Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station

To reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants,the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent.As a new zero-carbon fuel,ammonia(NH_(3))can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy.Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term,the development of ammonia-coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants.This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia-coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20%to 10%(by heat ratio)at loads of 180-to 300-MW,respectively.The results show that,during ammonia-coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant,there was a more significant change in NO_(x) emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied.Moreover,ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone.Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions,the NH_(3) concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million(ppm).Compared with that under pure-coal conditions,the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased(by 0.12%-0.38%)under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h^(-1).Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.

Study on Direct Reduction Characteristics of Iron Ore Coal Mixed Pellets

In order to get DRI iron ore coal mixed pellets are reduced isothermally. The mechanisms of reduction desulphurization, iron oxide reduction and the structure regenesis of the coal mixed pellets during reduction have been studied. The effect of various processing factors on the quality of DRI and economy technological indices including compression strength, desulphurization rate, recovery rate, reaction fraction, carbon content and metallization are also researched.

Study on the Evaporation Kinetics of Zinc and Lead in Zn-Pb-Bearing Dust Pellets Mixed with Coal Powder

The study on the evaporation kinetics of zinc and lead in the pellets made of ZnPbbearing dust mixed with carbon ,in nitrogen atmosphere at the temperature range between 1 100 and 1 300 , shows that the reduction temperature has a significant effect on the evaporation rates of zinc and lead and that both the particle size of coal powder and the extra carbon content have no effect on the evaporation rates . The obtained activation energies for the evaporation of zinc and lead are 7942 kJ/mol and 8874kJ/mol respectively. The evaporation rate of zinc is controlled by the reaction between zinc oxide and CO while that of lead is controlled by lead volatilization and the diffusion of gaseous lead through gas boundary layer covering the surface of liquid lead.

Guidance method to use mixed coal in blending for coking

Based on the principle that the adaptation can be reflected by the overlap of reflectance distribution peaks,the effect of various types mixed coal for coking is analyzed.Based on the action of the vitrinite of different reflectance range and the adaptation,a new method for guidance blending coal is established.Through simulation,blending coal using the software of HD automatic microscope photometer,makes the synthetic blending coal reflectance distribution map to nothing notch wide single peak flat-shaped symmetrical distribution,blending coal random reflectance meets 1.1 - 1.2,the standard deviation meets 0.35 - 0.4.It is based on the conditions that active component in the blending is excessive.Using this method,the mixed coal can be used as much as possible and play a positive role.The problem about implementation process is discussed.

A study on mixed coal simulation soft layer of gas adsorption

Based on the single coal adsorption gas, hard coal and soft coal of intake airway in Shanxi Heshun Tianchi Coal Mine were chosen to simulate the soft coal seams in coalbed as those in different qualities are mixed with delamination. Experiments on characteristics of adsorption gas of hard coal and soft coal in different quality ratios were done according to the Langmuir single molecule layer absorption theory. Gas constant mensuration instrument WY-98B was used during the experiments. Isothermal adsorption curves, adsorption constants a and b of the mixed coal samples in different quality ratios were established for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The relationship curves of adsorption quantity with changing pressure and variation equation of adsorption constants a, b with changing thickness ratio shows that the thickness of soft layer and hard coal approximately equal, thus resulting in outburst at greatest risk, then a theoretical base for the mechanism of coal and gas outburst has been put forward and a technical support scheme for engineering control of gas outburst is laid out.

Quantitative identification of coal-type gas and oil-type gas in source-mixed gas at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin

