Species composition and minimum sampling area of a riparian mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve

Riparian areas are unique although often small component of the overall watershed landscape. The structure of riparian forests along Erdaobai River on the north slope of Changbai Mountain were investigated by using field data collected from eight sampling transects perpendicular to the Erdaobai River channel. Two kinds of species-area saturation curves were used to examine the relationship between species number and minimum sampling area. The results showed that riparian gymnosperms accounted for a high proportion of all gymnosperms in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve while riparian ferns and angiosperms accounted for a relatively low proportion. The average minimum sampling areas of riparian forest that included 60%, 80%, and 90% of the community species pool were about 85, 185, and 328 m 2 , respectively; while those for nonriparian forest were about 275, 390, and 514 m 2 , correspondingly.

Dynamics of nitrogen nutrition of coexisting dominant trees in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest

Chemical analysis of ammonium, nitrate and total nitrogen in tree leaves and roots and anin-vivo bioassay for nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were used to monitor the seasonal variations in nitrogen assimilation among four coexisting dominant tree species, includingPinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica andAcer mono, in a virgin mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest. The soil study included individual horizons of L+F (0–5 cm), Ah (5–11 cm) and Aw (11–25 cm). All four species had nitrate and ammonium in their roots and leaves, and also NRA in leaves. This indicated that these coexisting species were adapted to ammonium + nitrate nutrition. A negative correlation existed between nitrate use and ammonium use. Ammonium concentration was higher than that of nitrate in tree leaves and roots, and also in soils, which indicated climax woody species had a relative preference for ammonium nutrition. There was a positive relationship between tree nitrogen nutrition use and soil nitrogen nutrient supply. Utilization of ammonium and nitrate as well as the seasonal patterns differed significantly between the species. Peaks of ammonium, nitrate, NRA and total nitrogen in one species were therefore not necessarily synchronous with peaks in other species, and which indicated a species-specific seasonal use of nitrogen. The species-specific temporal differentiation in nitrogen use might reduce the competition between co-existing species and may be an important mechanism promoting stability of virgin mixed broad-leaved//Korean pine forest.

NITROGEN NUTRIENT MECHANISM IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION PROCESS OF THE MIXED BROAD-LEAVED/ KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) FOREST

Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.

Effects of Logging Intensity on Structure and Composition of a Broadleaf-Korean Pine Mixed Forest on Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

In order to identify a harvesting model which is beneficial for broadleaf-Korean pine mixed forest(BKF) sustainability, we investigated four types of harvested stands which have been logged with intensities of 0(T0, control), 15%(T1, low intensity), 35%(T2, moderate intensity), and 100%(T3, clear-cutting), and examined the impacts of logging intensity on composition and structure of these stands. Results showed that there were no significant differences between T0 and T1 for all structural characteristics, except for density of seeding and large trees. The mean diameter at breast height(DBH, 1.3 m above the ground), stem density and basal area of large trees in T2 were significantly lower than in T0, while the density of seedlings and saplings were significantly higher in T2 than in T0. Structural characteristics in T3 were entirely different from T0. Dominant tree species in primary BKF comprised 93%, 85%, 45% and 10% of the total basal area in T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Three community similarity indices, the Jaccard′s similarity coefficient(CJ); the Morisita-Horn index(CMH); and the Bray-Curtis index(CN), were the highest for T0 and T1, followed by T0 and T2, and T0 and T3, in generally. These results suggest that effects of harvesting on forest composition and structure are related to logging intensities. Low intensity harvesting is conductive to preserving forest structure and composition, allowing it to recover in a short time period. The regime characterized by low logging intensity and short rotations appears to be a sustainable harvesting method for BKF on the Changbai Mountains.

Recovery of species diversity after disturbance of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

Recovery of species diversity after catastrophic disturbance was influenced by a few factors, such as intensity of disturbance, availability of propagules, and the environmental conditions, In this paper, we examined pattems of species development after nearly 60a succession in bumed broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest on northem slope of ChangbaiMountain. We aasessed the recovery of plant species diversity in 3 types of forests under the contition with gradient of soil moisture. Results revealed that recovery of plant species (liversity varied greatly under different environmental conditions.Species richness of secondary forests greatly related to the site condition. Secondary birch forest on mesic site had the greatest number of plant species and the following was poplar-birch forest and larch-birch forest.Most of characteristic taxa couldbe found in birch forest after 60a succession. For larch-birch forest on hydra site, most of climax species were still not able to invade, so it had the lowest species diversity.

