Impact of Surface Water and Groundwater Pollutions on Irrigated Soil, El Minia Province, Northern Upper Egypt

Current research has been focused on heavy metals pollution in surface water and groundwater and effect on irrigated soil from El Minia Province, north Upper Egypt. Concentration of heavy metals (e.g., As, Co, Hg, Ni, Se, Cd and Cr) in surface water, groundwater and irrigated soil samples is most significantly affected by leachate of many pollutants as the factories, agricultural activities, urban and natural processes. Microbiological parameters and microscopic investigations are revealed that some localities are common by micro-organisms, which are unsuitable for drinking waters.

Development and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for the Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater in Gold Mining Areas of Southeastern Senegal

Water is the most essential requirement for life. It provides a variety of purposes such as a source of water supply for drinking, domestic and industrial use, irrigated agriculture, livestock, and mining activities. Evaluating the status of water quality from traditional approaches does not guarantee the whole overview of the water quality situation. Therefore, developing a tool that can convert multiple parameters data into information that is understandable by both technical and non-technical personnel is vital. In this context, the purpose of this paper was to develop, calculate, and apply a water quality index for assessing the suitability (for drinking purposes) of groundwater in the gold mining areas in south-eastern Senegal. The development of this index based on WHO water quality guidelines followed the five standards steps i.e., parameters selection, sub-index formation, parameters weighting and sub-index aggregation and evaluation. Finally, the WQI summarized twelve key water quality parameters into 05 simple terms (excellent, good, medium, poor, and very poor) which is more relevant for reporting to managers and the public in a consistent manner. Thus, it was observed in the study area, that the water quality indexes in artisanal and industrial mining areas are either poor or very poor while in the reference stations (where there are no mining activities) WQI are either good or excellent. This situation was attributed to the effects of mining activities in such zones which contribute to the pollution of groundwater with heavy metals, nitrates, and suspended solids.

Research on mechanism of groundwater pollution from mine water in abandoned mines

In order to understand the mechanism and regularity of the groundwater con- tamination from mine water of abandoned mines,experiments were conducted on an abandoned coal mine in Fuxin,a representative city with lots of mine water in northeast China.The groundwater pollution from different contaminants of coal-mining voids (total hardness,SO_4^(2-),Cl^-and total Fe) and pollution factors transportation situation in the coal rock were simulated by soil column experiment under the conditions of mine water leach- ing and main water leaching (similar to rainwater leaching),and the water-rock interaction mechanism was discussed during mine water infiltration through saturated coal rock by application of principle of mass conservation,based on physical properties of coal rock,as well as monitored chemical composition.The results show that,compared with the clear water leaching process,trends of change in pollutant concentrations presented different characteristics in the mine water leaching process.Groundwater is contaminated by the water rock interactions such as migration & accumulation,adsorption & transformation, dissolution & desorption and ion exchange during the mine water permeation.The expe- riments also suggest that at first dissolution rate of some kinds of dissoluble salts is high, but it decreases with leaching time,even to zero during both the mine water leaching and main water leaching.

Long-Term Assessment of Nitrogen Pollution Load Potential for Groundwater by Mass Balance Analysis in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan

To evaluate the nitrogen pollution load in an aquifer, a water and nitrogen balance analysis was conducted over a thirty-five year period at five yearly intervals. First, we established a two-horizon model comprising a channel/soil horizon, and an aquifer horizon, with exchange of water between the aquifer and river. The nitrogen balance was estimated from the product of nitrogen concentration and water flow obtained from the water balance analysis. The aquifer nitrogen balance results were as follows: 1) In the aquifer horizon, the total nitrogen pollution load potential (NPLP) peaked in the period 1981-1990 at 1800 t·yr-1;following this the NPLP rapidly decreased to about 600 t·yr-1 in the period 2006-2010. The largest NPLP input component of 1000 t·yr-1 in the period 1976-1990 was from farmland. Subsequently, farmland NPLP decreased to only 400 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010. The second largest input component, 600 t·yr-1, was effluent from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in the period 1986-1990;this also decreased markedly to about 100 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010;2) The difference between input and output in the aquifer horizon, used as an index of groundwater pollution, peaked in the period 1986-1990 at about 1200 t·yr-1. This gradually decreased to about 200 t·yr-1 by 2006-2010. 3) The temporal change in NPLP coincided with the nitrogen concentration of the rivers in the study area. In addition, nitrogen concentrations in two test wells were 1.0 mg·l-1 at a depth of 150 m and only 0.25 mg·l-1 at 50 m, suggesting gradual percolation of the nitrogen polluted water deeper in the aquifer.