The current study tested the gas component and carbon isotopic composition of gas samples from 6 oilgas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin, and established a chart to quantitatively identify the mixing ratio of source-mixed gas. Besides, this research quantitatively investigated the natural gas generated by different types of organic matter. The results show that different ratios of source-mixed gas exist in the 6 oil-gas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. Among them, Mabei has the highest mixing ratio of coal-type gas, followed by Nanbaxian, Mahai, Lenghu-4, Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-5, with the ratios of coal-type gas 91%, 87%, 83%, 66%, 55% and 36%, respectively. Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-4 oil-gas fields were mainly filled by coal-type gas earlier. For Lenghu-3, the gas was mainly generated from low matured source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of Lengxi sub-sag. For Lenghu-4, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of the northern slope of Kunteyi sub-sag. Gas in Lenghu-5 was mainly later filled oil-type gas, which was generated from high matured sapropelics in lower Jurassic Series of Kunteyi sub-sag. Earlier filled coal-type gas was the main part of Mahai, Nanbaxian and Mabei oil-gas fields. Gas source of Mahai was mainly generated from high mature humics in lower Jurassic Series of Yibei sub-sag; for Nanbaxian, the gas was mainly generated from high matured humics in middle-lower Jurassic Series of Saishiteng sub-sag; for Mabei, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in middle Jurassic Series of Yuqia sub-sag.

智能放煤理论与技术研究进展

综放开采技术是厚及特厚煤层开采的有效方法,已成为我国在世界煤炭开采行业的标志性技术。综述了“四要素”放煤理论、顶煤采出率与含矸率关系、基于块度分布的采出率预测模型、煤流瞬时含矸率-累计含矸率关系等智能放煤理论研究进展。分析了智能放煤技术难点,指出含矸率是影响顶煤采出率和煤质的关键因素,放煤过程中含矸率的快速、准确计算是智能放煤技术突破的重点和关键。将智能放煤技术分为非图像识别智能放煤技术和图像识别智能放煤技术2类,对不同技术的研究进展、优缺点及使用条件进行了详细分析。非图像识别智能放煤技术包括记忆放煤技术、声音振动信号识别技术、γ射线探测技术、探地雷达技术、微波照射+红外探测技术、激光扫描放煤量监测技术等,图像识别智能放煤技术包括井下照度环境精准控制、放煤图像去尘算法、含矸率计算精度保障策略、煤岩红外图像识别等。

旋转爆轰发动机内煤粉-氢气两相爆轰流场数值研究

旋转爆轰发动机因其较高的热循环效率在航空航天领域备受关注。为了研究气固混合燃料在空气氛围中的旋转爆轰特性,在圆柱坐标系中建立了气固混合相燃料爆轰理论模型,并基于三维守恒元与求解元方法,对圆盘形燃烧室内的爆轰过程进行三维数值模拟。计算获得了气固混合相旋转爆轰波稳定传播时的流场结构,分析了爆轰流场的热力学参数分布特征、化学反应区分布以及旋转爆轰波后的波系分布特点。研究结果表明,微米级煤粉在氢气辅助作用下可快速反应并支持旋转爆轰波的稳定传播,但因盘形燃烧室的扁平结构特征和非预混喷注方式,导致爆轰波波阵面呈现为不规则的曲面。煤粉和氢气射流穿透空气层的能力差异导致气固混合燃料的化学反应区发生分离,最终以双反应区的爆轰组织形式支持旋转爆轰波稳定传播。旋转爆轰波不规则的曲面结构使其在扁平的燃烧室中发生多次反射,进而在爆轰波后有规律地出现多道反射激波。

某350 MW机组对冲锅炉燃用高碱煤炉膛腐蚀防治研究

为降低燃料采购成本,保证燃料供应,甘肃某电厂大比例掺烧了部分新疆高碱的广汇煤和新疆能源煤。高碱煤掺烧后,锅炉出现较严重的受热面高温腐蚀和结焦现象,负荷最高只能带到85%ECR。为减轻高温腐蚀,对锅炉开展了煤质特性、燃烧优化调整和设备改进技术研究。结果表明:锅炉燃用较低硫份煤的情况下仍然发生较严重的高温腐蚀,主要与新疆煤中的钠、钙等碱金属及氯质量分数较高有关,通过提高氧量、降低一次风量、减弱燃烧器外二次风旋流强度和开大贴壁风等运行调整手段,可以一定程度上改善水冷壁高温腐蚀特性;彻底解决该问题,还需使用添加剂、进行防高温腐蚀喷涂、增加吹灰器、改进贴壁风和燃烧器设计等技术途径。该研究成果可为解决高碱煤掺烧过程中出现类似问题的电厂提供借鉴和参考。