A Retrospect on Studies of Broadleaved/Korean Pine Forests

It is well--known that broadlcaved/Korean pine forests distribute in the areanear the broad seas in the cast Asia.TheStudy history or the forests is coincided withthat of its exploitation and destroying.

Modeling diameter distribution of the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest on Changbai Mountains of China

The broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest is a native vegetation in the Changbai Mountains, northeast China. The probability density functions including the normal, negative exponential, Weibull and finite mixture distribution, were used to describe the diameter distributions of the species groups and entire forest stand. There is a strong correlation between parameters and mean DBH except the shape parameters in the mixture distribution. The diameter classes of species and entire forest stand showed not negative exponential but normal and "S" distribution. The mixture function was better than normal and Weibull to describe the model distribution. The location parameter had an effect on the estimated frequency in the first diameter class, when the estimated location parameter was bigger than the lower limit of the first diameter class.

阔叶红松林林木与林分生长对采伐干扰的响应

提升森林质量、修复生态功能是东北阔叶红松林生态修复的核心,而阐明林木与林分生长对采伐干扰的响应机理是其中的关键。森林对采伐干扰的响应会受到空间尺度、时间尺度以及干扰程度等因素的综合影响。以往的研究侧重于比较不同采伐处理下林木生长的相对大小,而忽视了不同恢复时间下,林木和林分生长随干扰程度的变化。以吉林蛟河阔叶红松林采伐样地为对象,基于连续四次样地调查数据(2011、2013、2015、2018年),分别探讨了林木和林分生长在不同恢复阶段对不同程度采伐干扰的响应,并通过构建分段模型确定采伐干扰阈值。结果显示:林木和林分生长对采伐干扰的响应并不一致,采伐促进了林木生长,并且林木生长量随采伐强度的升高而升高;采伐降低了林分生产力,林分生产力随采伐强度的升高而降低。林木和林分生长对采伐干扰的响应存在时滞效应:林木和林分生长在采伐后两年内并无显著变化,而在采伐三年后才发生明显变化。此外,分段模型的结果显示:当保留木断面积为21.6 m^(2)/hm^(2)时,林分生产力最高,表明通过密度调整使阔叶红松林胸高断面积维持在21.6 m^(2)/hm^(2)附近,可使林分处于较高的生产力水平、促进森林恢复。研究结果能够为制定科学的阔叶红松林生态修复策略提供技术支撑。

Meteorological control on CO_2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountains

The impacts of temperature, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on CO2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains were studied based on eddy covariance and meteorological factors measurements.The results showed that, daytime CO2 flux was mainly controlled by PAR and they fit Michaelis-Menten equation. Meanwhile VPD also had an influence on the daytime flux. Drier air reduced the CO2 assimilation of the ecosystem, the drier the air, the more the reduction of the assimilation. And the forest was more sensitive to VPD in June than that in July and August. The respiration of the ecosystem was mainly controlled by soil temperature and they fit exponential equation. It was found that this relationship was also correlated with seasons; respiration from April to July was higher than that from August to November under the same temperature. Daily net carbon exchange of the ecosystem and the daily mean air temperature fit exponential equation. It was also found that seasonal trend of net carbon exchange was the result of comprehensive impacts of temperature and PAR and so on. These resulted in the biggest CO2 uptake in June and those in July and August were next. Annual carbon uptake of the forest ecosystem in 2003 was -184 gC. m-2.

Photosynthetic characteristics of dominant tree species and canopy in the broadleaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountains

