Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with a very poor prognosis. Recently, there has been a significant increase in research directed towards identifying potential biomarkers that can be used to diagnose ...Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with a very poor prognosis. Recently, there has been a significant increase in research directed towards identifying potential biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and provide prognostic information for pancreatic cancer. These markers can be used clinically to optimize and personalize therapy for individual patients. In this review, we focused on 3 biomarkers involved in the DNA damage response pathway and the necroptosis pathway: Chromodomainhelicase-DNA binding protein 5, chromodomain-helicaseDNA binding protein 7, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. The aim of this article is to review present literature provided for these biomarkers and current studies in which their effectiveness as prognostic biomarkers are analyzed in order to determine their future use as biomarkers in clinical medicine. Based on the data presented, these biomarkers warrant further investigation,and should be validated in future studies.展开更多
AIM To validate the effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3(RIP3) deletion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to clarify the mechanism of action.METHODS Wild-type(WT) and RIP3 knockout(KO) mice w...AIM To validate the effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3(RIP3) deletion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to clarify the mechanism of action.METHODS Wild-type(WT) and RIP3 knockout(KO) mice werefed normal chow and high fat(HF) diets for 12 wk. The body weight was assessed once weekly. After 12 wk, the liver and serum samples were extracted. The liver tissue expression levels of RIP3, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, apolipoprotein-B, X-box binding protein-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, cluster of differentiation-36, diglyceride acyltransferase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), and interleukin-6 were assessed. Oleic acid treated primary hepatocytes from WT and RIP3 KO mice were stained with Nile red. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, including chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand(CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and TNF-α, in monocytes was evaluated.RESULTS RIP3 KO HF diet fed mice showed a significant gain in body weight, and liver weight, liver to body weight ratio, and liver triglycerides were increased in HF diet fed RIP3 KO mice compared to HF diet fed WT mice. RIP3 KO primary hepatocytes also had increased intracellular fat droplets compared to WT primary hepatocytes after oleic acid treatment. RIP3 overexpression decreased hepatic fat content. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of very-low-density lipoproteins secretion markers(microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and apolipoprotein-B) was significantly suppressed in RIP3 KO mice. The overall NAFLD Activity Score was the same between WT and RIP3 KO mice; however, RIP3 KO mice had increased fatty change and decreased lobular inflammation compared to WT mice. Inflammatory signals(CXCL1/2, TNF-α, and interleukin-6) increased after lipopolysaccharide and pancaspase inhibitor(necroptotic condition) treatment in monocytes. Neutrophil chemokines(CXCL1, and CXCL2) were decreased, and TNF-α was increased after RIP3 inhibitor treatment in monocytes.CONCLUSION RIP3 deletion exacerbates steatosis, and partially inhibits inflammation in the HF diet induced NAFLD model.展开更多
坏死样凋亡是细胞调节性死亡方式之一,由受体相互作用蛋白(receptor interacting protein kinase,RIPK)1/RIPK3/混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域(mixed lineage kinase domain like protein,MLKL)信号通路介导。其中,MLKL对坏死样凋亡最终执...坏死样凋亡是细胞调节性死亡方式之一,由受体相互作用蛋白(receptor interacting protein kinase,RIPK)1/RIPK3/混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域(mixed lineage kinase domain like protein,MLKL)信号通路介导。其中,MLKL对坏死样凋亡最终执行分子有着不可替代的作用。RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL坏死复合体的形成诱导MLKL磷酸化激活,活化的MLKL插入细胞膜双分子层形成膜孔,破坏膜完整性,从而导致细胞死亡。除参与坏死样凋亡外,MLKL也与其他细胞死亡方式[如中性粒细胞特殊死亡方式(NETosis),细胞焦亡和细胞自噬]密切相关。MLKL参与多种细胞死亡通路异常相关疾病(如心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症)的病理过程,有可能成为多种疾病的治疗靶点。了解MLKL在不同细胞死亡方式中的作用,可为多种MLKL相关疾病靶点的寻找奠定基础,也可为MLKL抑制剂的开发应用指明方向。展开更多
基金Supported by The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers ULl TR000454 previously awarded to Dr.Colbert and Dr.Fisher and TLlT R000456 to Dr.ColbertPancreatic Cancer Action Network(Pan-CAN)&sol American Association for Cancer Research(AACR)award 16982+1 种基金Department of Defense(DOD)/Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program(PRCRP)award CA110535Georgia Cancer Coalition award 11072,all to Dr.Yu
文摘Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with a very poor prognosis. Recently, there has been a significant increase in research directed towards identifying potential biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and provide prognostic information for pancreatic cancer. These markers can be used clinically to optimize and personalize therapy for individual patients. In this review, we focused on 3 biomarkers involved in the DNA damage response pathway and the necroptosis pathway: Chromodomainhelicase-DNA binding protein 5, chromodomain-helicaseDNA binding protein 7, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. The aim of this article is to review present literature provided for these biomarkers and current studies in which their effectiveness as prognostic biomarkers are analyzed in order to determine their future use as biomarkers in clinical medicine. Based on the data presented, these biomarkers warrant further investigation,and should be validated in future studies.