淖毛湖煤和棉秆共热解协同效应分析

煤和生物质共热解过程中,填料方式会显著影响挥发分之间相互作用及产物分布。分析分隔放置(Case 1)、机械混合(Case 2)、煤在棉秆上层(Case 3)和煤在棉秆下层(Case 4)4种填料方式下淖毛湖煤(NMH)和棉秆(CS)共热解产物的分布、组成及性质,并结合分形理论研究共热解半焦的孔隙特征,探究共热解协同效应。结果表明,NMH和CS协同作用因填料方式不同而变化,填料方式对共热解产物分布及性质影响大。用Case 4方式时,共热解焦油产率最高,为15.94%,较理论计算值增加3.89%,正协同效应最显著。此时,CS热解产生的富氢组分及时与NMH热解挥发物发生交互作用,导致H_(2)、CH_(4)和C_(2)~C_(4)产量较理论值降低,共热解焦油产率增加。不同填料方式对共热解焦油中轻油馏分均产生负协同作用。含氧化合物相对含量减少可能是因为共热解过程促进脱氧反应(如脱羧和脱羰基化等),进一步生成脂肪烃,减少含氧官能团发生交联反应;在共热解中,·H自由基与活性含氧基团产生正协同作用,促使焦油中O、N、S原子向固体或气体产物转移。由半焦分形结果可知半焦分形维数D_(1)和D_(2)均在2~3间,说明半焦粗糙度和孔结构均满足分形结构基本特征。对于Case 3和Case 4方式,位于下层样品半焦的表面更粗糙。用Case 3方式所得CS-C孔隙更小;而Case 4方式所得NMH-C孔隙更不均匀,孔结构更复杂。

基于改进YOLOv5s的煤矿机电设备维修指导系统

针对煤矿机电设备辅助维修中二维码标注工作量大、通用性低及现有免注册识别方法实现复杂、难以部署等问题,提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5s的煤矿机电设备维修指导系统。该系统由设备免注册识别模块、故障维修指导模块、远程专家接入指导模块组成。设备免注册识别模块通过HoloLens眼镜上的摄像头采集故障设备图像,并通过改进YOLOv5s图像识别算法进行分析和处理,识别出故障设备型号;故障维修指导模块根据故障设备型号自动匹配调用预设好的混合现实拆装模型,形成维修指导解决方案;远程专家接入指导模块通过音视频会话、虚拟标注等方式实现远程专家与现场维修人员的交互。为保证用户使用混合现实设备时的沉浸感体验,针对混合现实设备自身算力不足问题,采用ShuffleNetV2替换YOLOv5s中的Backbone,得到YOLOv5s−SN2网络,从而减少模型参数量,降低计算开销。实验结果表明:YOLOv5s−SN2相较于YOLOv5s精度略有下降,但每秒浮点运算次数(FLOPS)从16.5×10^(9)下降到7.6×10^(9),参数量从15.6×10^(6)个下降到8.2×10^(6)个;在YOLO系列模型中,YOLOv5s−SN2性能最优。以三叶罗茨鼓风机为例验证系统整体效果,结果表明,YOLOv5s−SN2可快速识别出电动机型号,调用与之匹配的虚拟模型及维修流程,远程专家可通过音视频接入和标注等方法辅助现场工作人员进行机电设备维修。

低能耗CO_(2)混合胺吸收剂复配筛选与工业验证

在如今温室效应日益严重背景下,化学吸收法作为当前最具应用前景的燃煤烟气脱碳技术,受国内外广泛关注,开发低再生能耗、高稳定、易工程化应用的吸收剂是目前研究热点。提出了以高容量、低能耗三级胺为吸收剂主剂,高动力学一级胺和高稳定环状胺为辅剂吸收剂方案;并形成了从实验室配方遴选、百标方时中试工艺匹配到每年万吨级规模工业装置运行优化的工程化开发体系。通过鼓泡吸收试验与吸收-再生循环试验对吸收剂进行快速筛选,初筛获得一种性能好的吸收剂配方,通过200 m^(3)/h中试与万吨级工业装置测试优化运行参数并完成工业验证。测试结果表明,开发的CEU型吸收剂CO_(2)脱除率达90%,最优再生热耗达2.42 GJ/t CO_(2),在工业装置上完成了>700 h稳定运行。

