Hybrid Effects on MHD Mixed Convective Boundary Layer Flow through a Sloped Plate in Existence of Nanofluid-Saturated Porous Medium

This study examines the effects of heat, mass, and boundary layer assumptions-based nanoparticle characteristics on the hybrid effects of using MHD in conjunction with mixed convective flow through a sloped vertical pore plate in the existence of medium of porous. Physical characteristics such as thermo-diffusion, injection-suction, and viscous dissipation are taken into consideration, in addition to an equally distributed magnetic force utilized as well in the completely opposite path of the flow. By means of several non-dimensional transformations, the momentum, energy, concentration, and nanoparticle volume fraction equations under investigation are converted in terms of nonlinear boundary layer equations and computationally resolved by utilizing the sixth-order Runge-Kutta strategy in combination together with the iteration of Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting procedure. By contrasting the findings produced for a few particular examples with those found in the published literature, the correctness of the numerical result is verified, and a rather good agreement is found. Utilizing various ranges of pertinent factors, computing findings are determined not only regarding velocity, temperature, and concentration as well as nanoparticle fraction of volume but also concerning with local skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt and general Sherwood numbers associated with nanoparticle Sherwood number. The findings of the study demonstrate that increasing the fluid suction parameter decreases the velocity and temperature of the flow field in conjunction with concentration and has a variable impact on the nanoparticle fraction of volume, despite an increasing behavior in the local skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt as well as general Sherwood numbers and an increasing behavior in the local nanoparticle Sherwood number. Furthermore, enhancing a Schmidt number leads to a reduction in the local nanoparticle Sherwood number and a rise in the nanoparticle proportion of volume. Along with concentration, it also reduces temperature and velocity. However, it also raises the local Sherwood and Nusselt numbers and reduces the local skin friction coefficient.

Effect of Mixed Silage of Alhagi sparsifolia and Medicago sativa at Initial Flowering Stage on Degradation

[Objective] The influence of mixed silage of A.sparsifolia and M.sativa at initial flowering stage on degradation was studied to provide theoretical basis for production practice.[Method] Using A.sparsifolia and M.sativa at initial flowering stage as materials,the changes of in vitro degradation rate,gas production,pH value,ammoniacal nitrogen（NH3-N）and volatile fatty acid（VFA）content in degradation solution were analyzed by means of artificial rumen technique,and the effect of mixed silage of A.sparsifolia and M.sativa at initial flowering stage on degradation was studied in order to find out suitable mixed silage ratio of A.sparsifolia and M.sativa.[Result] Compared with single M.sativa,NH3-N content in degradation solution was very significantly decreased in the mixed silage of A.sparsifolia and M.sativa,and there was a reduction in gas production,while the content of acetic acid,propionic acid and butyric acid increased significantly;for the treatment of 70% A.sparsifolia and 30% M.sativa,NH3-N content（22.93 mmol/L）and gas production（40.50 ml）was lowest,while degradation rate（32.27%）,acetic acid（5.48 mmol/L）,propionic acid（2.08 mmol/L）,butyric acid（2.52 mmol/L）and their total content（10.08 mmol/L）were highest,so its degradation effect was the best.[Conclusion] The mixed silage of A.sparsifolia and M.sativa at initial flowering stage could improve the utilization efficiency of protein and carbohydrate in M.sativa and the treatment of 70% A.sparsifolia and 30% M.sativa had the best degradation effect.

Synergistic anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system with high emulsification efficiency for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant sodium alkyl glucosyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate(APGSHS) and zwitterionic surfactant octadecyl betaine(BS-18) is proposed. The performance of APGSHS/BS-18 mixed surfactant system was evaluated in terms of interfacial tension, emulsification capability, emulsion size and distribution, wettability alteration, temperature-resistance and salt-resistance. The emulsification speed was used to evaluate the emulsification ability of surfactant systems, and the results show that mixed surfactant systems can completely emulsify the crude oil into emulsions droplets even under low energy conditions. Meanwhile,the system exhibits good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, the best oil recovery of 25.45% is achieved for low permeability core by the mixed surfactant system with a total concentration of 0.3 wt%while the molar ratio of APGSHS:BS-18 is 4:6. The current study indicates that the anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system can improve the oil flooding efficiency and is potential candidate for application in low permeability reservoirs.

