释放的非线性动力学行为;(5)提出了深部巷道开挖补偿支护理论,进一步发展了具有高恒阻、高延伸率、强吸能和耐冲击超常力学特性的NPR支护材料和技术;(6)研发了模拟深部高温、高湿和高压环境下的岩体热力学实验系统,提出了热害治理和热能资源化利用方法,建立了深部热害治理与热能综合利用系统(HEMS)。相关研究成果已在深部开采领域得以应用,可为深部采矿面临的复杂岩石力学问题提供借鉴。

Forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong

This paper compares analytical and numerical methods by taking the forecasting of water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong as an example. Regarding the analytical method, the equation of infinite and bilateral water inflow boundary is used to forecast the water yield, and in the case of numerical simulation, we employed the GMS software to establish a model and further to forecast the water yield. On the one hand, through applying the analytical method, the maximum water yield of mine 1 500 m deep below the surface was calculated to be 13 645.17 m3/d; on the other hand, through adopting the numerical method, we obtained the predicted result of 3 816.16 m3/d. Meanwhile, by using the boundary generalization in the above-mentioned two methods, and through a comparative analysis of the actual hydro-geological conditions in this deep-buried mine, which also concerns the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods respectively, this paper draws the conclusion that the analytical method is only applicable in ideal conditions, but numerical method is eligible to be used in complex hydro-geological conditions. Therefore, it is more applicable to employ the numerical method to forecast water yield of deep-buried iron mine in Yanzhou, Shandong.

黄金矿山深井开采研究进展与发展趋势

详细阐述了黄金矿山深井开采国内外研究现状及所面临的技术难题,围绕采动岩石力学理论、岩体结构识别与岩体质量分级、矿山三维工程灾害建模、深部采矿设计方法研究、深部采场爆破落矿技术、采动地压调控、采动地压监测、自承载主动释压支护技术、深部采动对地表岩移影响、通风降温技术、智能开采技术、超深竖井建设等展开了详细的讨论与分析;对于黄金矿山非爆采矿机器人研制、采动岩石力学、深部采动地压灾害防控、深井降温技术、超深竖井建设、基于采动地压均衡的深部连续智能化开采技术等方面的未来发展趋势提出了展望,为黄金矿山深井开采的系统研究提供参考依据。

钻井法凿井壁后充填大比重水泥浆研制及其耐久性能

为提升西部地区深大钻井井筒第一段高壁后充填置换效果,提出采用大比重水泥浆作为新型壁后充填材料。首先,通过对比试验,优选重晶石粉作为加重剂、硅酸镁铝为悬浮剂。然后,采用正交试验和极差分析法,分析了水灰比、重晶石粉、硅酸镁铝和膨胀剂掺量对大比重水泥浆的密度、初凝时间、流动度、3 d及28 d抗压强度的影响,采用综合平衡法确定了大比重壁后充填材料的最优配合比为水泥∶水∶重晶石粉∶硅酸镁铝∶膨胀剂∶减水剂=1∶0.55∶0.5∶0.03∶0.025∶0.015。硫酸盐溶液侵蚀对比试验表明,与常用的水泥浆充填材料相比,大比重水泥浆充填材料具有可靠的耐久性能。最后,通过XRD和SEM分析了优选组加重水泥浆在3 d和28 d的水化产物和微观结构,揭示其优异抗渗性和耐久性能的机理。研究结果可为西部地区深大钻井井筒壁后充填提供大比重、高强度、低渗透以及耐久性好的新型壁后充填材料。

振杆密实法处理筛余回填土地基现场试验研究

为探究振杆密实法应用于筛余回填土地基的可行性,依托乌鲁木齐市白鸟湖医院建设项目,采用自主研发的振杆密实法设备开展了筛余回填土地基现场试验研究,使用压实度检测、重型动力触探和平板载荷试验及瑞利面波测试等原位测试方法对加固效果进行了评价.结果表明:处理后筛余回填土的压实度提高了12.13%~48.08%;处理范围内土层的动力触探击数随深度增加而增大,较处理前平均提高2倍以上;处理后地基承载力特征值f_(ak)为277 kPa,满足设计要求,土层平均波速由136 m/s提升至175 m/s,提高约29%.振杆密实法可以显著提升筛余回填土地基的承载力和均匀性,为筛余回填土地基的加固处理提供了一种新思路.

