Evaluation of roof cutting by directionally single cracking technique in automatic roadway formation for thick coal seam mining

Automatic roadway formation by roof cutting is a sustainable nonpillar mining method that has the potential to increase coal recovery,reduce roadway excavation and improve mining safety.In this method,roof cutting is the key process for stress relief,which significantly affects the stability of the formed roadway.This paper presents a directionally single cracking(DSC)technique for roof cutting with considerations of rock properties.The mechanism of the DSC technique was investi-gated by explicit finite element analyses.The DSC technique and roof cutting parameters were evaluated by discrete element simulation and field experiment.On this basis,the optimized DSC technique was tested in the field.The results indicate that the DSC technique could effectively control the blast-induced stress distribution and crack propagation in the roof rock,thus,achieve directionally single cracking on the roadway roof.The DsC technique for roof cutting with optimized parameters could effectively reduce the deformation and improve the stability of the formed roadway.Field engineering application verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluated DSC technique for roof cutting.

Roadway layout for recycling residual coal pillar in room-and-pillar mining of thick coal seam

In the context of a room-and-pillar mining gob in Shanxi province in China,this paper numerically investigates the stress distribution and deformation rules of roadway surrounding rocks at various locations of residual coal pillars in room-and-pillar mining gobs using software FLAC3 D.It is found that the concentrated stress beneath coal pillars distributes in a shape of ellipse.A reasonable roadway layout is then proposed.In this design,it is indicated that roadways should be designed to avoid the supporting zones of pillars with increasing compression and take into account the roof falling and crushing in the upper gob.According to the surrounding rock deformation characteristics and mining roadway locations as well as the supporting principles of timely support,rock reinforcing,piecewise management and suiting local conditions,a new asymmetric shield supporting plan is proposed.The field surveying results show that this supporting plan can effectively control the roadway rock deformation,thus guarantee the safe and smooth construction of roadways.

Joint Bearing Mechanism of Coal Pillar and Backfilling Body in Roadway Backfilling Mining Technology

In the traditional mining technology,the coal resources trapped beneath surface buildings,railways,and water bodies cannot be mined massively,thereby causing the lower coal recovery and dynamic disasters.In order to solve the aforementioned problems,the roadway backfilling mining technology is developed and the joint bearing mechanism of coal pillar and backfilling body is presented in this paper.The mechanical model of bearing system of coal pillar and backfilling body is established,by analyzing the basic characteristics of overlying strata deformation in roadway backfilling mining technology.According to the Ritz method in energy variation principle,the elastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is deduced in roadway backfilling mining technology.Based on elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle,combining with the burgers rheological constitutive model and Laplace transform theory,the viscoelastic solution expression of coal pillar deformation is obtained in roadway backfilling mining technology.By analyzing the compressive mechanical property of backfilling body,the time formula required for coal pillar and backfilling body to play the joint bearing function in roadway backfilling mining technology is obtained.The example analysis indicates that the time is 140 days.The results can be treated as an important basis for theoretical research and process design in roadway backfilling mining technology.

Deformation effect of lateral roof roadway in close coal seams after repeated mining

This paper analyzed the deformation mechanism in lateral roof roadway of the Ding Wu-3 roadway which was disturbed by repeated mining of close coal seams Wu-8 and Wu-10 in Pingdingshan No. 1 Mine. To determine the strata disturbance scope, the strata displacement angle was used to calculate the protection pillar width. A numerical model was built considering the field geological conditions. In simulation, the mining stress borderline was defined as the contour where the induced stress is 1.5 times of the original stress. Simulation results show the mining stress borderline of the lateral roadway extended 91.7 m outward after repeated mining. Then the original stress increased, deforming the road- way of interest. This deformation agreed with the in situ observations. Moreover, the strata displacement angle changed due to repeated mining. Therefore, reselection of the displacement angle was required to design the protective pillar width. Since a constant strata displacement angle was used in traditional design, the orooosed method was beneficial in field cases.

A physical model study of surrounding rock failure near a fault under the influence of footwall coal mining

A study of the deformation of the surrounding rock and coal pillars near a fault under the influence of mining is conducted on a physical model for the design of coal pillars to support and maintain the roofs of adjacent fault roadways.This research is based on the 15101 mining face in the Baiyangling Coal Mine,Shanxi,China,and uses simulation tests similar to digital speckle test technology to analyse the displacement,strain and vertical stress fields of surrounding rocks near faults to determine the influence of the coal pillar width.The results are as follows.The surrounding rock of the roadway roof fails to form a balance hinge for the massive rock mass.The vertical displacement,vertical strain and other deformation of the surrounding rock near the fault increase steeply as the coal pillar width decreases.The steep increase in deformation corresponds to a coal pillar width of 10 m.When the coal pillar width is 7.5 m,the pressure on the surrounding rock near the footwall of the fault suddenly increases,while the pressure on the hanging wall near the fault increases by only 0.35 MPa.The stress of the rock mass of the hanging wall is not completely shielded by the fault,and part of the load disturbance is still transmitted to the hanging wall via friction.The width of the fault coal pillars at the 15101 working face is determined to be 7.5 m,and the monitoring data verify the rationality of the fault coal pillars.