Numerical investigation of variable viscosities and thermal stratification effects on MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge in the presence of a chemical reaction

An analysis is presented to investigate the effects of variable viscosities and thermal stratification on the MHD mixed convective heat and mass transfer of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid past a porous wedge in the presence of a chemical reaction. The wall of the wedge is embedded in a uniform nonDarcian porous medium in order to allow for possible fluid wall suction or injection. The governing boundary layer equations are written into a dimensionless form by similarity transformations. The transformed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with finite difference methods. Numerical calculations up to the thirdorder level of truncation are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters. The results are presented graphically, and show that the flow field and other quantities of physical interest are significantly influenced by these parameters. The results are compared with those available in literature, and show excellent agreement.

MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS EFFECT ON MIXED MODE Ⅰ/Ⅱ FRACTURE OF LC4-CS ALUMINUM ALLOY

Mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture erperiments of LC4-CS aluminum alloy were conductedby using tension--shear specimens with thicknesses of 2, 4, 8 and 14mm. Fracturemechanisms of thickness effect on mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture were first examined fromfracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior andstress state. It is found that specimen thickness has a strong influence on mixed modefracture. As thickness varies from thin to thick the macroscopic fracture surfacesappear the characteristics of plane stress state (2mm, 4mm--thick specimen), three--dimensional stress state (8mm--thick specimens), and plane strain state (14mm--thickspecimens), respectively. The specimens of all kinds of thicknesses are typical of ten-sile type failure under mode Ⅰ loading condition and shear type failure under mode Ⅱloading condition. Two distinct features coexist on the fracture surfaces under mixedmode loading conditions, and the corresponding proportion varies with loading mix-ity. Void--growth processes are the failure mechanism in both predominately tensile-and shears--type fractures. The size and depth of dimples on the fracture surface varygreatly with thickness. Therefore, it is extraordinary necessary to take into accountthe thickness effect when a mixed mode fracture criterion is being established.

Effectively modulating spatial vortex four-wave mixing in a diamond atomic system

Due to the spatial characteristics of orbital angular momentum,vortex fields can be applied in the fields of quantum storage and quantum information.We study the realization of spatially modulated vortex fields based on four-wave mixing in a four-level atomic system with a diamond structure.The intensity and spiral phase of the vortex field are effectively transferred to the generated four-wave mixing field.By changing the detuning of the probe field,the phase and intensity of the generated vertex four-wave mixing field can be changed.When the probe field takes a large detuning value,the spatial distribution of the intensity and phase of the vertex four-wave mixing field can be effectively tuned by adjusting the Rabi frequency or detuning value of the coupled field.At the same time,we also provide a detailed explanation based on the dispersion relationship,and the results agree well with our simulation results.

Synergistic Effect in Mixed Capillary Gas Chromatographic Stationap Phases Containing Heptakis(2,3,6-tri-o-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin and Dibenzo-18-crown-6

used－silical capillary columns containing heptakis（2、3、6－tri－o－pentyl）-β-cyclodextrinand dibenzo-18-crown-6 were prepared．By studying the selectivity of mixed stationary phases forsome solute pairs.as well as comparing with the heptakis（2．3、6-tri-O-pentyl）-β-cyclodextrin and thedibenzo-18-crown-6 used as individual stationary phase、the synergistic effects were observed.These effects were affected by the column temperature．mixed ratio and linear velocity of carrier gas．

Additive mixed models to study the effect of tree age and climatic factors on stem radial growth of Eucalyptus trees

The effect of tree age and climatic variables on stem radial growth of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus was determined using longitudinal data from eastern South Africa.The stem radius of was measured weekly as the response variable.In addition to tree age,average weekly temperature,solar radiation,relative humidity and wind speed were simultaneously recorded with total rainfall at the site.An additive mixed effects model that incorporates a non-parametric smooth function was used.The results of the analysis indicate that the relationship between stem radius and each of the covariates can be explained by nonlinear functions.Models that account for the effect of clone and season together with their interaction in the parametric part of the additive mixed model were also fitted.The interaction between clone and season was not significant in all cases.For analyzing the joint effect all the covariates,additive mixed models that included two or more covariates were fitted.A significant effect of tree age was found in all cases.Although tree age was the key determinant of stem radial growth,weather variables also had a significant effect that was dependent on season.