浅埋房柱式采空区煤柱稳定性及控制研究

老采空区受矿区早期采煤方法的限制,具有较强的隐匿性,很难得到有效治理,为其地表构筑物建设带来巨大挑战。以昌盛煤矿房柱式老采空区治理为工程背景,采用理论分析、钻孔勘探、数值模拟以及现场瞬变电磁勘查等方法,分析了房柱式采空区覆岩裂隙特征;判别了房柱式采空区上地表的稳定性,数值模拟进一步分析得出,在新的单位载荷作用下,采场中央遗留煤柱将发生活化失稳,引起采场所有煤柱发生多米诺骨牌式破坏,进而导致房柱式采空区地表发生失稳。基于对房柱式采空区稳定特征及浆液在房柱式采空区流动的特性提出了散点式注浆充填方案,给出了浆液配比及注浆工艺。现场瞬变电磁勘查结果表明,散点式注浆充填法能有效实现老采空区的充分均匀充填,注浆效果整体良好,同时该方法可为对类似老采空区地表治理提供参考。

云锡高峰山矿段矿柱回采方案研究

为了更合理地回收云锡老厂分公司残矿资源,运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对高峰山矿段残留矿柱回采进行模拟分析,提出6种不同的矿柱回收方案,针对分析结果确定了合适的矿柱回采工艺,并开展了工业试验。结合矿山实际情况,从多个维度分析剩余矿柱是否具备回收条件和回收价值。结果表明:可采用进路规格为4 m×4 m的两步骤胶结充填采矿法进行矿柱回采,一步骤胶结充填强度大于3.52 MPa,二步骤充填强度大于1.08 MPa;矿段内有4条矿柱相对完整、保有资源量大且品位高,现阶段具备回采条件,其中南盘区4#盘区矿柱需在锡精矿市场金属价格大于24.48万元/t时进行回采,其余3条矿柱可在锡精矿市场金属价格大于10.05万元/t时进行回采。

煤矿采空区智能充填深度神经网络算法

【目的】采空区智能充填是煤炭资源绿色安全智能高效开采的重要方向,其关键在于对井下采空区矸石充填过程进行智能决策与控制。【方法】为实现该目标,以采空区充填后围岩应力及变形作为监测指标,建立了一种采空区智能充填深度神经网络算法,该算法可以通过输入煤层埋深、厚度、工作面长度、直接顶厚度等关键基本参数,进行相应条件下不同充填方案的采场应力及围岩变形计算分析。将FLAC3D模拟400种不同条件下的充填开采结果作为数据集,对建立的智能充填深度神经网络算法进行训练测试,并和其余3种不同算法进行对比分析。【结果】结果表明:建立的智能充填深度神经网络算法总体优于随机森林、决策树和多元线性回归算法,每组数据运算平均速度仅为0.013 s;智能充填深度神经网络算法计算的顶板最大变形、工作面煤壁压力峰值、巷道超前支护距离等关键参数误差均值介于2%~8%之间;应用该算法针对现场实际条件进行测试,结果与现场实际结果基本吻合,表明该算法科学可行。【结论】本研究对煤矿绿色智能开采具有重要意义与价值。

胶东大尹格庄金矿床后疃矿区深部矿体定位预测

后疃矿区位于大尹格庄金矿床主矿区外围,属于深边部找矿区段。采用多元信息找矿策略,通过构造地球化学法-伽玛能谱法-多极化电磁测深技术组合,开展后疃矿区深边部成矿预测。完成地表构造地球化学与伽玛能谱测量面积12 km^(2),结合因子分析,厘定后疃矿区构造地球化学找矿标志为Au-Ag-As-Sb组合异常。同时,采用MPMT-18多极化电磁测深系统,完成了L108测线—L136及L80测线多极化电磁测深和异常反演,确定了后疃矿区深部招平断裂的位置。根据构造地球化学测量、伽玛能谱测量与大地电磁测深的异常特征、分布与关联性,结合钻探工程验证的有利程度,共圈定找矿靶区8处。其中,A-1、B-1、B-3、C-2和C-3找矿靶区经钻探工程验证并见矿。

充填采矿法在洛宁吉家洼金矿中的应用

吉家洼金矿位于华北板块南缘、熊耳山金多金属矿集区。由于顶底板围岩条件较差,以往采用浅孔留矿法,采矿损失率、贫化率较高,也存在诸多安全、环境问题。为此矿山开展充填法采矿实践,通过“凿岩爆破→通风→顶板处理与支护→运搬→砌筑挡墙→加高溜矿井及顺路天井→充填”回采工艺循环,并采取一系列技术、安全措施,取得了较好的实践效果:采矿回采率由75%~80%提高至94%~97%,贫化率由29%~34%降低至10%~15%;吨矿产值由551~587元提高至690~712元;选矿尾砂作为充填材料,也降低了尾矿库的安全、环境风险。研究成果对类似矿山开展充填法采矿实践和研究具有一定借鉴意义。