Based on the light-photosynthesis response measurement at leaf level, combined with over- and under-canopy eddy covariance measurements, research on photosynthetic characteristics of single trees and forest canopy was conducted. The relationship between light intensity and photo-synthetic rates for leaves and canopy can be well fitted by a non-rectangular hyperbola model. Mongolian oak presented a high light compensation point, Lcp (28μmol·m-2·s-1), a light saturation point Lsp (】1800μmol·m-2·s-1), and a maximal net photosynthetic rate Pmax (9.96μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is a typical heliophilous plant. Mono maple presented the highest apparent quantum efficiencyα(0.066) but the lowest, Lcp (16μmol·m-2·s-1), Lsp (=800μmol·m-2·s-1), and Pmax (4.51μmol·m-2·s-1), which suggest that it is heliophilous plant. Korean pine showed the lowestαvalue but a higher Pmax, which suggest that it is a semi-heliophilous plant. At the canopy level, the values of both or and Pmax approached the upper limit of reported values in temperate forests, while Lcp was within the lower limit. Canopy photosynthetic characteristics were well consistent with those of leaves. Both showed a high ability to photosynthesize. However, environmental stresses, especially high vapor pressure deficits, could significantly reduce the photosynthetic ability of leaves and canopy.

小兴安岭五种林型早春草本植物多样性及其环境解释

早春草本层植物作为草本层动态变化的早期阶段,是森林的重要组成部分,对于维持森林生态系统功能及其多样性具有重要意义。为探究小兴安岭地区早春草本层植物对人为干扰后引起的林型改变的响应,以黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区内的五种林型(白桦次生林(Betula platyphylla)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工林、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林、阔叶红松择伐林以及阔叶红松林)为研究对象,分析林下早春草本层植物多样性的差异及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)研究区林下早春草本层植物共60种,隶属26科52属,林下优势种主要以银莲花(Anemone cathayensis)、东北羊角芹(Aegopodium alpestre)为主,五种林型早春草本层植物组成相似度较高;(2)五种林型不同生活史对策早春草本层植物的密度、盖度以及多样性指数均呈现显著差异;(3)土壤pH对早春生长期植物的密度、盖度及多样性指数,林下光对早春开花植物的密度和盖度以及早春展叶植物的多样性指数具有较高的解释率;(4)早春生长期植物的密度、盖度及多样性指数与土壤pH呈显著的正相关关系,其多样性指数与土壤全氮呈显著的单峰型关系;林下光与早春开花植物的密度呈显著的单峰型关系,与盖度呈显著的负相关关系;早春展叶植物的多样性指数与林下直射光和林下总光照呈显著的“U”型关系、与林下散射光呈显著的正相关关系。林型改变引起不同生活史对策的早春草本层植物的密度、盖度以及多样性的显著差异,但变化趋势不一致;土壤pH和林下光是影响林下早春草本层植物群落数量特征的主要环境因子,影响程度因草本植物自身生活史对策特性而存在差异。本研究结果为理解小兴安岭地区植物群落的生长发育特征及其影响因素提供理论依据。

人工阔叶红松混交林对土壤改良效果的研究

为了对人工阔叶红松混交林的土壤变化进行研究,以辽宁省东部山区五种典型人工阔叶红松混交林为研究对象,通过对其土壤理化性质的测定,了解其对土壤改良的效果。测定结果表明,这五种类型混交林单位面积凋落物现存量均低于红松纯林,在土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、在速效磷、速效钾含量方面,人工阔叶混交林均高于人工红松纯林,在土壤渗透速度和土壤理化性质方面,阔叶红松混交林均高于和好于红松纯林。