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on the Mixed Litter Decomposition in Stipa baicalensis Steppe in Inner Mongolia

During the past two centuries, global changes (i.e., enhanced nitrogen deposition) have exerted profound effects on ecological processes of steppe ecosystems. We used litterbag method and mixed litters of three different plant species tissues (Stipa baicalensis: Sb, Leymus chinensis: Lc and Artemisia frigid: Af), endemic to Stipa baicalensis Steppe, and measured the mass loss of mixtures over 417 days under the N addition treatment. We studied the effect of N addition (N0: no N addition;N15: 1.5 g N/m2·a;N30: 3.0 g N/m2·a;N50: 5.0 g N/m2·a;N100: 10.0 g N/m2·a;N150: 15.0 g N/m2·a) on the rate of mixed litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics change. The decomposition constant (k) of leaf mixtures was higher than that of root mixtures. The k values of leaf mixed combinations were 0.880 (Sb + Lc), 1.231 (Lc + Af), 1.027 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The k value of stem was 0.806 (Lc + Af) and the root mixed combinations were 0.665 (Sb + Lc), 0.979 (Lc + Af) and 1.164 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The results indicated that N addition had significantly effect on the mixed litter decomposition and nutrient releasing. The rate of plant tissues litter decomposition had different response to N addition. In the context of N addition, litter decomposition rate and nutrient dynamics were changed by synthetic effect of decaying time, specie types and N addition dose. Our findings suggested that prairie plants may adapt to environmental change by adjusting litter quality, thus retaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem.

Experiment on the Fattening Effects of Mixed Silage of Wolfberry Branches on Hybrid

[Objectives] This study was conducted to use the feeding value of wolfberry branches and to provide a basis for the rational use of its active ingredients and nutrients and the development of new feed resources. [Methods] Wolfberry branches and whole-plant corn were used to make mixed silage of wolfberry branches, which replaced different proportions of whole-plant corn silage for feeding hybrid mutton sheep, and the feeding effect of the mixed silage of wolfberry branches on hybrid mutton sheep was analyzed, which provides a technical basis for rational utilization of mulberry resources to ruminants. A single factor feeding comparison experiment was carried out. 32 hybrid mutton sheep of 8 months old with conform gender, age, body weight, physiological state and feeding management level were selected and divided into two groups, 16 in each group. [Results] The gross output value of weight gain of the experimental group was 18.06 yuan, which was higher than the CK(12.97 yuan) by 5.09 yuan. [Conclusions] The addition of the mixed silage of wolfberry branches to the diet had a positive effect on the increase of the weight gain of the hybrid mutton sheep and the reduction of the feed conversion ratio compared with the single whole-plant corn silage.

Experiment on the Fattening Effects of Mixed Silage of Mulberry Branches and Leaves on Hybrid Mutton Sheep

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed silage of mulberry branches and leaves on the production performance of Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep and explore the feasibility in production. [Methods] Twenty-six Tan Han hybrid mutton sheep were selected and divided into two groups, 13 in each group. The experimental group was fed with the mixed silage and the control group(CK) was fed with whole-plant corn silage. [Results] The average daily weight gain per sheep of the experimental group was 9.2% higher than that of the CK(P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was decreased by 6.98%(P<0.05). The average daily weight gain per sheep in the 30 d improved the gross profit by 7.75 yuan, which meant an increase of 16.32%. [Conclusions] The mulberry mixed silage is feasible in the production, and it could significantly improve the production performance of the hybrid mutton sheep.

Modelling tree mortality across diameter classes using mixedeffects zero-inflated models

The mortality of trees across diameter class model is a useful tool for predicting changes in stand structure.Mortality data commonly contain a large fraction of zeros and general discrete models thus show more errors.Based on the traditional Poisson model and the negative binomial model,different forms of zero-inflated and hurdle models were applied to spruce-fir mixed forests data to simulate the number of dead trees.By comparing the residuals and Vuong test statistics,the zero-inflated negative binomial model performed best.A random effect was added to improve the model accuracy;however,the mixed-effects zero-inflated model did not show increased advantages.According to the model principle,the zeroinflated negative binomial model was the most suitable,indicating that the"0"events in this study,mainly from the sample"0",i.e.,the zero mortality data,are largely due to the limitations of the experimental design and sample selection.These results also show that the number of dead trees in the diameter class is positively correlated with the number of trees in that class and the mean stand diameter,and inversely related to class size,and slope and aspect of the site.

