Reconstruction of Knowledge and Medical Images in the Convergence of Chinese and Western Medicine:Taking “Sweet Meat” as an Example

The pancreas is neither part of the five Zang organs(五脏) nor the six Fu organs(六腑).Thus,it has received little attention in Chinese medical literature.In the late 19th century,medical missionaries in China started translating and introducing anatomical and physiological knowledge about the pancreas.As for the word pancreas,an early and influential translation was “sweet meat”(甜肉),proposed by Benjamin Hobson(合信).The translation “sweet meat” is not faithful to the original meaning of “pancreas”,but is a term coined by Hobson based on his personal habits,and the word “sweet” appeared by chance.However,in the decades since the term “sweet meat” became popular,Chinese medicine practitioners,such as Tang Zonghai(唐宗海),reinterpreted it by drawing new medical illustrations for “sweet meat” and giving new connotations to the word “sweet”.This discussion and interpretation of “sweet meat” in modern China,particularly among Chinese medicine professionals,is not only a dissemination and interpretation of the knowledge of “pancreas”,but also a construction of knowledge around the term “sweet meat”.

The Introduction of the Idea of the Hypothetical Magellanica Continent into China during the Seventeenth Century

The idea of the hypothetical Magellanica Continent(Terra Australis Incognita)was introduced into China by the Jesuit missionaries during the seventeenth century.While not accepted by the Chinese government,it was affirmed and transmitted to the public by a few Chinese scholars,including Feng Yingjing,Cheng Bai'er,Zhang Huang,Xiong Mingyu,Xiong Renlin,You Yi,Zhou Yuqi,Jie Xuan,Wang Honghan,and Ye Zipei.Most of them communicated closely with the Jesuit missionaries,and several even helped the missionaries compose the maps.The concept was updated progressively by Matteo Ricci,Giulio Aleni,Johann Adam Schall von Bell,Francesco Sambiasi,and Ferdinand Verbiest.Chinese scholars copied the missionaries'relevant maps and textual introductions without much modification.However,they paid little attention to advancements in the idea,and many of them circulated outdated knowledge.It was not until the middle-and late-nineteenth century that Chinese scholars reexamined the correctness of this hypothetical continent.

The Adaptability of the Scottish Missionaries in Manchuria (1866-1931)

In less than fi fty years since 1866,the Scottish missionaries made tens of thousands of Presbyterian converts and established eight churches in Manchuria.The most striking feature of the Scottish mission was the missionaries’skill in adapting to the incredibly complicated social,political and cultural environment in Manchuria.Their educational mission served as a niche for the Scottish missionaries to adapt to the social environment.Their medical mission and involvement in the famine and plague relief not only increased their popularity among the people but also helped them to establish contacts with the upper classes and power holders,including the Chinese,Russian and Japanese.John Ross,the pioneering Scottish missionary,found common ground between Ch ristianity and Confucianism,and between the Judeo-Christian tradition and the ancient Chinese moral values.Al though Ross had a strong belief in the ability of Chinese people,with the purpose of“making Confucianism the handmaid of Christianity”,his enquiry into Confucianism was tinged with cultural superiority and practicality.

A Study of the Impact of the Dissemination of Ancient Chinese Primer Classic in the United States

Carrying the roots of Chinese civilization to its origins,the Chinese Primer classic has received considerable attention in the international community’s cultural diffusion.The spread of the Chinese Primer class studies in the United States,aided by missionaries such as E.C.Bridgeman,Samuel Wells Williams,and William Alexander Parsons Martin,sinologists such as Witter Bynner and David Hinton,has been characterized by unidirectionality,permeability,and pluralism.

Missionary Impulses and American Isolationism and Expansionism

Isolationism and expansionism are two themes of American diplomacy. From the beginning of the state’s history, isolationism and expansionism have manifested themselves as two policy imperatives in American diplomacy. On the surface, isolationism and expansionism represent contradictory attitudes and assumptions about America’s proper relationship with the outside world: isolationism advocates diplomatic and military non-entanglement in world affairs; expansionism urges active involvement in external affairs. But in a deeper sense, both isolationism and expansionism are manifestations of American sense of mission, the belief that the US has a special role to perform for all nations in the world. Isolationism is a passive approach to accomplish that mission: it emphasizes the exemplary nature of their country. Expansionism stresses the need for active involvement to achieve that mission; thus, is an active approach to American mission.

The Images of Confucianism Constructed by Europe in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries

This paper is a historical survey of western construction of the images of Con-fucianism ranging from the sixteenth century to nineteenth century. The historical process ofWestern version of Confucianism originally was traced back to European missionaries, whoplayed crucial role in collecting Confucian primary sources and praising the ethical and socialvalues of Confucianism. Inspired by the primary sources of Confucianism, Enlightenmentscholars represented the image of Confucianism as romanticized ideal of natural theory andpractical morality for European culture. However, western＇ s imagination of Confucianism inthe nineteenth century shifted from a cultural and political ideal to childish and static traditioninferior to European culture, as emphasized in Hegel and Herder＇ s works. All these Westernimages of Confucianism illustrate the historical expressions of European self - presentation,self- confirmation and self- criticism.