抚育强度对不同林型“栽针保阔”红松林碳源/汇影响

【目的】揭示透光抚育对不同林型中期“栽针保阔”红松林碳源/汇影响规律,为恢复地带性顶极植被阔叶红松林提供依据。【方法】运用静态箱-气相色谱分析及相对生长方程法,同步测定小兴安岭3种中期“栽针保阔”红松林(蒙古栎红松林、白桦红松林和山杨红松林冠下栽植红松25~35年及透光抚育25~30年)在不同透光抚育强度(对照、轻度透光抚育、强度透光抚育)下的土壤异养呼吸净碳排放量(CO_(2)和CH_(4))、植被年净固碳量及相关环境因子(温度、土壤含水率、有机碳、全氮等),并依据生态系统净碳收支,确定林型和透光抚育强度对中期“栽针保阔”红松林碳源/汇的影响规律及其机制。【结果】(1)3种林型土壤CO_(2)年均通量(159.94~207.43 mg/(m^(2)·h))既受透光抚育强度影响(强度透光抚育使蒙古栎红松林显著提高18.9%),也受林型影响(对照林分白桦红松林显著大于蒙古栎红松林和山杨红松林,轻、强度透光抚育下3种林型相近);各透光抚育强度对3者的土壤CH4年均通量(-0.047~-0.028 mg/(m^(2)·h))无显著影响,但白桦红松林和山杨红松林显著高于蒙古栎红松林;(2)轻、强度透光抚育对3种林型的植被年净固碳量(1.66~3.99 t/(hm^(2)·a))无显著影响,但在各透光抚育强度下白桦红松林显著高于蒙古栎红松林和山杨红松林(105.4%~124.1%和31.0%~32.6%),山杨红松林又显著高于蒙古栎红松林(55.7%~71.1%);(3)轻度透光抚育对蒙古栎红松林(-1.93~-1.12 t/(hm^(2)·a))、白桦红松林(-0.13~0.46 t/(hm^(2)·a))和山杨红松林(-1.03~-0.65 t/(hm^(2)·a))碳汇已无显著影响,而强度透光抚育的影响程度和方向与林型密切相关(蒙古栎红松林源强显著提高72.3%,白桦红松林由碳汇转化为弱源,山杨红松林源强变大但差异性不显著)。【结论】因此,从中期“栽针保阔”红松林维持森林碳汇方面考虑,对恢复较快的白桦红松林和山杨红松林可以采取强度透光抚育,而对恢复较慢的蒙古栎红松林则适宜采取轻度透光抚育。

氮添加对长白山阔叶红松林2种树木幼苗光合生理生态特征的影响

植物的光合作用是评估全球变化背景下碳循环的重要环节。目前,氮沉降增加日益明显,作为植物生长关键因子的可利用氮将对植物的光合生理生态过程产生影响。以长白山阔叶红松林主要树种红松和紫椴的幼苗为例,通过模拟氮沉降增加(氮添加量分别为0、23、46和69 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1))的方法,利用Li-6400光合测定系统分别测算了两个树种的最大净光合速率(A_(max))、气孔导度(G_(smax))和水分利用效率(WUE)的值,并测算了叶氮含量、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的值。通过分析A_(max)随不同施氮量的变化规律,同时结合其他叶片特征参数的变化,进一步探讨植物光合随氮添加的变化原因。研究结果显示:两个树种的A_(max)值在0—46 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)的氮添加范围内随施氮量的增加而增大,继续增加施氮量至69 kg Nhm^(-2)a^(-1)则出现下降。叶绿素含量、G_(smax)、PNUE和比叶面积在不同的氮添加水平下的变化规律与A_(max)的一致,且均与A_(max)呈显著正相关关系。叶氮含量与A_(max)的值仅在0—46 kg N hm^(-2)a^(-1)氮添加范围内呈显著正相关。A_(max)与WUE的相关关系不显著。相同氮添加水平下,氮添加对阔叶树种紫椴各生理生态参数(A_(max)、G_(smax)、叶氮含量、比叶面积、PNUE和WUE)的促进程度高于对针叶树种红松各生理生态参数的促进程度。研究结果可为评估氮沉降增加背景下我国东北地区的碳循环提供依据。

采伐对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响

采伐对森林生态系统碳密度和固碳能力有重要的影响,且影响的程度因采伐强度和方式不同而有巨大差异。以长白山地区原始阔叶红松林在不同采伐方式、采伐强度干扰后形成的次生林为研究对象,通过对2007至2009年建立的11块1 hm2永久样地中植被层、凋落物层和土壤层碳密度在采伐前后变化特征的分析,研究了采伐强度与恢复时间对阔叶红松林生态系统碳密度的影响。结果表明:在短期内,采伐导致了植被层和土壤表层(0—20cm)碳密度值的减少,其中植被碳密度与采伐强度有显著的线性负相关关系(y=-0.9x+91.17,R2=0.626,P<0.01),而后,随着植被的恢复,生态系统碳密度增加,其中植被、土壤层碳密度呈显著线性正相关关系。根据植被碳密度与恢复时间之间的相关关系,确定以生态系统恢复、木材生产与固碳三者兼顾的合适采伐强度为30%,轮伐期为45a。

受干扰长白山阔叶红松林林分结构组成特征及健康距离评估

通过样地调查对不同干扰方式产生的过伐天然林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等群落的结构组成进行分析和分类探讨 ,并选取能够表征结构完整性和稳定性的一些指标因子 ,利用健康距离法对长白山阔叶红松林区的森林生态系统健康进行了评估实践 ,结果按顺序依次为 :原始阔叶类 0 14 <结构转换型0 2 3<结构保留型 0 32 <结构破坏型 0 33<严重干扰类型 0 4 4 <次生白桦林 0 5 3<人工落叶松林0 6 8.以期对阔叶红松林生态系统的恢复和区域林业可持续发展提供参考 .