Bearing characteristics of coal pillars based on modified limit equilibrium theory

There are two states for the coal-mass on the goal-side which is in stress equilibrium： the state of limit equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass equals its ultimate bearing stress） and the state of non- ultimate equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass is less than its ultimate bearing stress）. To ana- lyze the bearing characteristics of a coal pillar in the state of limit equilibrium and guide the design of pillar width, we established a mechanical analytical model of the non-ultimate equilibrium zone in the coal-mass on the goal-side combined with the limit equilibrium theory as well as adopting the methods of theory analysis and mechanical analysis based on the assumption of a state of non-ultimate equilibrium. The width correction coeffident of the limit equilibrium zone has been given. The influence of mining depth, stress concentration coefficient of the surrounding rock, the non-limit strength of the coal-mass and stability of the coal rock interface has been studied. On this basis, we have confirmed that when the width ofa longwall mining face roadway protection coal pillar is between 11.6 m and 13.16 m in No. 4 coal seam of Xinrui coal mine in Lvliang in Shanxi province the elastic core region in the coal pillar can be assured and the roadway will be located in the area of lower stress which is outside the peak stress. So the revised width of the limit eauilibrium zone is more oractical.

工业广场保护煤柱开采井筒破损致因及防治技术

针对工业广场保护煤柱开采导致井筒破损的问题,以大社煤矿为工程背景,分析工广煤柱开采井筒围岩移动变形特征,揭示井筒破损致因;提出工广内后续工作面开采防治井筒破坏方案,形成相应的施工技术,并成功应用工程实践。研究表明:该矿工广内92606工作面邻近副井,开采引发的井筒竖向附加力是井筒破坏的致因;如不提前采取防治措施,后续92606外工作面开采,将导致副井井筒发生二次破坏;研究提出的不停产单卸压槽防治方案,具有不影响矿井生产、卸压率高、施工简单、成本低等优点。采用壁后注浆、开切卸压槽、架设密集井圈等技术,顺利完成了该矿不停产防治副井井筒破损工程。监测表明,该井筒竖向和环向应力,均小于井壁极限.承载力,处于安全状态,运行良好,达到了预期效果。

远距离下保护层开采遗留煤柱对被保护层回采的影响研究

为探究远距离下保护层开采遗留煤柱对被保护层回采效果的影响,以平顶山六矿戊_(8)煤层的戊_(8)-22310机巷和戊_(8)-32010风巷之间遗留宽度为4 m的区段煤柱和丁_(5-6)-22190工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测结合的方法,研究了煤柱影响范围、煤柱区域垂直应力分布及影响区相关参数变化规律。结果表明:宽4 m遗留煤柱的影响范围为27.3 m,极限强度为25.9 MPa,塑性区宽度为2.26 m,弹性区宽度为2.68 m;煤柱两侧工作面均回采后,其承载的最大垂直应力87.9 MPa,远超煤柱本身的承载极限;在煤柱影响范围内测得的残余瓦斯含量、压力与卸压保护区无明显差异,并均小于突出危险临界值,煤柱影响区内瓦斯得到较好释放;煤柱影响范围内未产生明显应力集中现象,遗留小煤柱对被保护效果影响较小,保护效果在倾向上有连续性,对被保护层工作面回采影响小。

区段煤柱下大断面回采巷道不同成巷方式分析研究

为了探究在区段煤柱下大断面巷道在掘进时受到扰动最小的一种成巷方式,以乌兰色太煤矿掘进52202工作面运输顺槽为研究背景,针对该工作面实际地质资料,通过数值模拟分析了大断面巷道在不同成巷方式条件下的塑性区形态、应力场及位移场分布规律。结果表明,先掘进5.4 m宽正常巷道,后扩帮2 m的成巷方式为最优成巷方式,将其应用于工程实践,为同类型区段煤柱下大断面巷道提供参考依据。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