Translation and Meaning in the New Version of the Tshivenda Bible With Specific Reference to The Lord＇s Prayer

The Bible has been translated into many languages, including Tshivenda. Translating a text from the source language into the target language is always characterized by translational problems. The first version of the Tshivenda translated Bible was produced in 1936, whereas the new version was published in 1998. The translation of the new version of the Tshivenda Bible is based upon the new English version. However, some of the Tshivenda translation equivalents do not reflect the same meaning as those of the source language. There are many factors behind the non-equivalence of the English and Tshivencla lexical items, for example, culture and linguistic systems. The Bible contains ＂culture-bound＂ items, which present specific challenges to translation. Therefore, context becomes important in determining the meaning of the words. The aim of this paper is to highlight translation strategies used in the translation of The Lord＇s Prayer from the new English version of the Bible titled GoodNews Bible： Today＇s English Version With Deutorocanonicals/Apocrypha （1996） into Tshivenda, and the effects they have in transferring the meaning of aspects of the prayer.

Features of the Chinese Studies Abroad (I)

For a long time before the early 19^th century, scattered foreign searches on Chinese issues were called " Sinology"? Sinology started in the middle of the 16 山 century in Europe Among them, Italy, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Sweden and other countries were the first few countries to study Sinology, and missionaries played an important role.

A Study on Advertisements in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal

The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal is one of the most valued English literature in China’s history of Christianity and the key publications of missionaries from the second half of the 19th Century to the first half of the 20th Century.The advertisements in it have not been properly stressed by the academic world,most of which are even deleted in the bound volumes.This paper aims to give a preliminary study on the advertisements in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,comparing and analyzing advertisers,slogans and text structures and appeal methods of advertisements of shipping,banking,schools and book introduction in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,thus demonstrating its significance in China’s modern advertising industry and Sino-western commercial trade and cultural exchange.

Christian Missions and Navalar Movement in Sri Lanka: A Re-reading

This paper examines the development of the Navalar Movement and how the Christian missionaries and their works influenced and inspired Arumuga Navalar to be known widely as a leader of the native Saiva-Tamil people in the 19th century.For that,this study traces Arumuga Navalar’s interaction with foreign missionaries and the native-Tamil Christians,especially the opportunities in which he was made to form and lead forward his non-institutionalized movement:Saiva-Tamil Movement in order to reawaken Saivism and also to revive Tamil language and culture in Sri Lanka and South India.Drawing extensively from literature and the Navalar’s writings,the research critically analyzes the inculturation of Navalar and the activities of movement by applying the socio-cultural historical perspective to his journey of life in the hybrid ritualism.This approach provides the focus for the discussion with illustrative examples from the literature and reinterprets the rise and mission of Navalar and how the Movement grew out of the colonial encounter and how it evolved through the years.Further this study will be beneficial to researchers and scholars of Saivism and Christianity religious studies,social and cultural history of Sri Lanka.

Shaping modern nursing development in China before 1949

Nursing becoming a respectable,decent profession for educated Chinese women was a challenging undertaking.The early advancement of nursing in China was a collective effort of the missionary medicine,the private foundations,and the endurance,dedication and hardworking of the Chinese as well as foreign nurses.Western missionary introduced modern nursing in China and laid the preliminary foundation for its development,while the upgrading of nursing education from training to higher learning was a contribution by the School of Nursing Peking Union Medical College (PUMC),envisioned and supported by the China Medical Board.Its state-of-the-art and visionary education model,the high standard and the initiatives in public health nursing,and the heroic and patriotic military nursing created by the PUMC's outstanding graduates produced a cohort of leaders in nursing education and profession in China before 1949.All these efforts acting together shaped the modern nursing in China,leaving a great heritage to nursing education and practice to New China.

Dr.Father Waclaw Szuniewicz,a forgotten pioneer in refractive surgery and his work in China

Father Waclaw Szuniewicz(1891-1963) was a skilled ophthalmic surgeon, missionary, and teacher. For several years he worked in China, afterwards in the United States and in Brazil. The aim of the paper is to present the unanalyzed issues of Szuniewicz’s research regarding corneal refractive surgery. Szuniewicz performed experiments on changing the corneal curvature with anterior, posterior and full-thickness incisions. The results of modifying the anterior and posterior corneal curvature were satisfactory, however, diminished significantly within months after surgery. Corneal band resections were superior in terms of efficacy, however, such an intervention commonly led to complications in animal studies. Szuniewicz’s work was not published during his life. Nevertheless, as a result of strong impact of his personality and ideas, he is frequently considered as a pioneer of corneal refractive surgery.

