Failure characteristics and its influencing factors of talus-derived rock mass during open-pit mining

The failure characteristic of talus-derived rock mass continues to challenge quantitative hazard assessments in open-pit mining. Physical model test was used to assess the failure modes and mechanisms on talus-derived rock mass. The different types of failure modes of the talus-derived rock mass were introduced and a possible failure mechanism relation between the failure zone and the structure of the talus-derived rock mass was also shown. The physical model test results indicate that the rainfall has significant influence on the stability and failure modes of talus-derived rock mass during open-pit mining. The development of the seepage area caused by rainfall initiates the localized failure in that particular area, and the initiation of localized instability is mainly induced by stress changes concentrated in the seepage area.

A discrete model for prediction of radon flux from fractured rocks

Prediction of radon flux from the fractured zone of a propagating cave mine is basically associated with uncertainty and complexity. For instance, there is restricted access to these zones for field measure- ments, and it is quite difficult to replicate the complex nature of both natural and induced fractures in these zones in laboratory studies. Hence, a technique for predicting radon flux from a fractured rock using a discrete fracture network （DFN） model is developed to address these difficulties. This model quantifies the contribution of fractures to the total radon flux, and estimates the fracture density from a measured radon flux considering the effects of advection, diffusion, as well as radon generation and decay. Radon generation and decay are classified as reaction processes. Therefore, the equation solved is termed as the advection-diffusion-reaction equation （ADRE）. Peclet number （Pe）, a conventional dimensionless parameter that indicates the ratio of mass transport by advection to diffusion, is used to classify the transport regimes. The results show that the proposed model effectively predicts radon flux from a fractured rock. An increase in fracture density for a rock sample with uniformly distributed radon generation rate can elevate radon flux significantly compared with another rock sample with an equivalent increase in radon generation rate. In addition to Pe, two other independent dimensionless parameters （derived for radon transport through fractures） significantly affect radon dimensionless flux. Findings provide insight into radon transport through fractured rocks and can be used to improve radon control measures for proactive mitigation.

Modeling the Impact of Mine and Country Variations on the Cost and Country-Benefit of Gold Mining

This paper dwells on regression models of cash-cost and country-benefit developed to enable accounting for the cumulative impact of the determinant parameters in the prediction of cash-costs and country-benefits of gold mining opportunities in the justification of taxation regimes and selection of investment targets worldwide. The data used in the generation of regression models include the total cash-cost and country-benefit per ounce vs the parameters of rock-mass (type of ore body, its dip angle, strike length and thickness), mine-design (rate of gold production, type of mine, depth of mine, gold price and age of mine) and country parameters (the Fraser Institute parameters: taxation regime, infrastructure, environmental regime, political stability, labor regulations and security) were generated from 160 gold mines in the top 20 gold rich countries for a period of 7 years from 2002 to 2008. The regression models show that the determinants account for 71% and 55% of the determinants of cash-cost and country-benefit respectively. Depending on the availability of data, the regression models generated in this study could be enhanced by adding into the parameters used in the regression analysis, the unaccounted for mine and country parameters. Also, Depending on the availability of data, the Regression models generated in this study could be enhanced further by replacing the parameters of Fraser Institute ranking used in the regression analysis with the actual parameters of country effect on cash-cost and country-benefit of the gold produced. Nevertheless, the regression models generated in this study could be used to predict the cash-costs and country-benefits of gold mining opportunities in the justification of taxation regimes and selection of investment targets worldwide.