新质生产力引领深部金属矿山安全高效开采:以毛坪铅锌矿深部开采实践为例

金属矿深部开采将面临“三高一扰动”的复杂工程地质环境,势必造成高应力地压灾害、高压水害、高温热害等灾害风险显著提高,全面有效管控和处治工程灾害风险对深部金属矿山的安全高效开采至关重要,发展新质生产力是引领深部金属矿山安全高效开采的战略选择。为系统总结我国在发展深部金属矿山安全高效开采新质生产力方面的有益探索,以毛坪铅锌矿深部开采实践为例,重点介绍了深部金属矿山开采安全风险管控与处治技术的新进展,讨论了未来需重点关注的新质生产力发展方向和思考。研究创新了考虑地压灾害风险源头管控的矿体全生命周期整体开采规划方法,提出了进路式充填体顶板稳定性控制方法,形成了基于管道压力监测的充填管输优化技术;提出了动力灾害风险预评价、动力灾害风险识别与分析、动力灾害风险处治等系列方法与技术,形成了深部高应力强扰动动力灾害风险分级分区控制技术,初步实现了深部金属矿开采动力灾害风险的动态管控;开发了矿区涌突涌水预警系统,实现了突涌水趋势的精准预警和应急响应,提出了以精细刻画矿山水文地质结构、系统构建水害预测评价体系、综合防治水技术为主的深井水害综合防控关键技术;开发了矿山多源数据融合三维可视化管控系统,实现了多源数据融合共享与分析,辅助实现矿山生产过程的安全预警决策和工程设计优化。未来深部金属矿开采领域应全面提升深部灾害风险管控水平,充分发挥新质生产力的引领作用,助力实现深部金属矿山的本质安全高效开采。

煤矿充填开采下顶板沉降研究

充填采矿可以有效控制岩层移动、抑制地表沉陷、减轻地质灾害,并且能够处理或利用一定的固体废弃物,有效改善矿山上覆岩层的力学环境,减轻顶板压力。以平凉某煤矿为工程背景,研究煤矿充填开采条件下坚硬顶板沉降变形情况,构建了顶板力学模型,对于初期来压采用四边固支的边界条件,利用变分法中伽辽金变形方程求选用不同挠度表达式的解;另对周期来压选用三边固支一边自由的边界条件,采用变分法中里兹变形方程进行求解,得出充填后顶板挠度显著减小,初期来压时减小38.74%,周期来压时减小66.84%。并得到充填开采顶板沉降变形规律,随着充填体弹性模量k值增大,顶板下沉位移显著减小。

下向进路充填采矿法深部矿岩破坏机理数值模拟研究

针对嵩县山金深部矿体采用下向进路充填采矿法开采矿岩破坏机理及地压显现技术问题,采用Rhino+Griddle+Flac 3D快速建模技术,对矿区下向进路开采1~8 a矿岩应力及位移变化规律进行研究。模拟结果表明:最小主应力随深度的增加而增加,靠近底部较大;未开采采场起到了临时矿柱的作用,应力集中现象较明显,同时在采场附近的充填体中也形成应力卸压区;各中段的位移随开采时间的增加而不断增大,采场顶板的最大位移主要出现在顶板中间,在矿山不断向深部推进的过程中,最大位移值呈上升趋势。

广域电磁法在强干扰碳酸盐岩矿区的应用探索

目前中国各成熟矿山大多面临浅部资源量不足的危机,对深部资源勘探的需求在不断增强。在实际勘探应用中,除了要进行大深度高精度探测,还要克服复杂地形与强电磁干扰的影响,因此对勘探技术提出了更高的要求。本文采用广域电磁法,在地形复杂且电磁干扰严重的云南某碳酸盐岩矿区开展了应用探索研究。结果认为广域电磁法在复杂碳酸盐岩矿区能够有效地压制干扰,对断层和已知矿体反映明显。据此在矿区深部圈定了可能的矿致异常,为矿区深边部找矿提供了指示方向,在复杂地形强电磁干扰的碳酸盐岩矿区开展攻深找盲探矿工作,广域电磁法能够实现高精度大深度探测,抗干扰能力强,工作效率高,可作为一种深部找探矿的技术手段。