十二醇对黑龙关难浮煤泥浮选的强化作用研究

为提高难浮煤泥的精煤回收率,以黑龙关煤泥为研究对象,选用正癸醇、十二醇、十四醇三种长链脂肪醇,采用直接添加和与煤油复配的方式,进行了浮选试验。借助接触角、XPS、润湿热,分析了长链脂肪醇的作用机理。结果表明,无论是单独添加还是配制成复合捕收剂,十二醇的浮选效果最好,复配可以节省药剂用量。在捕收剂用量2 kg/t时,与煤油相比,15%比例复配药剂可将精煤产率提高23.89%,尾煤灰分提高9.53%,可燃体回收率提高28.23%。此外,十二醇处理过的煤泥接触角增加12.44°,润湿热降低5.37 J/g,亲水基团O—C=O含量降低3.25%。十二醇通过降低煤粒亲水性官能团含量,提高煤粒表面疏水性,十二醇复配药剂通过十二醇极性成分和煤油非极性成分的协同作用增大煤表面疏水面积提高浮选效果。

基于收敛性提升的粒子群算法及其在火电厂配煤优化研究

针对大型火电机组的燃煤煤种复杂、混煤掺烧决策困难的现状,以及配煤优化过程存在多种设计约束和物理约束而导致传统优化算法的寻优过程难以收敛的问题,提出了一种改进粒子群优化算法。该算法将自适应约束处理机制引入传统粒子群优化算法中,基于距离测度和自适应惩罚项对违反约束的粒子进行自适应处理,引导寻优过程实现收敛;同时,采用平滑非线性权重递减策略代替传统粒子群优化算法的定值惯性权重设置方法,防止算法的寻优过程陷入局部最优。基于现场数据的仿真结果表明,所提算法在存在多约束条件的非线性函数寻优过程中具有明显优势,能够实现不同评价指标的均衡优化。

容弹内片状无烟煤粉喷射掺混特性实验研究

粉末在容弹以及发动机燃烧室内的掺混状态对粉末爆轰特性有较大的影响,因此亟须对粉末在有限空间内的喷射掺混特性展开研究。搭建了一套透明的容弹系统,通过高速摄影监测系统,对片状煤粉在容弹内的喷射掺混过程进行观测,并对高速摄影拍摄图片进行后处理,分析煤粉在容弹内的喷射掺混变化规律。针对煤粉喷射掺混图像建立了一种灰度值标准差曲率分析方法,研究发现标准差曲率趋于0的初始时刻为煤粉掺混均匀最佳时刻,可以选取为最佳点火时间点,且该方法所选取的时刻与逐帧分析高速摄影图像所选取的时刻吻合。在煤粉浓度为120 g/m^(3),210 g/m^(3),300 g/m^(3)下,依次展开煤粉喷射掺混实验,并应用此灰度图像标准差曲率分析方法进行分析。实验结果表明:保持煤粉浓度一致时,掺混均匀性最佳时间随喷粉时长的增长而逐渐缩短,点火时刻提前;保持喷粉时长一致时,掺混均匀性最佳时间随供粉浓度的增长而延长,点火时刻延后。

660MW燃煤锅炉掺烧生物质颗粒数值模拟研究

随着“双碳”目标的提出,生物质作为一种绿色零碳的清洁燃料,将迎来历史性的发展机遇。本文通过数值模拟手段研究稻壳、秸秆、木屑三种不同生物质颗粒以不同的粒径和煤粉掺烧,对比分析了不同生物质颗粒和煤粉掺烧时炉膛内生物质颗粒轨迹、停留时间和燃尽率的变化趋势。结果显示:生物质颗粒以10%热量比和煤掺烧,生物质颗粒在炉内有足够的停留时间保证燃尽,整体生物质颗粒燃尽程度较好,并从数值模拟结果中选取4种掺烧生物质工况用于指导设计。