Physical modeling of failure process of the excavation in horizontal strata based on IR thermography

In order to capture the mechanism of roadway instability in deep mines, a new approach of Physically Finite Elemental Slab Assemblage (PFESA) is proposed in order to construct a large-scale physical model simulating the geologically horizontal strata. We carried out physical modeling on the deformation and failure processes of roadways subjected to a plane loading scheme. Our laboratory tests were based on work which incorporated infrared (IR) detection, IR radiation temperature (IRT) statistics, image feature extraction and 2D Fourier transformation, from resulting thermographies. The IRT characterizes the mechanical responses from the roadway after loading with two stages, i.e., IRT evolving at higher levels corresponded to shallow mining (≤500 m) during which the roadway deformed gradually (referred to as the "steady deformation stage"); IRT evolving in a quasi-cyclical manner with multiple peaks corresponded to deep mining (800–2600 m), in which the failure mode for the roadway are dominated by breakage and collapse (called the "unsteady deformation stage"). The IR images and 2D Fourier spectra illustrate detailed information in terms of initiation, nucleation and coalescence of the damage to rock masses and the eventual failure of roadways subject to external loading.

Numerical simulation of roof cavings in several Kuzbass mines using finite-difference continuum damage mechanics approach

An essential stage of mine design is an estimation of the steps of the first and periodic roof caving in longwall mines.Generally,this is carried out using the field experience and can be much enhanced by numerical simulation.In this work,the finite-difference method was applied coupled with the continuum damage mechanics(CDM)approach to simulate the stress-strain evolution of the rock mass with the underground opening during coal extraction.The steps and stages of roof caving were estimated relying on the numerical simulation data,and they were compared with the field data from several operating mines in the south of the Kuznetsk Basin,Russia.The dependence of the first roof caving step in simulation linearly correlates with field data.The results correspond to the actual roofs of longwall panels of the flat-dipping coal seams and the average rate of face advancement is approximately 5 m/day.

Ground subsidence mechanism of a filling mine with a steeply inclined ore body

Long-term field monitoring finds that serious surface subsidence can still occur even if the high strength cemented fill method is adopted.Combining the results of numerical simulations with global position system(GPS)monitoring,we took a typical filling mining mine with a steeply inclined ore body as an example,and explored its ground subsidence mechanism.The results show that the ground subsidence caused by the mining of steep ore body is characterized by two settlement centers and a significantly uneven spatial distribution,which is visibly different from ground subsidence characteristic of the coal mine.The subsidence on the hanging wall is much larger than that on the footwall,and the settlement center tends to move to the hanging wall with the increase of mining depth.The backfill improves the strength and surrounding rock bearing capacity,which leads to a lag of about 3 years of the subsidence.However,under the actions of continuous and repeated mining disturbances,the supporting effect of the backfill can only reduce the amplitude of the deformation,but it cannot prevent the occurrence of settlement.

黄金矿山岩体质量分级知识库与PLS简化预测模型

针对黄金矿山工程岩体特征,分析了岩石单轴抗压强度、RQD值、节理结构面状态、节理结构面间距、地下水状态、节理结构面方向对工程影响和地应力值这7个主要因素对岩体稳定性的影响,对7个指标进行修正,建立了地下矿山M-RMR岩体质量评价指标体系。采用M-RMR岩体质量评价指标体系划分了焦家金矿直属矿区、寺庄矿区和望儿山矿区工程岩体质量等级,建立了焦家金矿地下矿山岩体质量与其影响因素的神经网络知识库模型,达到了焦家金矿工程岩体质量智能分级的目的。为简化M-RMR指标体系中指标数量,更利于实际应用,采用变量投影重要性指标VIP对7个指标所携带信息量的大小进行排序,并逐个删除不重要的指标,利用单因变量的偏最小二乘回归方法(PLS1)建立了精简指标的简化预测模型。简化预测模型可使用较少的评价指标对岩体质量给出准确的分级,具有实际使用价值。

基于GMS-MODFLOW的露天矿地下水流量预测数值模拟研究

某露天矿区地下水分布主要受岩体断层、裂隙等地质结构主导,开采过程中将对边坡稳定性和矿坑内排水产生影响。为预测矿区地下水量和矿坑排水条件,采用多段封隔器压水试验和变水头压水试验对岩质边坡岩体水力传导系数进行分析。在构建矿区水文地质概念模型的基础上,运用GMS软件MODFLOW模块建立了矿区岩体三维有限差分数值模型,研究了非饱和-饱和渗流模型中稳态和瞬态条件下地下水量动态变化,阐述了边坡降雨入渗导致地下水位上升和饱和区形成发展过程,分析了敏感条件下矿区地下水位分布变化,提出了按照开采深度进行不同的矿坑排水管理策略。