Effects of Poisonous and Harmful Elements Brought about by Coal Mining on Water Environment in Zibo Coal Mine, Shandong Province, China

Coal resources are very abundant in Zibo, Shandong Province, China. A lot of mining sewages are discharged during the coal mining. The mining sewage is characterized by high ρ (SO 2- 4 ), hardness and totally dissolved solids (TDS). Mining sewage in the southern Zibo is acidic, where heavy metals and benzene are detected. The Xiaofu River is polluted when mining sewage flows into it, so that the Mengshan Reservoir is polluted by Xiaofu River. The groundwater is polluted in Zichuan by the leaking of the Xiaofu River. The polluted Xiaofu River is thus used to irrigate the farmland in Mashang Mengshui zone. The irrigation water affects the quality of shallow groundwater. The laboratory soil column test shows that SO 2- 4, Cl -, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ can migrate through vadose soil, especially SO 2- 4 and Cl -.

Developing and introducing of the resourcesaving technologies into the water-supply systems of mining enterprises

The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.

龙南稀土矿区周边水体污染特征及风险评价

为研究龙南稀土矿区地表水和地下水污染物迁移规律及污染成因机制,开展了矿区周边地表水、地下水水质现状监测工作,对研究区周边地表水、地下水中pH、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮浓度进行分析测定,运用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对水体污染程度及不同年龄段人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明:地表水料坑处的综合污染指数最高,达到54.19,属于严重污染程度;关西翰岗桥处综合污染指数最低,仅为2.119,属于较清洁程度;料坑、黄沙河和临塘一处理站下游的综合污染指数均达到严重污染程度;地下水采样点综合污染指数均达标,水质清洁。健康风险评价结果表明:研究区地表水及地下水中的硝酸盐对人体造成的健康风险较大,亚硝酸盐与氨氮次之;经非致癌健康风险计算,饮用地下水和地表水对不同年龄人群的影响程度为幼儿>青年>成人,因此应对龙南稀土矿区周边0~6岁幼儿用水安全给予更多关注。