深井高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防冲机理及应用

针对当前我国深井高应力大巷煤柱频繁发生冲击地压的现状,采用现场调查、理论分析、数值模拟和工程试验等方法,研究了我国大巷煤柱冲击地压发生类型与机理,提出了一种高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防治冲击地压的新方法,基于该方法开展了防冲原理研究、技术体系设计、井下工业试验等一系列研究工作,得到:基于大巷煤柱冲击地压的主导力源类型,结合多起冲击地压典型案例,将我国大巷煤柱冲击地压划分为基础应力叠加型、附加应力诱发型和自身蠕变失稳型3类,分别建立并推导了3类大巷煤柱冲击地压发生机理的力学模型与工程判据,揭示了3类大巷煤柱冲击地压的发生机制。提出一种深井高应力大巷煤柱压裂−注浆协同防治冲击地压的方法,其防冲原理体现在“释能”和“改性”2个方面,井下工业试验发现弹核煤体起裂压力约40 MPa,整体最大压裂宽度达19.5 m,现场监测验证该方法能够降低大巷煤柱能量积聚水平,提高大巷煤柱整体冲击阈值。设计了深井高应力大巷煤柱释能改性防冲成套技术体系,包括孤立煤体冲击危险“评估−检验−校核”方法、弹性核水力压裂增缝释能技术和整体注浆加固改性技术。研发了大巷煤柱弹性核压裂“震动−应力−位移”三场监测设备和PS-Z-A/B型无机双组份速凝整体注浆改性材料。

深部特厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱优化及巷道支护

为研究深部大采高综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道矿压控制问题,以国能宁煤集团枣泉煤矿2^(-2)特厚煤层130203大采高综放工作面回风巷道为背景,基于实用矿山压力理论,建立了巷道围岩内、外应力场动态结构力学模型,运用理论计算和数值计算针对不同尺寸煤柱煤体应力对比分析,将原留设15 m护巷煤柱缩小至5 m进行了煤柱优化。结果表明:在稳定的内应力场掘巷有利于巷道的稳定性,避免了顶板事故及冲击地压相关灾害的发生,现场5 m小煤柱护巷工程应用中,130203回风巷道小煤柱侧变形量为1050 mm,实体煤帮变形量为400 mm,两帮呈现不对称性变形,底板局部底鼓量为1400 mm;深部特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷采用5 m小煤柱护巷方案设计正确,极大改善了巷道围岩的应力环境,整体设计满足生产要求,现场应用良好。130203工作面小煤柱沿空掘巷技术成功应用,为矿井开采提供了可靠的科学依据。

西部大采高工作面保护煤柱宽度优化研究

保护煤柱尺寸一直是三下开采研究的热点问题,特别是在西部大采高软弱覆岩特厚煤层开采条件下,其对地表建筑物安全的影响有待进一步研究。以榆树湾井田20119工作面为例,综合利用数值模拟和概率积分法确定了合理保护煤柱宽度,并进行现场验证。结果表明:随着煤柱宽度的减小,地表沿X方向的水平移动呈现倒“S”型趋势,沿Y方向的移动呈现倒“U”型趋势,地表的最大下沉量随煤柱宽度的减小而不断减少;结合概率积分法对保护煤柱宽度进行预计,确定优化后的煤柱宽度为180 m;对现场村庄进行实时监测,地表下沉和倾斜值均满足现场施工要求,验证了保护煤柱宽度的合理性。

神东矿区综采工作面过同层位空巷强矿压显现机理及控制方法

神东矿区各矿井在回采过程中由于工作面布置方式调整,工作面前方常会出现以往工作面空巷。为避免工作面过空巷期间发生顶板事故,总结了神东矿区多个工作面和空巷赋存条件、过空巷处理方法与矿压控制效果,分析了工作面过空巷期间顶板超前断裂失稳机理。综合考虑空巷、泵送支柱、煤柱与支架对顶板的不同支撑作用,采用数值模拟研究了不同煤柱尺寸、周期来压破断位置、空巷跨度与泵送支柱强度条件下,工作面过空巷期间顶板下沉和弯曲拉应力分布情况,结果表明:随着空巷与工作面斜角度从90°垂直减小至0°平行,空巷对工作面影响的推进长度减小,但过空巷期间工作面矿压显现范围增大,强度更加剧烈。工作面过空巷期间矿压显现强度主要受煤柱尺寸、过空巷前上一次顶板断裂位置、空巷跨度和空巷支护情况等因素的控制。随着工作面靠近空巷,煤柱必然逐渐失稳,且大多数空巷在工作面开采前已经存在,其跨度难以改变。神东矿区通过加强巷道顶板支护和通过等压调整顶板周期破断位置以实现工作面过空巷期间的矿压控制。随着泵送支柱峰值强度和弹性模量的增大,对空巷顶板的控制效果明显,但在顶板悬露过长时可能发生失稳破坏并失去承载能力。当顶板周期断裂位置分别位于过空巷前后,过空巷期间顶板能够承担主要上覆载荷,采场矿压得到有效控制;反之,顶板将在过空巷期间发生超前断裂,导致发生冒顶和压架事故。最后以神东矿区哈拉沟煤矿综采工作面过空巷为例,分析了泵送支柱和等压开采在工作面过空巷期间的矿压控制效果,为神东矿区乃至其他矿区工作面过空巷期间矿压控制提供借鉴。