东北阔叶红松林群落分类、排序及物种多样性比较

植物群落是植物与环境相互作用的产物,探讨森林群落的分布格局、多样性变化规律及其与环境因子的关系,有助于该区森林群落稳定性的维持和生物多样性保护。在东北阔叶红松林区,沿纬度梯度在典型区域选择未受干扰的原始阔叶红松林进行群落调查,并运用多元回归树(MRT)、物种多样性指数比较和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对森林群落进行分类、比较和排序。结果表明:东北阔叶红松林森林群落可分为4个类型,不同群落类型间物种组成及多样性差异显著。物种丰富度及多样性指数均为低纬度区的千金榆-枫桦-红松林显著高于高纬度地区的冷杉-红松林群落。CCA排序结果较好地反映了各群落类型的分布范围及其与环境因子的关系,其变化格局主要受温度和降水的影响,其次是土壤养分。该结果为气候变化下阔叶红松林的管理和保护提供了相应的理论依据。

长白山北坡阔叶红松林和暗针叶林的土壤水分物理性质

对长白山北坡阔叶红松林和暗针叶林的土壤水分物理性质进行了观测和对比分析.结果表明:两种森林类型的土壤容重和各种孔隙度随土壤深度的变化趋势相同,即随着土壤深度的增加,容重和毛管孔隙度逐渐增加,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度逐渐降低;两种森林类型土壤物理性质的差异比较明显,阔叶红松林0～100cm土层的平均土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为1.41g.cm-3、52.31%、46.11%和6.20%,暗针叶林地土壤分别为0.98g.cm-3、50.65%、40.32%和10.33%;阔叶红松林和暗针叶林地土壤100cm土层贮水能力相差较大,分别为619.89和1033.05t.hm-2.两种森林类型的土壤水分特征曲线与一般土壤水分特征曲线相一致.

太阳辐射对长白山阔叶红松林净生态系统碳交换的影响

太阳辐射是植物进行光合作用的前提条件,因此成为影响植被吸收大气CO2的重要环境因子。该研究基于30min通量和常规气象数据,以相对辐射和晴空指数为指标,分析了2003～2006年生长旺季(6～8月)太阳辐射的改变对长白山阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林净生态系统碳交换(Net ecosystem exchange,NEE)的影响。结果表明:天空有一定云层的覆盖对阔叶红松林碳的净吸收有明显的促进作用。4年里6～8月间生态系统最大光合速率在天空有云覆盖时较晴空条件下分别提高了34%、25%、4%和11%。在晴空指数约为0.5的中等辐射条件下,该生态系统的NEE达到最大。对生态系统碳的净吸收有促进作用的临界相对辐射约为37%,而使该生态系统NEE达到最大的最适相对辐射约为75%。进一步分析表明,天空云量的增多和云层厚度的增加会引起散射辐射比例的增加、大气温度和水汽亏缺程度的降低等环境效应,由此可能会导致冠层光合作用的增加和地上部分呼吸的减弱,从而共同决定了净生态系统碳吸收作用的增强。

东北阔叶红松林群落类型划分及物种多样性

运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对我国东北阔叶红松林群落类型进行划分,对乔木层树种进行聚类,并对东北地区长白山、大秃顶子山、平顶山和丰林保护区4个样点的物种多样性进行对比研究.结果表明:24个样地中共记录到维管束植物264种,隶属于64科147属.经过聚类,将阔叶红松林划分为3个群落类型组和7个群落类型;同时,将33个乔木树种间的关联性划分为8组.阔叶红松林群落的物种丰富度和多样性为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.在4个样点中,长白山的样地平均物种丰富度最高,为63.长白山和大秃顶子山乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性略高于平顶山和丰林保护区;丰林保护区草本层的物种多样性为2.83,高于其它3个样点.平顶山灌木层和长白山草本层的均匀度最低,分别为0.71和0.80.