蒙陕接壤区矿井水中典型污染组分特征及来源

蒙陕接壤区是我国能源兜底保障的核心区域,但是煤炭开采过程中产生的大量矿井水,常常含有多种污染组分,只有查清污染组分来源及特征,才能更加科学合理地处理利用矿井水资源。本研究在查清蒙陕接壤区地质、水文地质和煤炭开采扰动等条件的基础上,对煤层顶板含水层水文地球化学特征、矿井水中典型污染组分特征开展了研究,并分析了这些典型污染组分的来源。结果表明:蒙陕接壤区根据煤层埋深条件可分为浅埋区、中深埋区和深埋区,浅埋区矿井水来源为煤层顶板所有含水层水,中深埋区矿井水来源为煤层顶板延安组、直罗组风化基岩和完整基岩含水层水,浅埋区和中深埋区第四系和侏罗系地下水中TDS质量浓度均低于1000 mg/L;深埋区矿井水来源于煤层顶板侏罗系延安组、直罗组含水层,封闭条件下长期水岩作用,导致地下水中TDS质量浓度>1000 mg/L,主要超标组分为Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)和SO_(4)^(2-)。矿井水中污染组分包括2类来源:一类来自顶板含水层,长期水岩相互作用导致离子组分进入水体中;另一类来自煤矿井下生产活动,煤岩屑、粉尘、机油等释放,导致悬浮物、氮、有机物等污染溶入水体中。浅埋区和中深埋区矿井水中TDS质量浓度低于1000 mg/L,主要为弱碱性HCO_(3)-Ca型水;深埋区矿井水中TDS质量浓度为1824.00~3684.00 mg/L,Na^(+)和SO_(4)^(2-)离子浓度增加占比最大;地下水进入采空区后,均会进一步发生水岩相互作用,导致Na^(+)、SO_(4)^(2-)等离子浓度出现一定程度升高。大部分煤矿矿井水中COD出现了超标,但是TOC浓度和UV_(254)均较低,矿井水中有机物以悬浮态为主;3DEEM光谱检测结果发现溶解态有机物主要为天然的氨基酸类和腐植质类,各类有机物荧光强度偏低,矿井水中有机污染物含量较少。

大冶铁矿区地下水水化学演化过程及铁和硫酸盐污染机制

大冶铁矿区由于长期采矿活动,生态环境、地下水环境均衡受到严重的影响,并伴生地下水污染。通过地下水水化学特征和同位素分析,查明了大冶铁矿区地下水污染物分布特征,并通过反向地球化学模拟,探讨了地下水径流过程中区域地下水主要水文地球化学演化过程以及特征污染物的迁移过程和污染机理。结果表明:大冶铁矿区地下水赋存于弱碱性氧化环境,地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca型水;碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐水解是研究区地下水水化学组分的主要来源,且受到不同程度蒸发盐岩溶解、矿坑排水和人类生活污染的影响;区域地下水中Fe和SO_(4)^(2-)浓度高值区主要分布在洪山溪尾矿库、矿渣堆存处附近,上邹国控点DYTKQ04泉水中硫酸盐浓度超标(>250mg/L),而Fe浓度较低;沿地下水流动路径方向,主要发生了脱白云石化、离子交换作用和黄铁矿的氧化作用,地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)浓度增加,但氧化条件下释放出的Fe^(2+)被氧化为Fe^(3+)形式,并形成难溶的氢氧化物沉淀从地下水中除去,从而使地下水中Fe浓度降低。

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region,North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as the discharge of domestic and industrial water pollutants, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources in the North China Plain. In order to：（a） understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater,（b） quantify nutrient loadings, and（c） identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC） a one-year study at a wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） and maize（Zea mays L.） double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River（up to 29.8 mg/L NH4-N and 6.8 mg/L NO3-N）, as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface（up to 134.8 mg/L NO3-N in soil water）. Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless,both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater,averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH4-N and 1.8 mg/L NO3-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite the current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.

遵义某锰矿区水土环境重金属含量分析及风险评价

采用数理统计分析、内梅罗综合污染指数评价法对贵州连续开采15年的某锰矿地表水及表层土壤重金属污染情况进行了评价,以研究区域地表水执行《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水质标准作为风险筛选值,发现氨氮、COD_(Mn)、pH值等均未出现超标现象,而As、Mn、Cd、Cr均属于高变异,表明这几种金属元素受采矿活动干扰较大。由内梅罗综合污染指数评价法判断出该研究区域地表水体水质污染程度为安全状态。矿区不同采样点主要累积污染元素为Cd,Zn和Mn,而Cu,Cr,Pb累积水平相对较低。各重金属元素含量的平均值均超过贵州省土壤背景值。研究区矿洞口、堆土、污水处理设施排放口内梅罗综合污染指数分别高达19.17,8.44,20.32,均属于重度污染水平。