煤矿地下水库坝基层间岩体破坏及突渗力学模型

煤矿地下水库技术为西部矿区矿井水资源储存和利用提供了新的途径。煤矿地下水库安全稳定的科学问题之一是开采扰动下煤岩体渗透特性突变机理及量化表征。以陕西大柳塔煤矿为原型开展了煤矿地下水库层间岩体裂隙演化的物理相似模拟试验和三轴循环加卸载渗流耦合试验。结果表明:下煤层工作面朝上部水库推进过程中层间岩层发生拉伸剪切破坏,裂隙逐渐向水库坝体方向延伸,采用数字散斑方法观测到坝基岩体裂隙网络由离散局部变形连通形成宏观裂缝,并贯穿至煤柱坝体;从几何和拓扑角度定量地分析了裂隙网络的幂律分布特征,证实了裂隙演化在空间上存在连通概率,岩层的裂隙网络连通属于渐进式,区别于岩石试件裂隙激增式扩展过程。综合考虑原岩应力、初始采动应力、循环加卸载等作用,发现采动应力导致煤体的体胀作用远大于砂岩,砂岩作为硬岩关键层有利于抑制裂隙扩展和渗透增加;采用基于分数阶理论的非达西渗透率公式计算瞬态法测试的渗透率,相比常规计算方法具有更好的灵敏性,渗透率突变伴随着应力突降、体应变激增、破裂信号陡增等行为,揭示了渗透率的本质是裂隙网络的拓扑连接,提出了突渗的力学定义和拓扑定义。采用逾渗理论将裂隙网络连通视为连续相至非连续相的跳跃行为,建立了煤岩体突渗的逾渗模型,经应力渗流、蠕变渗流等试验验证模型有效且形式简单,为突渗力学行为的数学描述奠定了基础。

铜坑矿92号矿体巷道顶板岩体质量评价

以铜坑矿92号矿体+392 m中段某运输巷道为例,首先划分试验区并调查所需现场数据,然后采用MRMR岩石质量分类系统对巷道顶板岩体评分并确定其质量等级,最后基于分级结果给出合适的巷道顶板支护措施建议。结果表明,RMR法评分为50,属于III级岩体,修正后的MRMR方法评分为29,属于IV级岩体,由现场结构面调查情况可知,MRMR方法分级结果与实际情况更相符。

小跨度分段充填法在某破碎铜矿中的应用

针对某铜矿床矿岩破碎、稳固性差的开采技术条件,初步评价了岩体质量,分析了顶板不支护时的允许跨度和暴露面积。综合矿岩稳固性、回采安全和技术经济方面分析了矿山应用分段充填法的可行性,提出了小跨度分段充填法,并对采矿工艺进行了研究。采矿方法通过协调匹配采场结构参数,充分利用矿岩的自稳能力,结合预控顶加强顶板和留矿支撑侧帮的措施,可有效地维持采场稳定。现场应用结果表明:该采矿方法安全程度高、技术和经济指标较好,可在矿山推广应用。

互层岩体隧道超欠挖机理及围岩稳定性控制

针对互层岩体隧道钻爆法开挖过程中出现的严重超欠挖问题,依托康定2号隧道,基于Voronoi随机裂隙块体模型和等效爆破荷载时程建立互层岩体隧道爆破计算模型,通过现场超欠挖监测结果验证数值模拟方法的合理性,在此基础上探讨互层倾角对隧道超欠挖的影响规律,最后分析了炮孔周边眼间距优化和增设“预留层”爆破的超欠挖控制效果。结果表明:互层水平时,两侧拱肩超挖严重,顶部出现“门框形”的平顶、离层破坏;互层倾角接近垂直时隧道超挖量较小;隧道拱顶在互层倾角30°时的线性超挖值最大达到0.712 m。现场采用设置“预留层”爆破的优化方案后,最大线性超挖值控制在8 cm以内,满足Ⅴ级围岩光面爆破最大线性超挖值不超过15 cm的要求,且隧道周边位移量减小,围岩无明显变形突变现象。建议对于超欠挖和稳定性要求较高的隧道,采用设置“预留层”爆破的优化方案。