Discussion of Medicine and Religion:Study of Missionary Hospitals in Modern Shanghai,China

In modern times,15 missionary hospitals were established in Shanghai,including 6 Protestant hospitals and 9 Catholic hospitals.These hospitals were the products of Western missionaries in China.The establishment of missionary hospitals objectively introduced Western medicine into China and changed its original medical system.Based on documents and periodicals,Shanghai archives,Xujiahui library materials,hospital historical records,and domestic and foreign library historical materials,this paper systematically reviews the development of missionary hospitals in Shanghai,and discusses their balance between medicine and religion,to provide ideas and references for future research.

Edward H. Hume's Contributions to Introducing Chinese Medicine to the West

Known as the founder of Xiangya School of Medicine and Xiangya Hospital,Edward H.Hume is frequently praised for his pioneering work in bringing Western medicine to China.Some researchers have investigated his efforts in introducing Chinese medicine to the West;less known is the role that he later played as a lecturer on medical history at Johns Hopkins University.This paper presents an exhaustive review of Hume’s English writings on Chinese medicine,thus revealing what Hume did to introduce Chinese medicine to Western academia,and how he pioneered research into Chinese medicine from cultural and philosophical perspectives.

In Memory of Baptist Minister Rev Shau Yan Lee

Dr.Shau Yan Lee[李守仁]was a Baptist minister,teacher,and scholar.He worked in China and America for more than 40 years.His text books and audio materials on Chinese language studies were widely used in America and Canada during the 1940s,50s and 60s.He was the first few persons to use phonograph recording to record Chinese dialects and English-Chinese vocabulary.His two academic books How to win the Chinese(1944)and China has a ten thousand mile spiritual wall(1945)attracted a lot of attention in the 1940s.According to the WorldCat,his first book had three reprints between 1944 and 1946 and was held by twenty six libraries worldwide.His second book had four reprints in 1945 and was held by twenty four libraries worldwide.The latter was also gifted and received by President Franklin D.Roosevelt(See Proulx,2006).In this memoir we will give a brief account of Lee’s education background,work experience,academic publishing,and contributions to Chinese linguistics.We will also give a brief account of his families.This account is based on sourced materials and completed to remember his contribution to society.Any information without citation is provided by his two youngest daughters Ding Jung Lee(李定中)and To Jung Lee(李道中).

Inventing the Barbarians:The Changing Contexts of Yi in the Late Qing Dynasty

This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.

19-20世纪的文化转型——基督教传教士的希望、中国激进派的革命以及关于文化之能动本质的神学反思

引言基督教传教士与激进革命者之间似乎并无多少关联,但这两类人士均在不同程度上评估和挑战了当代文化,并试图革新文化。本文将关注某些重要基督教在华"传教士学者"(missionary-scholar)在文化转型变革中的影响,将他们各自独特的文化改变与欧洲和中国激进革命者的文化转变进行比较和对照。通过这种方法。

晚清新教传教士对道教文化的诠释

一、引言继明清之际的耶稣会士对中国道教进行初步的研究后,新教传教士在关注中国儒家思想与佛教的同时,也开启了对道家思想与道教的研究,西方传教士对中国道教文化的体认走过一段漫长的过程。早期来华的新教传教士虽然在他们的书信、报告以及西文著述里提到中国的道教,如马礼逊(Robert Morrison)、郭实腊(Karl Gutzlaff)、麦都思(W.H.Medhurst)、卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams)等,但他们更多关注的是作为一种宗教的道教之迷信与偶像崇拜的一面,他们几乎不谈《道德经》。

Traces and echoes of De Architectura by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio in the work of Xu Guangqi in 17th century China

This study aims to investigate the role played by Xu Guangqi （1562-1633）, minister of the Ming Dynasty, in the development of European scientific and technical knowledge in China between the 16th and 17th centuries by analyzing a book of Western technology that he wrote, namely, Taixi Shuifa （On Western Hydraulics）. Several Western books related to machine knowledge are searched to trace the source of the illustrations in Taixi Shuifa. We found that Archimedes＇ screw and Ctesibius＇ machine, which are included in Vitruvius＇ De Architectura volumes, also appear in the work of Xu Guangqi.

关于“救赎”的寓言叙事——中华内地会晚清传教画解读

1897年,在中国内地传教13年的内地会(China InlandMission,CIM)英国传教士威廉姆·威尔逊(William Wilson)写了一本名为《以目人心:中国传教事业中本土美术之价值》(EYE-GATE:The value of native art in the evangelization ofChina,后文均简称《以目入心》)的小书。在书中。