多级串联表面流人工湿地净化生活污水效果

农村生活污水已经成为农业面源污染的主要来源之一。为了研究如何在经济发展水平不高的农村建立能有效治理农村生活污水,且建设成本低、运行维护简单的人工湿地系统,该文通过在桂林市青狮潭灌区构建了多级串联的表面流人工湿地系统,研究分析了不同子系统的水质净化效果及相关检测指标浓度的沿程变化规律。研究结果表明,湿地系统对氮磷的去除效率总体呈现出随时间推移逐渐下降的趋势,同时湿地的表面积越大,其对氮磷的去除率越高。研究还发现,该湿地系统对高浓度进水具有快速、稳定的去除效果,而对低浓度进水的营养盐去除则表现得较为平缓和持久。通过对湿地系统沿程氮磷浓度衰减的拟合及回归分析,建立了与湿地系统进口浓度有关的TN、NH4+-N和TP浓度的沿程衰减模型,相关分析表明其最佳的拟合模型均为指数衰减模型。该湿地系统在整个试验时期内均表现出了良好的净化效果,有效地减轻了农村生活污水对外界水环境的破坏,指数衰减模型的建立也为后续湿地设计及排水水质预测提供了理论分析依据。

太子河流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐污染特征及来源分析

地下水作为一种主要的饮用水和重要农业用水水源, 其环境质量状况关乎人类健康、粮食安全与生态可持续发展。本研究对太子河流域地表水、地下水的O3--N污染状况进行了调查, 并结合水化学与NO3^- -N同位素对其来源进行了分析, 探讨太子河流域地下水的水化学特征和硝酸盐污染状况, 为理解该区域地下水的水化学组成特点和开展水环境质量评价提供理论依据。结果表明, 太子河流域地表水氮主要以NO3^--N的形式存在, 占总氮78.38%, 浓度为0.75-6.40 mg·L^-1, 从上游到下游其含量变化趋势为先上升后下降, 在S6采样点达到最高值6.40 mg·L^-1; 地表水中NO2--N所占比例仅为0.78%, 且沿河流变化较小; 由于施用化肥肥料和有机氮的矿化作用, 下游地表水C1-浓度和NH4＋含量增高。太子河流域地下水NO3^-N浓度普遍高于地表水, NO3^--N浓度为0.57-55.78 mg·L^-1, 平均20.26 mg·L^-1; NO3^--N浓度为0-0.04 mg·L^-1，平均0.017 mg·L^-1。太子河流域地下水的NO2-和NO2-污染状况较重。NO3^--N同位素结果显示, 地表水的δ^15N为-0.74‰-13.27‰; 上游NO3^--N主要来源于土壤有机氮矿化, 中下游受农业化肥和人畜粪便共同影响。地下水δ^15N为5.7‰-17.5‰, 受人类活动影响较大, 人畜粪便堆肥和农业化肥的渗漏是主要影响因素。

中国地表水-地下水污染协同管理控制模式初探

地表水与地下水关系密切,是两个相互依存、相互制约、相对独立的水资源子系统。为进一步控制中国水环境污染,实现《水污染防治行动计划》目标,建立中国地表水-地下水污染协同管理控制模式尤为重要。通过总结地表水与地下水相互转化和污染物在地表水-地下水系统中的迁移转化规律,从法规监管、资源开发和污染控制等方面,提出了中国地表水与地下水协同管理控制的水污染防治模式,为中国水污染综合防治提供参考。