基于岩体动力学演化模型的金属矿山塌陷区安全性Lyapunov指数评估方法

金属矿山采空区地面塌陷危险性预测过程中,仅利用灾害链进行程序评估预测,Lyapunov指数评估误差较大。考虑塌陷规模、特征、稳定性的数值模拟过程,设计一种基于岩体动力学演化模型的金属矿山塌陷区安全性Lyapunov指数评估方法。分析塌陷区冒落过程,结合顶板中拉应力和塌陷之间的关系,获取金属矿山塌陷区岩体弹性能等其他环境参数,利用岩体动力学演化模型进行数值模拟,直观定量地揭示出塌陷区内部动力学演化过程以及动力学特征;以塌陷区混沌时间序列为基础,得到重构相空间,根据光谱轨道的发散指数得到二维图像中的一条直线,利用最小二乘法逼近该直线,得到斜率具体值,即为目标最大Lyapunov指数。实验结果表明:该方法预测的两个监测点的安全性最大Lyapunov指数分别在61、62个月时超过0.3,监测点塌陷预测走势与实际的塌陷时间点更加吻合。降低了Lyapunov指数评估误差,为金属矿山塌陷区安全性分析提供新思路。

综采工作面过断层顶板控制技术研究与应用

为解决14207综采工作面过集中断层的顶板支护难题,对工程概况及支护难点进行分析,结合具体的工程条件及注浆工艺特点,设计采用向断层破碎带实施浅部及深部超前注浆的加固方案,并对具体的注浆参数进行设计。经现场工程实践及矿压观测,得出注浆加固能够迅速将破碎岩石胶结,形成具有承载性能的结构,端面煤岩体控制效果良好,没有出现严重冒顶片帮事故,安全生产得到保障。

注浆治理5.5 m大采高综采面破碎带技术工艺创新研究

针对上社煤炭5.5 m厚煤层一次采全高综采面揭露断层后出现不同特征的冒落空洞和片帮范围,分区域采用不同性能指标的注浆材料进行综合注浆治理,针对揭露煤层厚、采高大(≥5.5 m)、易片帮冒顶等特殊地质条件,对注浆压力等参数进行动态优化以适应大采高煤壁的特殊性,调整注浆顺序等技术参数,控制综采面灾害的延伸范围。应用结果表明,工作面煤壁完整性增强,松散煤岩体固结密实,支架顶梁快速构建了再生胶结假顶支撑层,增强了顶板再次冒落对工作面支架的破坏性冲击,为采煤机滚筒切割之后的及时移架支护作业创造安全的作业环境。该工艺推广应用前景广阔,经济效益和社会效益明显。

矿井岩体破坏突水机制及非线性渗流模型初探

矿山采动围岩破坏突水过程中,水流经历了在含水层中的Darcy层流、破碎带中的非Darcy快速流以及进入巷道中的Navier-Stokes紊流3个物理过程。研究表明Brinkman方程比较适合破碎带渗流特点;同时,将含水层Darcy渗流和巷道N-S流动有机联系在统一流动场中,基于质量守恒和压力平衡,建立突水流体流动数值模型。据此,以采动诱发陷落柱突水为例,应用COMSOL Multiphysics系统数值分析工具,通过在模型中耦合Brinkman,Navier-Stokes和Darcy方程,把含水层、岩体破碎带和巷道整个突水水流路径连接在一起,模拟突水流动全过程。计算结果表明,陷落柱作为含水层渗流和巷道突水自由流动的过渡区域,其渗透性变化对于突水压力和流速演变十分敏感,陷落柱或导水破碎带沟通了含水层和巷道之间的水力联系,而含水层充足的补给水量是保持恒定的高水压并沿陷落柱形成突水的根源。