转龙湾矿浅埋薄基岩厚煤层双巷掘进巷间煤柱合理尺寸研究

鄂尔多斯矿区浅埋薄基岩厚煤层工作面双巷掘进普遍采用19~30 m大煤柱护巷,煤炭资源损失严重。为确定转龙湾矿厚煤层23205工作面双巷掘进巷间煤柱合理尺寸,通过极限平衡理论分析得出合理最小煤柱宽度为11.38~20.94 m;采用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟分析了不同巷间煤柱宽度双巷掘进围岩应力、塑性区及位移分布演化规律。研究表明,转龙湾矿23205工作面巷间煤柱宽度最小合理尺寸为14 m左右,实际采用13.8 m巷间煤柱,实践表明巷道维护效果良好。

煤柱群回采沿空掘巷护巷煤柱尺寸研究

以赵庄煤矿五盘区煤柱回收工作面为研究背景,通过理论计算得到了沿空掘巷煤柱的留设尺寸应不小于4.1 m,并采用数值模拟对掘巷及回采期间不同宽度煤柱的围岩应力及塑性区进行了分析,数值模拟方案设计了4 m、5 m、6 m、17 m、18 m、19 m、20 m及25 m共8种煤柱尺寸留设方案,最终确定了煤柱的最优合理尺寸为19 m。现场矿压监测结果表明,留设宽度为19 m的护巷煤柱且进行合理支护后,沿空巷道围岩稳定性得以提高,可以满足工作面安全生产要求,实现五盘区残余煤柱的安全高效回收。

黄陵二号煤矿厚煤层留巷围岩变形特征分析

厚煤层煤柱留设宽度对煤炭资源回收率与围岩稳定性具有重要影响。为黄陵二号煤矿煤柱留设合理宽度,运用数值模拟方法与现场实测技术,对不同煤柱留设宽度的围岩应力进行分析,并对锚索应力、顶板离层量的演化趋势进行监测。结果表明,煤柱尺寸在12~18 m时应力峰值与位移峰值变化范围最小,最终确定煤柱尺寸为15 m。工程监测表明,回采动压超前影响范围为220 m,工作面距离四联巷的-50 m到75 m范围为矿压快速显现阶段。工作面回采过后50 m,锚索应力与顶板离层量趋于稳定状态,验证了黄陵二号煤矿303工作面的煤柱留巷稳定性满足围岩的支护控制需求。

顺序开采工作面小煤柱巷道布置方法研究

为减小顺序开采条件下小煤柱巷道布置面临的相邻工作面回采扰动及采空区覆岩运动影响,以巴彦高勒煤矿为例,提出1种“窄煤柱反掘+宽煤柱正掘”的小煤柱巷道布置方式,并分3个阶段分析了巷道布置的过程及相关影响因素;通过地表岩移观测分析,得出了采空区覆岩运动特征及稳沉距离。结果表明:盘区内工作面开采顺序的不同导致采空区覆岩运动特征存在差异性;采空区稳沉距离约为900~1000 m;23104工作面回风巷布置过程中严格遵循反掘巷道滞后采空区的稳沉距离和正掘巷道长度的设置要求,完成了巷道的合理布置,保证了工作面平稳接续。

采空区下工作面末采期回撤通道围岩应力分布规律

针对万利一矿采空区下工作面末采期双回撤通道矿压显现的现象,采用相似模拟和数理分析手段,研究了末采期顶板结构演化规律,建立了末采期回撤通道围岩力学模型,分析了回撤通道围岩应力演化机理。结果表明:(1)两层煤间隔58 m,下层煤开采基本不改变上层煤覆岩裂隙带和垮落带高度,但使垮落带向下垮落程度增加和裂隙带岩层间裂隙宽度增加;(2)末采期工作面超前支承压力会发生应力转移,剩余煤柱上方应力会明显减小,超前支承压力由停采线煤柱-间隔煤柱共同承载;(3)42煤层双回撤通道工作面末采阶段停采线煤柱塑性区宽度约为4.2 m,剩余煤柱停采线侧塑性区宽度为5.5 m,剩余煤柱采空区侧塑性区宽度为6.5 m;研究成果可为采空区下回撤通道布置及应力调控提供理论依据。

保护煤柱合理留设宽度动态模拟研究

保护煤柱合理留设宽度的确定对保障煤层工作面及周边设施的安全稳定具有重要意义。为研究保护煤柱的合理留设宽度,基于Abaqus软件,利用Python语言编制程序。首先建立了能够模拟不同煤柱宽度的动态参数化模型,然后分析了不同保护煤柱宽度下的巷道变形规律,最后基于MATLAB语言编制了有限元优化分析程序,以巷道和保护煤柱变形量最小为优化目标对参数化有限元模型进行计算,得出了合理的保护煤柱宽度。仿真结果与现场监测数据的对比,验证了计算结果的正确性和优化方法的有效性。