大清河流域典型村镇生活污水排放规律和污染负荷研究

城乡结合部地带的村镇生活产污已经成为滇池流域水环境污染的重要来源之一,研究村镇生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律,将有助于正确认识、科学把握农村面源污染特征,有利于流域污染控制策略的制定和治理工程的开展。选择入滇池的大清河小流域中的典型村镇,采用定点动态采样的方法,研究了城郊型村镇生活污水水质特征和污染排放规律,并估算了研究区典型村镇生活污水污染负荷。研究结果表明,研究区内村镇生活污水TN、TP、CODCr浓度高,BOD5/CODCr比值低。生活污水中污染物在早上8:00和晚上18:00以后浓度较高,排放通量以及污水排放量在上午10:00和晚上20:00有两个峰值;工作日污水中CODCr浓度显著高于周末,但其他指标在工作日和周末之间没有显著性差异。污染负荷估算结果表明,研究区内的城郊村镇雨季污染物排放总量高于旱季,尤其是可溶性无机盐的排放主要集中于雨季,雨季人均污染排放量也明显高于旱季。由此指出,研究区域的城郊村镇内,生活污水单位面积污染负荷高,早上和晚上是一天内生活污水污染控制的重要时段,雨季是一年内污染控制的重要时期。

某铝厂邻近自然村环境氟污染现状监测及分析评价

通过对某铝冶炼厂邻近自然村地下水、地表水、土壤中氟化物含量进行监测,并对其氟污染程度进行分析及评价。结果表明,自然村地下水、地表水、土壤都不同程度地受到了氟污染,从平均质量指数来看,地下水受到了中度氟污染,地表水受到了重度氟污染,土壤受到轻度氟污染。氟是对植物、动物、人类有较高毒性的积累性污染物,为防止自然村地下水、地表水、土壤的氟污染现状进一步恶化,应当从源头上对氟污染源进行治理及控制,及时有效地解决当地铝冶炼造成的环境氟污染。

矿井水资源评价的研究现状及展望

结合当前水资源评价的研究特点和发展方向,根据矿井水资源本身特点,将矿井水和生态系统作为整体,提出了"矿井水资源评价"的概念,初步建立了面向生态的区域矿井水资源评价理论和方法,阐述了它的内涵、研究内容和技术体系。矿井水资源评价内容包括水质评价、水量评价、污染评价和开发利用条件评价。对矿井水资源评价的各组成部分研究进展及存在问题进行了总结,指出了未来亟须研究的科学问题。研究结果为矿区水环境治理及更科学、更有效地实现矿井水资源化提供了理论依据。

贵州省煤矸石堆场径流污染特征及其对溪流水质的影响

通过对贵州省中部关闭煤矿区煤矸石堆场地表径流及其沉积物进行样品收集与分析,探讨了降雨—径流下煤矸石中污染物的迁移规律及其对周边地表水体质量的影响。结果表明,煤矸石堆场地表径流水的pH值变化达2.64～6.38,污染物以SO24-,Fe和Mn为主,其浓度变化受煤矸石类型及降雨强度的影响。径流沉积物在静置或扰动下浸水3～28d后,上覆水的pH达2.78～3.71;SO42-,Fe,Mn的浓度变化分别为27～160mg/L,0.3～3.9mg/L,0.6～2.8mg/L。降雨—径流下关闭煤矿区煤矸石堆场的地表径流对周边水体质量的影响主要表现在水体酸化及Fe,Mn污染严重。

淄博洪山、寨里煤矿区闭坑后地下水污染特征及成因分析

为缓解淄博市洪山、寨里煤矿区地下水供需矛盾,满足生产和生活用水以及为闭坑矿区地下水污染治理提供理论依据,通过采集淄博江山、寨里煤矿区近期奥灰含水层水样进行室内检测分析,并以闭坑前煤矿区奥灰水水质资料为背景值,对煤矿区闭坑后奥灰水进行污染评价,分析了地下水污染特征,并对地下水污染成因进行了研究。结果表明:该煤矿区闭坑后地下水污染严重,且沿着补给区、径流区和排泄区地下水污染有逐渐增大的趋势;煤矿闭坑后,停止抽排地下水,造成矿坑水水位大幅上升,通过部分止水不良或无止水措施的供水井、无序开采的小煤井、断层构造,串层污染奥灰水,是本区地下水污染的主要原因。该研究成果对该煤矿区地下水污染修复及类似矿区开采研究具有重要的参考意义。