基于FLAC^(3D)的节理岩体采动损伤本构模型的开发及应用

矿山开采沉陷是具有各种裂隙的岩体在采动应力作用下所发生的再变形和再破坏过程,裂隙随着开采的推进不断扩展。如果把矿山岩体原始裂隙看作是初始损伤,则可将随井工开采推进形成的裂隙扩展看作是损伤的演化。根据几何损伤理论中的裂隙张量和FLAC3D莫尔–库仑模型的塑性流动格式建立考虑初始损伤的节理岩体弹塑性本构模型的数值格式,在VC++开发环境中编写这种本构模型,供FLAC3D调用。通过一个单轴压缩数值试验对比,验证该模型应用于节理岩体的合理性。结合采矿工程实际,考虑初始损伤的演化,建立节理岩体采动损伤本构模型,对安家岭露天矿南端帮边坡下的井工开采进行数值模拟,得出露天煤矿台阶状边坡地表不同于平地地表的移动变形规律:台阶处的地表移动范围比平地处大;各级台阶处的变形比较集中。井工开采对上覆边坡岩体造成较大的扰动,不利于边坡的稳定:坡体地表出现安全度小于1的区域,坡体台阶受拉处安全度最小。模拟结果可为露井联采条件下井工开采设计和维护边坡稳定提供合理建议。

采空垮落区瓦斯非线性渗流-扩散模型及其求解

根据高强度快速推进条件下大空间采空垮落区瓦斯运移的特点,按照渗流力学理论,将采空区视为连续的渗流空间,瓦斯在采空区实际是机械弥散和分子扩散引起的散布过程,通风风流流动状态是由工作面湍流向采空区深部层流的过渡状态.运用质量守恒定律和非线性渗流方程,提出基于Fick扩散定律和Brinkman方程的瓦斯扩散-通风对流运移模型,综合考虑了流体压力梯度和动能作用,比较适合采空垮落区的风流运动和瓦斯对流扩散规律.通过数值求解,研究采煤工作面采空垮落区内瓦斯运移的作用机理.

地下开采引起地表沉陷预测的弹性薄板法

基于弹性力学中的薄板弯曲理论,在岩体移动领域建立了地表下沉预测分析的层状模型。通过单元开挖给出了地下工程开挖引起岩体移动变形分析的二维和三维问题理论计算公式,推导了山区地下采矿引起地表下沉的理论公式并用于贵州水城矿务局汪家寨煤矿地下开采引起地表下沉的预测分析。在分析过程中,采用Matlab软件进行数值积分计算和图形绘制。通过工程实例计算分析表明,理论计算结果与矿山现场实测资料二者吻合的很好。

矿山采动卸荷岩体力学参数劣化规律研究

矿山开采对采动影响区域内的围岩形成扰动,弱化岩体力学性质,其参数劣化规律是数值模拟与分析计算的主要问题之一。以铜坑矿92#矿体连续采矿顶板诱导崩落试验采场为对象,运用卸荷岩体力学理论,确立了开挖卸荷岩体力学参数计算模拟的计算流程。结合有限元数值模拟方法,建立了岩体卸荷等效模型,进行了6步连续卸荷的计算,得到了地下连续采矿顶板卸荷岩体力学参数的变化规律,并运用多项式实现了卸荷岩体力学参数与卸荷量变化值的函数拟合,获得了采动卸荷岩体力学参数的劣化规律。结果显示,卸荷第6步时,计算不收敛,表明此时顶板已经完全破坏而发生崩落;在卸荷过程中,岩体力学参数均呈逐渐弱化的趋势,其中内摩擦角、凝聚力和弹性模量随开挖卸荷的推进呈逐渐减小的趋势,最终的参数分别相当于初始值的55%、50%和50%,但泊松比呈逐渐增大的趋势,最终值相当于初始值的1.15倍。其结果说明了采动卸荷导致了岩体质量的劣化,卸荷岩体力学参数与卸荷量的函数为采动卸荷力学响应的动态分析提供了理论基础。