基金Supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the South Korean Government,No.NRF-2017M3A9C8028794
文摘AIM To validate the effects of receptor interacting protein kinase-3(RIP3) deletion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to clarify the mechanism of action.METHODS Wild-type(WT) and RIP3 knockout(KO) mice werefed normal chow and high fat(HF) diets for 12 wk. The body weight was assessed once weekly. After 12 wk, the liver and serum samples were extracted. The liver tissue expression levels of RIP3, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, apolipoprotein-B, X-box binding protein-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, cluster of differentiation-36, diglyceride acyltransferase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), and interleukin-6 were assessed. Oleic acid treated primary hepatocytes from WT and RIP3 KO mice were stained with Nile red. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, including chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand(CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and TNF-α, in monocytes was evaluated.RESULTS RIP3 KO HF diet fed mice showed a significant gain in body weight, and liver weight, liver to body weight ratio, and liver triglycerides were increased in HF diet fed RIP3 KO mice compared to HF diet fed WT mice. RIP3 KO primary hepatocytes also had increased intracellular fat droplets compared to WT primary hepatocytes after oleic acid treatment. RIP3 overexpression decreased hepatic fat content. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of very-low-density lipoproteins secretion markers(microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and apolipoprotein-B) was significantly suppressed in RIP3 KO mice. The overall NAFLD Activity Score was the same between WT and RIP3 KO mice; however, RIP3 KO mice had increased fatty change and decreased lobular inflammation compared to WT mice. Inflammatory signals(CXCL1/2, TNF-α, and interleukin-6) increased after lipopolysaccharide and pancaspase inhibitor(necroptotic condition) treatment in monocytes. Neutrophil chemokines(CXCL1, and CXCL2) were decreased, and TNF-α was increased after RIP3 inhibitor treatment in monocytes.CONCLUSION RIP3 deletion exacerbates steatosis, and partially inhibits inflammation in the HF diet induced NAFLD model.
文摘坏死样凋亡是细胞调节性死亡方式之一,由受体相互作用蛋白(receptor interacting protein kinase,RIPK)1/RIPK3/混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域(mixed lineage kinase domain like protein,MLKL)信号通路介导。其中,MLKL对坏死样凋亡最终执行分子有着不可替代的作用。RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL坏死复合体的形成诱导MLKL磷酸化激活,活化的MLKL插入细胞膜双分子层形成膜孔,破坏膜完整性,从而导致细胞死亡。除参与坏死样凋亡外,MLKL也与其他细胞死亡方式[如中性粒细胞特殊死亡方式(NETosis),细胞焦亡和细胞自噬]密切相关。MLKL参与多种细胞死亡通路异常相关疾病(如心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症)的病理过程,有可能成为多种疾病的治疗靶点。了解MLKL在不同细胞死亡方式中的作用,可为多种MLKL相关疾病靶点的寻找奠定基础,也可为MLKL抑制剂的开发应用指明方向。
文摘坏死性凋亡(Necroptosis)在炎症性、免疫性和神经退行性等疾病的发病机制中起着重要作用,参与了慢性肾脏病(CKD)的发生发展,但其明确的分子机制还没有被完全阐明。热休克蛋白90 (HSP90)作为一种重要的分子伴侣,底物蛋白种类繁多,广泛参与诸多生命活动,在维持细胞内蛋白质稳态方面起到关键的调节作用。随着研究的深入,研究者发现坏死性凋亡途径中的核心组成部分受体相互作用蛋白1 (RIP1)、受体相互作用蛋白3(RIP3)和混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(MLKL)均受到热休克蛋白90的调控。而天然产物Kongensin A (KA)是一种热休克蛋白90抑制剂,热休克蛋白90受到抑制后进而阻断了坏死性凋亡途径。进一步研究坏死性凋亡途径及其对慢性肾脏病的影响,必将为慢性肾脏病的防治提供新的靶点。