基于GSL-YOLO模型的综放工作面混矸率检测方法

针对现有基于深度学习的综放工作面混矸率检测方法在井下低照度、高粉尘、煤矸堆叠等复杂条件下存在煤矸识别精度低、分割效果差、模型参数量和运算量大、未实现混矸率的实时检测等问题,提出了一种基于GSL-YOLO模型的混矸率检测方法。GSL-YOLO模型在YOLOv8-seg的基础上进行以下改进:在主干网络中引入全局注意力机制(GAM),通过减少信息弥散和放大全局交互表示提高模型特征提取能力;选用具有高效局部聚合网络的空间金字塔池化(SPPELAN)模块,提升模型处理不同尺寸目标时的检测性能;采用轻量级非对称多级压缩检测头(LADH),降低模型的训练难度,同时提高推理速度。提出了一种基于类别分割掩码的混矸率计算方法,该方法基于煤流图像处理结果中的分割掩码信息,计算其中矸石的像素面积与总像素面积的比值,作为瞬时混矸率。实验结果表明:(1)GSL-YOLO模型的m AP@0.5∶0.95达96.1%,比YOLOv8-seg模型提高了0.8%。(2)GSL-YOLO模型的参数量为2.9×10^(6)个,浮点运算次数为11.4×10^(9),模型权重为6.0MiB,比YOLOv8-seg模型分别降低了12.1%,5.8%,11.8%,实现了模型的轻量化。(3)GSL-YOLO模型在测试集上的帧率为12帧/s,基本满足实时检测要求。(4)与YOLO系列模型相比,GSL-YOLO模型分割效果最好,检测精度最高,参数量和运算量较少,综合性能最佳。(5)基于截取的综放工作面后部刮板输送机上煤流视频中的3帧图像,计算了瞬时混矸率,结果表明,提出的混矸率计算方法基本实现了综放工作面混矸率的实时计算。

有机固废和煤掺烧对重金属及颗粒物生成的影响研究

有机固体废弃物(OSW)中含有多种重金属,燃烧过程会随烟气排放,造成一定的环境危害,因此对OSW和褐煤掺混燃烧过程灰分中的重金属迁移和颗粒物生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:燃料在燃烧过程中各种重金属的释放不单取决于燃料本身的质量浓度,而且和高温作用下的化学机制密切相关;混合燃料烟气中产生Pb、Cd、As元素的含量明显低于典型燃料和校核燃料单独燃烧时烟气中产生的重金属元素含量;而Cu、Zn、Co、Mn在飞灰中均有较高质量分数;800、850℃下选用的4种燃料制得的灰分的粒径分布均大致呈现单峰正态分布;当温度升高到900℃后,除产生小粒径灰分外,还可能会产生较大粒径的灰分颗粒。

矿井输送带与煤粉混合热解特性及动力学研究

矿井输送带火灾极易引发重特大事故,而煤炭运输过程中的煤粉在带式输送机故障时常成为输送带火灾的引燃物。为掌握煤粉在输送带燃烧过程中的作用,开展热重-红外联用实验,研究掺入不同比例煤粉的输送带在不同升温速率下的热解特性及其动力学。输送带热解主要有两个失重阶段,掺入不同比例煤粉均对其热解有促进作用,同时略微促进CO_(2)的生成,降低输送带热解活化能,导致输送带更易燃烧热解;而升温速率的升高则导致活化能略微增大,对混合热解具有轻微抑制作用。研究可为矿井输送带火灾预警与防治提供相应理论参考。

炼焦中煤再磨与原生煤泥混合浮选实验研究

采用显微镜下观察统计法,研究了洗中煤在不同破碎程度下的解离规律,确定了洗中煤深度浮选最佳解离粒度;根据洗中煤灰分和矿物赋存形式等特性,提出了洗中煤与原生煤泥混合浮选的分选方案,进行了两者不同配比的混合浮选试验。结果表明:当洗中煤破碎至-0.5 mm,单体解离度为27.95%;当煤样经破碎至-0.125 mm,单体解离度达到75.72%,即随着破碎程度的增加,洗中煤的单体解离效果逐渐趋好;当入选煤泥掺混配比由25%增到75%时,浮选精煤的灰分由9.95%降至8.61%,尾煤灰分由76.52%增大至78.02%,两者混合浮选能同时实现原生煤泥与洗中煤的较好分选。