Nonlinear mixed-effects height to crown base and crown length dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch( Larix olgensis ) plantations in northeast China

Korean larch(Larix olgensis)is one of the main tree species for aff orestation and timber production in northeast China.However,its timber quality and growth ability are largely infl uenced by crown size,structure and shape.The majority of crown models are static models based on tree size and stand characteristics from temporary sample plots,but crown dynamic models has seldom been constructed.Therefore,this study aimed to develop height to crown base(HCB)and crown length(CL)dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch plantation.The nonlinear mixed-eff ects model with random eff ects,variance functions and correlation structures,was used to build HCB and CL dynamic models.The data were obtained from 95 sample trees of 19 plots in Meng JiaGang forest farm in Northeast China.The results showed that HCB progressively increases as tree age,tree height growth(HT growth)and diameter at breast height growth(DBH growth).The CL was increased with tree age in 20 years ago,and subsequently stabilized.HT growth,DBH growth stand basal area(BAS)and crown competition factor(CCF)signifi cantly infl uenced HCB and CL.The HCB was positively correlated with BAS,HT growth and DBH growth,but negatively correlated with CCF.The CL was positively correlated with BAS and CCF,but negatively correlated with DBH growth.Model fi tting and validation confi rmed that the mixed-eff ects model considering the stand and tree level random eff ects was accurate and reliable for predicting the HCB and CL dynamics.However,the models involving adding variance functions and time series correlation structure could not completely remove heterogeneity and autocorrelation,and the fi tting precision of the models was reduced.Therefore,from the point of view of application,we should take care to avoid setting up over-complex models.The HCB and CL dynamic models in our study may also be incorporated into stand growth and yield model systems in China.

GROWTH EFFECT OF DAHURIAN LARCH-MANCHURIAN ASH MIXED FORESTS

With the method of stem analyses by the microscope, the xylem’s accumulations atdifferent ages were quantitatively studied using the data of typical plant association for Dahurianlarch (Larix gmelini Rupr) and Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr) mixed forests. Thedeveloping process for this important mixed forest type in the study area was systematically established. The result showed that in the artificial stand of Dahurian larch mixed with naturalManchurian ash. only those which have the same origin as Dahurian larch can grow up before theclosing of stand and form the components of the main layers. After 24 years seif-thinning, when theywere 29 years old, Dahurian larch would be at the stage of no self-thinning. At last the stand woulddevelop to the broad-leaved forests dominating with the Manchurian ash.

Sensitizing Effect of Mixed Surfactants on the Colouration of Scandium(Ⅲ)with Phenylfluorone or Its Derivatives

In the presence of mixed micelle of a cationic and a nonionic surfactants,the reaction of scandium(Ⅲ) with phenylfluorone or its derivatives results in a very sensitive colouration:furthermore this chromophoric system tolerates the existence of a considerable amount of masking agents,so that many interfering ions can be masked and its selectivity would be further improved.After studying the optimum conditions and main charac- ters of some similar systems,the system of Sc(Ⅲ)—Orthonitrophenyuorone—Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide(CTMAB)—Triton X-200 is chosen for the spectrophotometric determination of microamount of scandium.The proposed method shows not only high sensitivity(with a molar absorptivity of 2.12×1~sL mol^(-1)·cm^(-1))and selectivity,but also high tolerance of chromophoric conditions.Beer's law is obeyed over a range of 0～6.0 μg Sc/25ml.If the dual-wavelength method is applied,a much higher molar absorptivity o|' 3.04×10~5L·mol^(-1)·cm^(-1)than those of other systems ever reported in the literatures can be attained:more- over.its linear range is extended to 0～8.0 μg Sc/25ml and its reproducibility is also improved.

Incorporating topographic factors in nonlinear mixed-effects models for aboveground biomass of natural Simao pine in Yunnan,China

A total of 128 Simao pine trees （Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis） from three regions of Pu＇er City, Yunnan Province, People＇s Republic of China, were destructively sampled to obtain tree aboveground biomass （AGB）. Tree variables such as diameter at breast height and total height, and topographical factors such as altitude, aspect of slope, and degree of slope were recorded. We considered the region and site quality classes as the ran- dom-effects, and the topographic variables as the fixed- effects. We fitted a total of eight models as follows： least- squares nonlinear models （BM）, least-squares nonlinear models with the topographic factors （BMT）, nonlinear mixed-effects models with region as single random-effects （NLME-RE）, nonlinear mixed-effects models with site as single random-effects （NLME-SE）, nonlinear mixed-ef- fects models with the two-level nested region and site random-effects （TLNLME）, NLME-RE with the fixed-ef- fects of topographic factors （NLMET-RE）, NLME-SE with the fixed-effects of topographic factors （NLMET-SE）, and TLNLME with the fixed-effects of topographic factors （TLNLMET）. The eight models were compared by modelfitting and prediction statistics. The results showed： model fitting was improved by considering random-effects of region or site, or both. The models with the fixed-effects of topographic factors had better model fitting. According to AIC and BIC, the model fitting was ranked as TLNLME 〉 NLMET-RE 〉 NLME-RE.〉 NLMET-SE 〉 TLNLMET 〉 NLME-SE 〉 BMT 〉 BM. The differences among these models for model prediction were small. The model pre- diction was ranked as TLNLME 〉 NLME-RE 〉 NLME- SE 〉 NLMET-RE 〉 NLMET-SE 〉 TLNLMET 〉 BMT 〉 BM. However, all eight models had relatively high prediction precision （〉90 %）. Thus, the best model should be chosen based on the available data when using the model to predict individual tree AGB.

Influence of alkali mixed effect on the mixing enthalpy in 0.75B_2O_3-0.25[xNa_2O-(1-x)K_2O]glass system

The mixed alkali effect was investigated in the glass system 0.75B2O3-0.25[xNa2O-（1 -x）K20] through thermodynamic properties. The calorimetric measurements were performed in HF solution calorimetry at 298 K. The mixing enthalpy values show non-linear behaviour upon substitution of one alkali ion by another. This thermodynamic non-ideality is caused by the slight variations of distance between metallic cations, the macromolecular structure being unchanged. It can be explained, at least qualitatively, using electrolyte theory based on the Coulombic interactions of charged species originally developed by Debye and Hückel.

DOUBLE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION KINETICS OF A MICELLE MIXED EXTRACTANT SYSTEM I DOUBLE(KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC)SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND EXTRACTION MECHANISMS

The equilibria and kinetic characteristics of a micelle mixed extractant system-D2 EHPA-MPA（MPA-monoalkyl phosphoric acid with long carbon chain and micellization）in extractionof the Al3+ions were studied.It was found that the system has double synergistic effects on theextraction of the Al3+ions.The compositions of the synergistic complexes were determined andthe synergistic reaction equations were obtained.

Random crystal field effect on hysteresis loops and compensation behavior of mixed spin-(1,3/2) Ising system

Magnetic hysteresis and compensation behavior of a mixed spin-（1, 3/2） Ising model on a square lattice are investigated in the framework of effective field theory based on a probability distribution technique. The effect of random crystal field, ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic exchange interaction on hysteresis loops and compensation phenomenon are discussed. A number of characteristic phenomena have been reported such as the observation of triple hysteresis loops at low temperatures and for negative values of random crystal field. Critical and double compensation temperatures have been also found. The obtained results are also compared to some previous works.

Study on Removal Effect of Ammonia Nitrogen in Sewage by the Mixed Substrate

Red brick,cement brick and ceramsite were taken as the substrate of constructed wetland,and removal effect of ammonia nitrogen by the mixed substrate under different combination manners and aeration condition was explored. Research results showed that cement brick had the best removal effect on ammonia nitrogen,followed by red brick and ceramsite; aeration was favorable for the removal of ammonia nitrogen by each substrate and the mixed substrate; removal rate sequence of ammonia nitrogen by each mixed substrate was red brick + cement brick > red brick + cement brick + ceramsite > cement brick + ceramsite > red brick + ceramsite; the combination of red brick + cement brick had the best removal effect on ammonia nitrogen in domestic sewage. Comprehensively considering,the mixed substrate of red brick + cement brick has better stability and higher ammonia nitrogen removal rate,and it is suitable as the mixed adsorption substrate of constructed wetland.